
Class .__^J7:^ 

Book 



C)OipghtN°^ 



5^ 



COPYWGHT DEPOSIT. 



'fo7 




Father and Sons for Liberty 



BARNES'S HISTORICAL SERIES 



BRIEF HISTORY 



UNITED STATES 



BY 

JOEL DORMAN STEELE, Ph.D., F.G.S. 

ESTHER BAKER STEELE, Lit.D. 




NEW YORK •■• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



63289 



Barnes's History Shries. 



Primary History of the United States, $0.60 
Brief History of the United States, . i.oo 

Brief History of France, i.oo 

Brief History of Ancient Peoples, . . i.oo 
Brief History of Modern Peoples, . . i.oo 
Brief General History of the ^A^orld, . 1.60 

Brief History of Greece, 75 

Brief History of Rome, i.oo 



Sent, postatje paid, on receipt of price. 



Copyright, 1871, 1879, 1S80, and 1885, by A. S. Barnes & Co. 
Copyright, 1898 and 1900, by American Book Company. 



Ur. U. S. 
w. p. 26 



••••NDO^PY, 



6289 



JUN 13 1900 

0*»Oi.l DIVISION 

iUN 16 1900 




Confederate Leaders of the Civil War. 




Federal Leaders of the Civil War, 




This -work has been prepared with ^ ^ 
the following design, viz. : to state only 
those important events in our history which every American citizen should know, 
and to tell them in such a way as to arouse the pupil's interest and inspire enthu- 
siasm for the study. In carrying out this idea, the author has sought to avoid all 
sectional and partisan statements ; to explain, from the standpoint of the Union, 
those principles which, coming to an issue at different times, have been decided 
by the progress of events ; and, incidentally, to inspire, by the sweep of the story, 
a love for our common country, and an intelligent solicitude for her destiny. 

Experience has taught the value of certain general methods of teaching this 
study. 

1. To divide the history into Epochs, giving each a characteristic name. 

2. To precede each Epoch by a map and questions in order to familiarize the 
pupil with the localities of the events about which he is to read ; and to follow each 
Epoch with a Chronological Table and a list of Reading References for further 
study. 

3. To furnish copious notes containing collateral facts, minor events, sketches of 
the lives of presidents and noted men, and, especially, those anecdotes of heroism 
and devotion that so brighten the record of our national growth. 

4. To give each paragraph a distinct title to aid the pupil in learning, and the 
teacher in hearing, the lesson ; and to arrange these topics in such a way as to form 
a systematic analysis of the subject. 



2 PREFACE. 

6. To make the great battles easy of remembrance by associating with, the 
description of each the pivotal point on which its issue turned. 

6. To introduce something of the philosophy of history by stating the plan of 
each campaign, and the objects sought bj'', and the results of, important engage- 
ments, thus leading pupils to appreciate the fact that events hinge upon each 
other. 

7. To stimulate flagging interest, and also induce a more comprehensive study 
of history, by means of review questions like the Historical Recreations of this 
series. 

The constantly-increasing adoption of this book, since its appearance in 1871, 
has shown the excellence of the plan on which it was prepared. New plates and 
illiistrations being now called for, the author has seized the opportunity to revise 
the text carefully, and to introduce blackboard analyses, additional chapters on 
civilization, and fresh material on manners and customs. It is his hope that his 
fellow teachers will liud the book as much more useful as it is attractive. 

This work is offered to American youth in the confident belief that, as they study 
the wonderful history of their native land, they will learn to prize their birthright 
more highly, and treasure it more carefully. Their patriotism must be kindled 
when they come to see how slowly, yet how gloriously, this tree of liberty has 
grown, what storms have wrenched its boughs, what sweat of toil and blood has 
moistened its roots, what eager eyes have watched every out-springing bud, what 
brave hearts have defended it, loving it even unto death. A heritage thus sanc- 
tified by the heroism and devotion of the fathers can not but elicit the choicest 
care and tenderest love of the sons. 

J. D. S. ' 




PAGE 

Introduction 9 

Remains of Prehistoric Peoples 9 

The Mound Builders 10 

The Indians and their Characteristics 10 

The Coming of the Northmen , •. . . . 15 

The Division of American History into Six Great Epochs 16 

References for Reading 17 

Blackboard Analysis of the Introduction 18 

FIRST EPOCH. 

Bably Discoveries and Settlements 19 

The Commercial Problem of the Fifteenth Century 19 

Christopher Columbus and his Voyages 20 

Naming the New Continent 24 

The Cahots and their Discoveries 25 

Some Spanish Explorers. 26 

Some French Explorers 30 

Some English Explorers 34 

New Netherland 39 

Settlements at the End of the Sixteenth Century 40 

Sea-Ufe in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries 41 

Table of Contemporary European Sovereigns 42 

Chronological Summary 42 

References for Reading 43 

Blackboard Analysis of the First Epoch 44 

SECOND EPOCH. 

Development of the Colonies 45 

Settlement of the Thirteen Colonies 45 

The Foui Inter-Colonial Wars 77-90 



CONTENTS. 

PAOB 

Colonial Civilization 01 

General Condition of the Colonies 91 

Manners and Customs 03 

Education 06 

Table of Contemporary European Sovereigns 97 

Clironological Summary 97 

References for Reading 09 

Blackboard Analysis of the Second Epoch 100 



THIRD EPOCH. 

The Revolutionary "War 101 

Causes of the Separation from Great Britain 101 

The Seven- Yeai-s Struggle for Independence 106-14^ 

Condition of the Country at the Close of the War 142 

Adoption of Federal Constitution and Formation of Parties 143 

Rural Life One Hundred Years Ago 144 

Chronological Summary 146 

References for Reading 147 

Blackboard Analysis of the Third Epoch 148 

FOURTH EPOCH. 

Development of the States 140 

Washington's Administration 149 

Adams' Administration 164 

Jefferson's Administration 155 

Madison's Administration 150 

Second War with Great Britain 160 

Monroe's Administration 172 

John Quincy Adams' Administration 174 

Jackson's Administration 175 

"Van Buren's Administration 178 

Harrison and Tyler's Administration 180 

Polk's Administration 185 

War with Mexico 185 

Taylor and Fillmore's Administration 191 

Pierce's Administration • 104 

Buchanan's Administration 106 

Secession of the South 108 

New States 200 

Civilization 210 

Distinctions of Dress— the Five Classes 210 

The liaborer 210 

The Schools 210 

The Middle of the Century 211 

Chronological Summary 211 

References for Reading 213 

Blackboard Analysis of the FoTirth Epoch 214 



CONTENTS. O 

FIFTH EPOCH. 

PAGE 

The Civil War 215 

Lincoln's Administration 215 

The Eive-Years Struggle for National Unity 216 

Wliat the War Cost 275 

Assassination of the President 275 

New States 277 

Chronological Summary 277 

References for Reading 279 

Blackboard Analysis of the Fifth Epoch 280 

SIXTH EPOCH. 

Reconstruction and Passing Events 281 

Johnson's Administration 281 

Grant's Administration 287 

Hayes' Administration 294 

G-arfleld and Arthur's Administration 295 

Cleveland's First Administi'ation 297 

Harrison's Administration 299 

Cleveland's Second Administration 301 

McKinley's Administration 303 

New States 322 

Progress in Civilization 323 

Blackboard Analysis of the Sixth Epoch 332 

APPENDIX. 

Questions for Class Use i 

Historical Recreations xvi 

Declaration of Independence xxii 

Constitiition of the United States, with Questions, and Notes xxvi 

Table of States xl 

Table of Presidents xlii 

Index * xliii 

LIST OF MAPS. 

Early Voyages and Discovkeies , — Opposite 18, 19 

Development of Colonies " 45 

Revolutionary War — The Colonies " 101 

Revolutionary War — Campaigns North and South " 120, 121 

War of 1812, and War with Mexico " 149 

Campaigns in War of 1812, and War with Mexico.. " 160, 161 

The Civil War " 215 

Campaigns of the Civil War " 222, 223 

Peninsular Campaign 236 

Vicinity of Vicksburg 245 

Vicinity of Chattanooga 247 

Vicinity OF Gettysburg 252 

Grant's Campaign around Richmond 261 

Territorial Development of the United States Opposite 281 

Hawaiian Islands " 302 

Cuba and Puerto Rico " 306 

United States and Outlying Possessions 317 

Philippine Islands Opposite 320, 321 



[ L r. U S T R A T I O N S 



Father axd Sons for Liberty, 

FixnitiKiiitce. 

Preface (Illustrated IleiuliiiK) 1 

Table ok Contents (lUusti-ated 

HeadiiiK) 3 

Introdiction (Illvistrated Heading). 9 
Relics of Early Amoriean Raees. 11 

Scene in Indian Life 13 

Indian Hierojjlyphics 14 

I^inding of Xinthnien 15 

Ei'ocn I. (Illustrated HeiulinK) 19 

Portrait of Columbus 20 

Tomb of Columbus 2-1 

Burial of De Soto 28 

La Sjille at the Mouth of the 

Mississippi 34 

Epoch II. (Illustrated Heading) .... 45 
Smith Ti-ading with Indians .... 47 

The Ruins of Jamestown 52 

Puiitjins Going to Church 54 

Canonicus Receivin.i,' Powder 

and Shot 55 

Morning Attack l)y Indians 58 

The (niarter Oak 6:? 

Dutch Trad ing at New York 66 

Porti-ait of Penn 71 

Mr. Dustin Defending his Chil- 
dren fi-om the Indians 78 

An Incident of Washington's Re- 
turn 82 

Quebec in Early Times 88 

A Scold Gagged 92 

New England Kitchen Scone 94 

Epoch IIL (Illustrated Heading)'.. ICl 

Retreat from Le.xi ngton 107 

Pi-ayer before Bunker I Fill 109 

Capture of Ticonderoga 110 

Surrender of Rail 117 

Portrait of T^n Payette 119 

Arnold at Saratoga 12;? 

In ("amp at Valley Forgo 126 

Portrait of Franklin 127 

Capture of Stony Point 131 

Portrait of Marion i:U 

Development of the Flag 138 

Capture of a Redoubt at York- 
town 141 

Epoch IV. (Ulustratctl Heading) . . . 149 
Portraits of Wiv^hington, Hamil- 

ton.'and Jefferson 151 I 

Battle of Tippecanoe 159 

Constitution an<l Guerriere 162 



American Leaders, Rev. & 1812- 
Putnam, Perry, Greene, Jones, 
Montgomery, Hull 

Death of Lawrence 

Battle of New Orleans 

Portrait of Jackson . . 

Portrait of Taylor 

View of Salt Lake City 

Homes of Eminent Americans.. 

Taylor at Buena Vistii 

W:i.sliing out Gold 

Portraits of Clay, Calhoun, and 
AVcbster 

Portrait of Lincoln 

Portrait of Da\-is 

San Francisco Bay and City 

Epoch V. (Illustrated Heading) .... 

Jackson at Bull Run 

Att;ick on Fort Donelson 

Federal Leaders — Sheridan, 
Foote, Grant, Farragut, Sher- 
man, Porter 

Monitor and Mcrrimac 

Confederate I^eaders — Jackson, 
Johnston, Lee, Ixingstreet, Bu- 
chanan, Mitchell 

Biittle of Missionary Ridge 

Grant "Writing the Telegram .... 

(ruarding a Ti-ain 

Sheridan at Cedar Creek 

Sinking the Alabama 

Sherman's Mai-ch to the Sea 

Death of J. £. B. Stuart 

Epoch ^T. (niu.strated Heading)... 

Landing the Atlantic Cable 

Portrait of Greeley 

Custer's Death 

Riot at Pittsburgh, Pa 

Portrait of Garfield 

Portrait of Cleveland 

Portrait of Hanison 

Portrait of McKinley 

^V^eck of the Maine. . ." 

Portrait of Schley 

Porti-ait of Sajnps< >n 

Rittle of Manila Biiy 

Portrait of Dewey 

Portrait of Shaffer 

The Oregon off Santin^'o. .luly 3. . 

Portrait of Miles. 

Portraitof Otis .. 

Pix>gress of Inventions 32."), 



164 
167 
170 
176 

177 
182 
184 
186 
191 

192 
198 
199 
207 
215 
219 
224 



227 
232 



238 
249 
250 
257 
.261 
268 
271 
270 
281 
285 
290 
293 
204 
296 
298 
300 
303 
308 
309 
310 
311 
312 
313 
314 
314 
320 
320 







fji f-fs^aUlU 



The following method of using this work has been successfully employed by 
manj- teachers. At the commencement of the study, let each pupil bo required 
to draw an outline map of North America, at least 18x24 inches in size. This 
should contain only phj^sical featui"es, viz., coast-line, mountains, lakes, and rivers. 
If desired, they may be marked very faintly at first., and shaded and darkened 
when discovered in the progress of the histoiy. As the pupils advance in the text, 
let them mark on their mai>s, day by day, the places discovered, the settlements, 
battles, i>oUtical di\-isions, etc., with their dates. Tlioy will thus see the coxmtiy 
gi'o'W'ing :if i-esh under their hand and eye, and the geogi-aphy and the history will 
be indissolubly linked. At the close of the term, their maps will show what they 
have done, and each name, mth its date, will recall the history which clusters 
ai"ound it. 

Recitations and examinations may be conducted by ha^dng a map di-awn upon 
the blackboanl with coloi-ed ci-ayons, and requiring the class to fill in the names 
and dat<?s, describing the historical facts as they proceed. In tiirn, during review, 
the pupil should be able, when a date or place is pointed out, to state the event 
associated with it. 

It will be noticed that the book is wiitten on an exact plan and method of 
arrangement. The topics of the epochs, chapters, sections, and paragraphs form 
a full analj-sis ; thus, in each Presidential Administration, the order of subjects 
is uniform, ^-iz. : Domestic Affaire, Foreign Affairs, and Political Parties— the sub- 
sidiary topics being grouped imder these heads. The teacher is therefore recom- 
mended to place on the board the anaiysis of each Epoch, and, when possible, conduct tAe 
redtation from that without the use of the book in the da^^. 

Specimen Analyses are given at the close of each Epoch. These are merely 
suggestions, and should be used to elicit other and more elaborate ones from the 



8 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

pupils. In these analyses may also be inserted the titles of additional material 
gathered by teacher and class. Good analyses thus, incidentaUy, serve as pigeon- 
holes for classifjing as well as preserving one's knowledge. 

The Reading References at the end of each Epoch contain a list of books that 
will be found valuable for additional information. It is not the intention to make 
the References a mere catalogue of United States Histories and biographies of 
celebrated Americans, but simply to name a few works to interest a class and 
furnish matter for collateral i-cading. Bancroft's and Hildreth's Histories, Irving's 
Life of Washington, and Sparks' American Biogi-aphies are supjKsed to be in 
every school library. They are, therefore, not referred to in these lists. The 
Lives of the Presidents, the Histories of the different States, and all works of local 
value are useful, and should be secured, if possible. The Magazine of American 
History will be found serviceable for reference on disputed points of American 
History and Biography. The recent volumes of Harper's Magazine, and the 
Century abound in excellent articles on special subjects. The American Cyclo- 
pedia and Thomas' Dictionary of Biography will afford material for preparing 
essays. "With a little effort, a poem, a prose selection, or a composition on some 
historical topic may be offered by the class each day to enliven the recitation. 

Formal debates, oral or written, should be held, to stimtilato research, upon 
such subjects as the tai-iff, ci\il service reform, treatment of the Indians, etc. 

For Courees of Reading, and for information concerning the value and char- 
acter of various historical works, refer to Adams' Manual of Historical Literature — 
a most reliable and excellent bibliography. Hall's Methods of Teaching History 
will also furnish the teacher with suggestive ideas. 

The Tables of Contemporary European Sovereigns, inserted at the end of the 
early Epochs, should be used to link American history to that of the old world, 
in which it had its origin. 

The Suggestions on page i of the appendix, about topical recitation, are com- 
mended by universal experience. At each recitation, let some of the pupils write 
a few of the paragraphs on their Blates, on paper, or on the blackboard ; after- 
ward, let other pupils criticise the language, spelling, punctuation, use of capitals, 
etc. Remember, however, that the chief end of class-work is to kindle an interest 
in history. The reading of a beautiful poem, or the narration of a curious cir- 
cumstance, a noble sentiment, or a deed of heroism, in some way connected with 
an event, will arouse attention and fix the fact permanently in the mind. For 
example, the third attack on Charleston (page l.'i!2), is a dry, dull statement, but 
how it brightens when we read the reply of Colonel Moultrie, who was there 
taken prisoner, to the offer of money and the command of a British regiment in 
Jamaica, if he would desert the American cause : — " Not the fee simple of all 
Jamaica would induce me to part with my integrity." The class may care little 
about the former way of choosing the Vice-President ; but they will be eager to 
see how Adams, the federalist, and Jefferson, the repubhcan, came to be elected 
together. The inauguration of Van Burcn will take on a new meaning when the 
pupil is told that Van Buren, with General Jackson at his side, rode to the 
Capitol in a carriage made of wood from the ship Constitution, and, as they 
passed, the crowd shared its cheers between "Old Hickory" and "Old Ironsides". 
Just so, Stedman's, "Oh, e\il the black shroud of night at Chantilly", in-ill stir 
a class when reading the second Bull Run campaign; while WTiittier's "Angela 
of Buena Vista " will temper the patriotic ardor aroused by that bloody victory. 




Who first 
settled Amer- 
ica ? — This con- 
tincnt was 
< probably first peopled from Asia, the 
birthplace of man. In what way it 
happened, we do not know. Chinese 
vessels, coasting along the shore according to the custom 
of early voyagers, may have been driven by storms to 
cross the Pacific Ocean, while the crews were thankful 
to escape a watery grave by settling an unknown coun- 
try; or, parties wandering across Bering Strait in search 
of adventure, and finding on this side a pleasant land, 
may have resolved to make it their home, 

American Antiquities. — In various parts of the con- 
tinent, are found remains of the peoi)le who occupied 
' this country in prehistoric times. Through the Mississippi 
valley, from the Lakes to the Gulf, extends a succession 
of defensive earth-works.* The largest forest trees are 

* It is a singxilar fact that banks of earth grassed over are more enduring than 
any other work of man. The grassy mounds near Nineveh and Babylon have 
remained unchanged for centuries. Meantime, massive buildings of stone have been 
erected, have served long generations, and have crumbled to ruin. 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

often found growing upon them. The Indians have no 
tradition as to the origin of these structures. They gen- 
erally, crown steep hills, and consist of embankments, 
ditches, etc., indicating considerable acquaintance with 
military science. At Newark, Ohio, a fortification exists 
which covers an area more than two miles square, and 
has over two miles of embankment from two to twenty 
feet high. 

Mounds, seemingly constructed as great altars for 
religious purposes or as monuments, are also numerous. 
One, opposite St. Louis, covers eight acres of ground, 
and is ninety feet high. There are said to be 10,000 of 
these mounds in Ohio alone. 

A peculiar kind of earth-work has the outline of gi- 
gantic men or animals. An embankment in Adams 
'County, Ohio, represents very accurately a serpent 1,000 
feet long. Its body winds with graceful curves, and in 
its wide-extended jaws lies a figure which the animal 
seems about to swallow. In Mexico and Peru, still more 
wonderful remains have been discovered. They consist 
not only of defensive works, altars, and monuments, 
but also of idols, temples, aqueducts, and paved roads. 

The Mound Builders is the name given to the people 
who erected the mounds of North America. The old pits 
where the Mound Builders dug copper are still found in 
the mining region of Lake Superior. They seem, also, 
to have occupied Central America, and there to have 
developed a high civilization. They built cities, wove 
cotton, worked in gold, silver, and copper, labored in the 
fields, and had regular governments. 

The Indians who were found on this continent east 
of the Mississippi, by the first European settlers, did not 
exceed 200,000 in number. In Mexico, Peru, and the 



INTRODUCTION. 



11 



Indies, however, there was an immense population. The 
Indians were the successors of the Mound Builders, and 




1. CLIFF-DWELLERS OF NEW MEXICO. 2. SCULPTURED HEAD FROM TUCATAN. 3. INDIAN 
VASE. 4. INCENSE BUENEE. 5, 6. STONE HATCHET AND VASE FEOM MEXICO. 7. FOKTIFIED 
ONONDAGA VILLAGE. 8. MOUNDS AT SPRING CREEK, TENNESSEE. 9. TEMPLE IN TUCATAN. 

were by far their inferiors in civilization.* We know not 
why the ancient race left, nor whence the Indians came. 



* This view was generally accepted until recently. Many now hold that all the 
aboriginal inhabitants of this country were of one race ; and that the agriculture, 
pottery, and other arts of the Mound Builders, as well as of the Indians, came from 
the superior civilization of Centi'al America and Mexico, illustrating what is termed 
"the northern drift of civilization " on this continent. 



12 INTRODUCTION. 

It is supposed that the former were driven southward by 
the savage tribes from the north. 

Indian Characteristics.* — Arts and Inventions. — The 
Indian has been well termed the "Red Man of the For- 
est ". He built no cities, no ships, no churches, no school- 
houses. He constructed only temporary bark wigwams 
and canoes. He made neither roads nor bridges, but 
followed foot-paths through the forest, and swam the 
streams. His highest art was expended in a simple 
bow and arrow. 

Progress and Education. — He made no advancement, 
but each son emulated the prowess of his father in the 
hunt and the fight. The hunting-ground and the battle- 
field embraced every thing of real honor or value. So the 
son was educated to throw the tomahawk, shoot the 
arrow, and catch fish with the spear. He knew nothing 
of books, paper, writing, or history. 

Domestic Life. — The Indian had neither cow, nor 
beast of burden. He regarded all labor as degrading, and 
fit only for women. His squaw, therefore, built his wig- 
wam, cut his wood, and carried his burdens when he 
journeyed. While he hunted or fished, she cleared the 
land for his corn by burning down the trees, scratched the 

* The chief exceptions to this description of the Indians within the present limits 
of the United States were the Mobiliam, who lived along the Soxith Atlantic and the 
Gulf ; the Iroquois Conj'e.deracy ^ or the Five Nations of Central New York ; and the 
Pueblos or VUlage Indians o:. New Mexico and Arizona. (1.) The Mobilians worshiped 
the sun; built timber houses, sometimes clustered in towns and fortified ^v^th a 
ditch and wall ; made pottery, and cultivated corn, hemp, and flax. (2.) The Irogruois 
Confederacy was styled the " Long House ", because these Indians dwelt in wigwams 
often 250 feet in length and 30 feet wide, and each holding 20 or 30 families. This 
league formed, in fact, a republic, with a chief magistrate, a cabinet, and a congress 
of the sachems of the different tribes. Pierce blood-thirsty, and fond of conquest, 
the Iroquois woiild probably have subdued the continent if the white man had not 
come. Early travelers called them the Romans of the new world. (3.) The Pueblo 
Indians lived in huge stone or adobe buildings, a single one often containing several 
thousand people. They tilled the laud, and dressed in cloth of their own maniifacture. 



INTRODUCTION. 



13 



ground with a crooked stick or dug it with a clam-shell, 
and dressed skins for his clothing. She cooked his food by 
dropping hot stones into a tight wiUow basket containing 
materials for soup. The leavings of her lord's feast sufficed 
for her, and the coldest place in the wigwam was for her. 




SCENE IN INDIAN LIFE. 



Disposition. — In war, the Indian was brave and alert, 
but cruel and revengeful, preferring treachery and cun- 
ning to open battle. At home, he was lazy, improvident, 
and an inveterate gambler. He delighted in finery and 
trinkets, and decked his unclean person with paint and 
feathers. His grave and haughty demeanor repelled the 
stranger ; but he was grateful for favors, and his wigwam 
always stood hospitably open to the poorest and meanest 
of his tribe. 

Endurance. — He could endure great fatigue, and in 



14 



INTRODUCTION, 



his expeditions often lay without shelter in the severest 
weather. It was his glory to bear the most horrible tort- 
ures without a sign of suffering. 

lieligfoii. — If he had any ideas of a Supreme Being, 
they weie vague and degi*aded. His dream of a Heaven 
was of happy hunting-grounds or of gay feasts, where his 
dog should join in the dance. He worshiped no idols, 
but peopled all nature with spirits, which dwelt not only 
in birds, beasts, and reptiles, but also in lakes, rivers, and 



"■""m 





5 1 Z I 1 



k k ^»^ 



^ W' 



8PP:(nMEN OF INDIAN HIEUOGLYPIIICS." 



water-falls. As he believed these had power to help or 
harm men, he lived in constant fear of offending them. 
He apologized, therefore, to the animals he killed, and 
made solemn promises to fishes that their bones should 
be respected. He placed great stress on dreams, and his 
camp swarmed with sorcerers and fortune-tellers. 

The Indian of the Present.— Such was the Indian two 
hundred years ago, and such he is to-day. He opposes 

♦ This cut represents a species of picture-writing occasionally \ised by the Indians. 
Some Indian guides wished to inform their comrades that a company of fourteen 
whites and two Indians hud spent the ni«ht at that point. Nos. 9, 10 indicate the 
white soldiers and their arms; No. 1 is the captain, wilh. a sword ; No. 2 the secre- 



INTEODUCTION, 



15 



the encroachments o^ the settler, and the building of 
railroads. But he can not stop the tide of immigration. 
Unless he can be induced to give u^d his roving habits 




A 



LANDINU UK NORTHMEN. 



/ 

and cultivate the soil, he is doomed to destruction. It 
is to be earnestly hoped that the red man may yet be 
Christianized, and taught the arts of industry and peace. 
The Northmen (inhabitants of Norway and Sweden) 
claim to have been the discoverers of America. Accord- 
ing to their traditions, this continent was first seen about 
the year 1000, by one Biorne (be ern'), who had been 

tary, with the book ; No. 3 the geologist, witli a hammer ; Nos. 4, 5, 6 are attend- 
ants; Nos. 7, 8 are the guides, without hats; Nos. 11, 12 sliow what they ate in 
camp ; Nos. 13, 14, 15 indicate how many fires they made. 



16 INTRODUCTION. 

driven to sea by a tempest. Afterward, other adventurers 
made successful voyages, established settlements, and bar- 
tered with the natives. Snor'ri, son of one of these settlers. 
is said to have been the first child born of European parents 
upon our shore.* The Northmen claim to have explored 
the coast as far south as Florida. How much credit is 
to be given to these traditions is uncertain. ]\fany his- 
torians reject them, while others still think there are 
traces of the Northmen remaining, such as the old tower 
at Newport, R. I., and the singular inscriptions on the 
rock at Dighton, Mass. Admitting, however, the claims 
of the Northmen, the fact is barren of all results. No per- 
manent settlements were made, the route hither was lost 
and even the existence of the continent was forgotten. 

The true history of this country begins with its dis- 
covery by Columbus in 1492. It naturally divides itself 
into six great epochs. 

First Epoch. — Ear^ly Disojvevies and Settlements.— 
This epoch extends from the discovery of America in 
1492, to the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Dur- 
ing this period, various European nations were exploring 
the continent and making widely scattered settlements. 

Second Epoch. — Development of the Colonies. — This 
epoch extends from the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 
1607, to the breaking out of the Revolutionary War in 
1775. During this period, the scattered settlements grew 
into thirteen flourishing colonies, subject to Great Britain. 

Third Epoch. — lievolutionary War. — This epoch ex 
tends from the breaking out of the Revolutionary War 

* Snorri was the founder of an illustrious family. One of his descendants is said 
to have been Albert Thorwaldscn, the great Danish sculptor of the present century. 
The beautiful photof?raphs of Thor'wald sen's " Day ", " Night ", and " The Seasons ". 
which hang in so many American parlors, thus acquire a new interest by being 
linked with the pioneer boy born on New England shores so many centuries ago. 



INTRODUCTION. 17 

in 1775, to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. 
During this period, the colonies threw off the govern- 
ment of England and established their independence. 

Fourth Epoch. — Development of the States. — This 
epoch extends from the adoption of the Constitution in 
1787, to the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861. 
During this period, the States increased in number from 
thirteen to thirty-four, and grew in population and wealth 
until the United States became the most prosperous 
nation in the world. 

Fifth Epoch. — Tlie Civil War. — This epoch extends 
from the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861, to the 
surrender of Lee's army in 1865. During this period, a 
gigantic strife was carried on between the Korthern and 
the Southern States, the former struggling for the per- 
petuation of the Union, and the latter for its division. 

Sixth Epoch. — Reconstruction and Passing Events. — 
This epoch extends from the close of the Civil War in 
1865, to the present time. During this period, the 
seceding States have been restored to their rights in the 
Union, peace has been fully established, and many inter- 
esting events have occurred. 

REFERENCES FOR READING. 

BeamisKs Discovery of America by the Northmen.— Bradford's American Antiquities. — 
Baldwin's Ancient America.— Squier and Davis' American Antiquities, and Discoveries in the 
West.— Binding'' s History of Scandinavia.— Catlin's North American Indians.— Thatcher's In- 
dian Biography.— Stone's Life and Times of Bed Jacket, and lAfe of Brandt.— Cooper's Leather 
Stocking Tales.— Morgan's League of the Iroquois.— Schoolcraft's Memoirs of Residence Among 
the Indians, and other works by the same author.— Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States 
of America.— Bancroft's Native Races.— Lowell's Chippewa Legend {Poetry).— Whittier's Bridal 
of Pennacook {Poetry),— Jones' Mound Builders of Tenticssee.— Ancient Monuments in ATnerica, 
Harper's Magazine, vol. 21 ; The First Americans, The Pueblos, and Visit of the Vikings, vol. 
65; also many excellent articles in vols. 66 and 67. — The Old Mill at Newport, Scribner's 
Monthly, vol. 17 —The Beginning of a Nation, Century Magazine, Nov., 1882 ; Prehistoric Re- 
maim in t/ie Ohio Valley, and The Serpent Mound of Ohio, March and April, 1890. 



18 



BARNES' BKIKF HISTOKY, 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



' 1, Who flrst settled America. 

il. MoandB. 
2. Earthworks. 
3. Peruvian and Mexican Ruins. 

3. The Mound Builders. 



4. The Indians. 



5. The Northmen. 



6. Natural Divisions of 
United States History. 



1. Their Number. 



2. Indian Characteristics. 



8. The Indians of To-day. 

1. Who were they ? 

2. Story of Biomi. 

3. Who was Snorri ? 

4 Traces of Northmen. 

5. The Results. 

1. First Epoch. 

2. Second Epoch. 

3. Third Epoch. 

4. Fourth Epoch. 

6. Fifth Epoch. 
0. Sixth Epoch. 



a. Arts and Inven- 

tions. 

b. Progress and Edu 

cation. 

c. Domestic Life. 
■{ d. Disposition. 

e. Endurance. 
/. Religion. 




X,S O U T H 
A M E K I C A 



Map to Illustrate 
EARLY VOYAGES and DISCOVER I 

]VORTH AMERIC. 

Scal e of Milel 

5T; iuio 

83 West fmm W»shjiiir 




EARLY 1DIS(?0VERIES 
AI\l0 
SCTTkE MONTHS 

1 

Geographical Knowledge 
in the Fifteenth Century. — 

The people of Europe had then 
never heard of America. About 
that time, a great desire for geo- 
graphical knowledge was awak- 
ened. The compass and the astro- 
labe — an instrument for reckoning 
latitude — had given a new impulse to navi- 
gation. Voyagers were no longer compelled 
to creep along the shore, but began to strike out boldly 
into the open sea. The art of printing had just come into 
use, and books of travel were eagerly read. Marco Polo 

Questions on the Geography of the First Epoch. — In the accompanying map 
there are no divisions of the continent, as none existed at that time. When they are 
called for in the following questions, the object is to test the pupil's knowledge.^ 

Locate the West Indies. San Salvador, [now called Gruanahani (gwah nah hah ne), 
though many assert a neighboring island to be the true San Salvador]. Cuba. 
Hispaniola or Hayti (ha ti). Cape Breton. Roanoke Island. Manhattan Island. 

Describe the Orinoco River. Mississippi River. St. Lawrence River. James 
River. Ohio River. Colorado River. Columbia River. 

Where is Labrador? Central America ? Florida? Mexico? Xew Mexico? Cali- 
fornia? Oregon? Peru? 

Locate St. Augustine. Santa F6 (sahn tah fa). New York. Montreal. Quebec. 
Albany. Jamestown. Port Royal. Isthmus of Darien. Cape Henry. Cape Charles. 
Cape Cod. Chesapeake Bay. Hudson Bay. 




20 



EPOCH I. 



[1474 



and other adventurers returning from the East told won- 
derful stories of the wealth of Asiatic cities. 

Genoa, Florence, and Venice, commanding the commerce 
of the Mediterranean, had become enriched by trade with 
the East. The costly shawls, spices, and silks of Persia and 
India were borne by caravans to the Red Sea, thence on 
camels across the desert to the Nile, and lastly by ship over 
the Mediterranean to Europe. 

The great problem of the age was how to reach the East 
Indies by sea, and thus give a cheaper route to these rich 
products. 

Columbus * conceived that 

by sailing west he could reach 

the East Indies. He believed 

the earth to be round, which 

was then a novel idea. He, 

however, thought it much 

smaller than it really is, and 

^ that Asia extends nmch far- 

; , ther round the world to the 

^^- east than it does. Hence, he 

argued that by going a few 

hundred leagues west, he would 




* Christopher Columhus was bom in Genoa, Italy, about 1435. He was trained for 
the sea from his childhood. Being the eldest of four children, and his father a poor 
wool-comber, much care devolved upon him. It is said that at thirty his hair was 
^hito from trouble and anxiety. His kind and lovinjj disposition is proved by the 
fact that in his poorest days he saved part of his pittance to educate his young 
brothers and support his aged father. 

Columbus was determined, shrewd, and intensely religious. He believed himself 
to be divinely called to " carry the true faith into the uttermost parts of the earth ". 
Inspired by this thought, no discouragement or contumely could drive him to de- 
spair. It was eighteen years from the concepti>>n to the accomplishment of his plan. 
During all this time his life was a marvel of patience, and of brave devotion to his 
one purpose. His sorrows were many ; his triumph was brief. "Evil men maligned 
him to Ferdinand and Isabella. Disregarding their promise that he should be gov- 
ernor-general over all the lands he might discover, the king and queen sent out an- 



1482.] COLUMBUS. 21 

touch the coast of Eastern Asia.* He was determined to 
try this new route, but was too poor to pay for the neces- 
sary ships, men, and provisions. 

Columbus at the Court of Portugal. — He accordingly 
laid his plan before King John of Portugal, who, being 
pleased with the idea, referred it to the geographers of his 
court. They pronounced it a visionary scheme. With a 
lurking feeling, however, that there might be truth in it, the 
king had the meanness to dispatch a vessel secretly to test 
the matter. The pilot had the charts of Columbus, but 
lacked his courage. After sailing westward from Cape Verde 
Islands for a few days, and seeing nothing but a wide waste 
of wildly tossing waves, he returned, ridiculing the idea. 

Columbus at the Court of Spain. — Columbus, disheart- 
ened by this treachery, betook himself to Spain. During 
seven long years, he importuned King Ferdinand for a reply. 
All this while, he was regarded as a visionary fellow, and 
when he passed along the streets, even the children pointed 
to their foreheads and smiled. At last, the learned council 
declared the plan too foolish for further attention. f Turn- 
ing away sadly, Columbus determined to go to France. 

oth.er governor, and by his order Colximbus was taken home in chains I No 
wonder that the whole nation was shocked at siich an indignity to such a man. It 
is sad to know that although Ferdinand and Isabella endeavored to soothe his 
wounded spirit by many attentions, they never restored to him his lawful rights. 
From fluent promises they passed at last to total neglect, and Columbus died a 
grieved and disappointed old man. At his request, his chains were buried with 
him, a touching memorial of Spanish ingratitude. 

* Several facts served to strengthen the faith of Columbus in the coiTectness of 
his theory. The Azores and the Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde islands being the 
most westerly lands then known, were the outposts of geographical knowledge. 
There had been washed on their shores by westerly winds, pieces of wood curiously 
carved, trees, and seeds of unknown species, and especially the bodies of two men of 
strange color and visage. _ 

+ " It is absurd", said those wise men. " Who is so foolish as to believe that tnere 
are people on the other side of the world, walking with their heels upward, and their 
heads hanging down? And then, how can a ship get there? The torrid zone, 
through which they miist pass, is a region of fire, where the very waves boil. And 



22 EPOCH I. [1492. 

Coluinhus Successful. — His friends at the Spanish court, 
at this juncture, laid the matter before Queen Isabella, and 
she was finally won to his cause. The king remained 
indifferent and pleaded the want of funds. The queen in 
her earnestness exclaimed : " I pledge my jewels to raise 
the money." But her sacrifice was not required. St. 
Angel, treasurer of Aragon, advanced most of the money, 
and the friends of Columbus the remainder. Columbus 
had succeeded at last, after eighteen years of waiting. 

Columbus' Equipment. — Though armed with the king's 
authority, Columbus obtained vessels and sailors with the 
greatest difficulty. The boldest seamen shrunk from such a 
desperate undertaking. At last, three small vessels were 
manned ; the Pinta (pin'ta), Santa Maria (mfi ri'a), and 
Nina (nin' ya). They sailed from Palos, Spain, Aug. 3, 1492. 

Incidents of the Voyage. — When the ships struck out 
boldly westward on the untried sea, and the sailors saw the 
last trace of land fade from their sight, manj^, even of the 
bravest, burst into tears. As they proceeded, their hearts 
were wrung by superstitious fears. To their dismay, the com- 
pass no longer pointed directly north, and they believed that 
they were coming into a region where the very laws of nature 
were changed. They came into the track of the trade-wind, 
which wafted them steadily westward. This, they were sure, 
was carrying them to destruction, for how could they ever re- 
turn against it ? Signs of land, such as flocks of birds and 
fresh, green plants, were often seen, and the clouds near 
the horizon assumed the look of land, but they disappeared, 
and only the broad ocean spread out before them as they 
advanced. The sailors, so often deceived, lost heart, and in- 



even if a ship could perchance get around there safely, how could it ever get backf 
Can a ship sail up hill f " All of which sounds very strange to us now, when hun- 
dreds of travelers make every year the entire circuit of the globe. 



1492.] COLUMBUS. 23 

sisted upon returning home, Columbus, with wonderful tact 
and patience, explained all these appearances. But the more 
he argued, the louder became their murmurs. At last, they 
secretly determined to throw him overboard. Although he 
knew their feelings, he did not waver, but declared that he 
would proceed till the enterprise was accomplished. 

Soon, signs of land silenced their murmurs. A staff artifi- 
cially carved, and a branch of thorn with berries floated near. 
All was now eager expectation. In the evening, Columbus 
beheld a light rising and falling in the distance, as of a torch 
borne by one walking. Later at night, the joyful cry of 
" Land ! " rang out from the Pinta. In the morning, the 
shore, green with tropical verdure, lay smiling before them. 

Th,e Landing. — Columbus, dressed in a splendid military 
suit of scarlet embroidered with gold, and followed by a reti- 
nue of his officers and men bearing banners, stepped upon the 
new world, Friday, Oct. 12, 1492. He threw himself upon 
his knees, kissed the earth, and with tears of joy gave thanks 
to God. He then formally planted the cross and took posses- 
sion of the country in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

The wondering natives, who crowded the shore, gazed on 
•the spectacle with awe. They supposed the ships to be huge 
white-winged birds, and the Spaniards to have come from 
heaven. How sadly and how soon these simple people were 
Undeceived ! 

Further Discoveries. — Columbus found the land to be an 
island, which he named San Salvador, He supposed that he 
had reached the islands lying off the eastern coast of India, 
and he therefore called the dark-hued natives, Indians. 
Careful inquiries were also made concerning the rich prod- 
ucts of the East, such as spices, precious stones, and espe- 
cially gold. But the simple people had only a few golden 
ornaments. These they readily bartered for small bells. 



24 



EPOCH I. 



[1493. 



Cuba, Hayti, and other islands were discovered and visited 
in the vain hope of securing Oriental treasures. Columbus 
even sent a deputation into the interior of Cuba, to a famous 
chief, supposing him to be the great king of Tartary ! 

At last, urged by his crew, he relinquished the search 
and turned his vessels homeward. 

His Reception, on his return, was flattering in the ex- 
treme. The whole nation took a holiday. His appearance 
was hailed with shouts and the ringing of bells. The king 
and queen were dazzled by their new and sudden acquisi- 
tion. As Columbus told them of the beautiful land he had 
discovered, its brilliant birds, its tropical forests, its delightful 
climate, and above all, its natives waiting to be converted 
to the Christian faith, they sunk upon their knees, and 
gave God thanks for such a signal triumph. 

Sithsequetit Voyages. — Colum- 
bus afterward made three voy- 
ages. In 1498, he discovered 
the mainland, near the Orinoco 
River. He never, however, lost 
the delusion that it was the 
eastern coast of Asia, and died 
ignorant of the grandeur of his 
discovery. 

How the Continent was 
nam e d . — Americus Vesputius 
(a mer'i -etis vSs pvj'shl Gs), a 
friend of Columbus, accompa- 
nied a subsequent expedition to 
the new world. A German named Waldsee-Muller published 

♦ The body of Columbus was buried at Valladolid. It was thence transported, in 
1513, to the Carthusian Monastery of Seville, where a monument was erected by Fer- 
dinand bearing the famous inscription—" To Castile and Leon, Colon gave a new 
•^orl4." In 153C, his body was removed to the city of Sq,iut Domjngo, Hayti. Put, i© 




TOMB OF COLUMBUS AT HAVANA.* 



1499.] THE CABOTS. 25 

a spirited account of this mariner's adventures, and sug- 
gested that the country should be called America. This 
work, being the first description of the new world; was very 
popular, and the name was soon adopted by geographers. 

John Cab' ot, a navigator of Bristol, England, by studying 
his charts and globes, decided that since the degrees of longi- 
tude diminish in length as they approach the pole, the short- 
est route to India must be by sailing north-west instead of 
west, as Columbus had done. He easily obtained authority 
from King Henry VII., to make the attempt. After a pros- 
perous voyage, he came in sight of a sterile region, prob- 
ably Labrador,* and sailed along the coast for many 
leagues. This was in 149 7, fourteen months before 
Columbus discovered the continent. Cabot supposed that 
he had reached the territory of the " Great Cham," king 
of Tartary. Nevertheless, he landed, planted a banner, 
and took possession in the name of the king of England. 
On his return home, he was received with much honor, 
was dressed in silk, and styled the " Great Admiral." 

Sebastian Cabot continued his father's discoveries. 
During the same year (p. 24) in which Columbus reached 
the shore of South America, and Vasco da Gama found 
the sea-route to India (p. 41), Sebastian, a youth of twenty- 
one, discovered Newfoundland and coasted as far south as 

1796, the remains, as was supposed, were taken to Havana with imposing ceremo- 
nies. The tomb in the Cathedral is inscribed in Spanish : 

" O, rest thou, imago of the great Colon, 
Thousand centuries remain, guarded in the urn, 
And in the remembrance of our nation." 

In 1877, however, while excavating near the Cathedral in Saint Domingo, the vault 
was opened and a leaden coffin foiind containing human bones, and inscribed in 
Spanish— " Illustrious and renowned man, Christopher Columbus". It is therefore 
thought that the body carried to Havana was not that of the great admiral. 

* Very little is definitely known of John Cabot, and even the time and place of 
his birth and death are matters of conjecture. Sebastian went with his father on 
the first voyage, and some give him the credit of all that is attributed above to John 
Cabot. 



26 EPOCH I. [1498. 

Cape Cod. As he found neither the way to India, nor 
gold, precious stones, and spices, his expedition was consid- 
ered a failure. Yet, by his discoveries, the English acquired 
a title to a vast territory in the new world. Though he 
gave to England a continent, no one knows his burial-place. 
We shall ntnv follow the principal explorations made 
within the limits of the future United States, by the 
Spanish, French, English, and Dutch. The Spanish ex- 
plored mainly the southern portion of North America ; the 
French, the northern ; and the English, the middle portion 
along the coast. 

SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 

Feeling in Spain. — America, at this time, was to the 
Spaniard a land of vague, but magnificent promise, where the 
simple natives wore unconsciously the costliest gems, and the 
sands of the rivers sparkled with gold. Every returning ship 
brought fresh news to quicken the pulse of Spanish enthu- 
siasm. Now, Cortez had taken Mexico, and reveled in the 
wealth of the Montezumas; now,Pizarro had conquered Peru, 
and captured the riches of the Incas ; now, Magellan, sailing 
through the strait which bears his name, had crossed the 
Pacific, and his vessel returning home by the Cape of Good 
Hope, had circumnavigated the globe. Men of the highest 
rank and culture, warriors, adventurers, all flocked to the 
rew world. Soon, Cuba, Hispaniola, Porto Rico, and Ja- 
maica were settled, and ruled by Spanish governors. 
Among the Spanish explorers of the sixteenth century we 
notice the following : 

Ponce de Leon (pon'ti-ra da la on') was a gallant soldier, 
but an old man, and in disgrace. He coveted the glory of 
conquest to restore his tarnished reputation, and, besides, he 



1512.] SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 27 

had heard of a magical fountain in this fairy land, where one 
might bathe and be young again. Accordingly, he equipped 
an expedition, and sailed in search of this fabled treasure. 
On Easter Sunday (Pascua Florida, in Spanish), 1512,* he 
came in sight of a land gay with spring flowers. In honor of 
the day, he called it Florida. He sailed along the coast, and 
landed here and there, but returned home at last, an old 
man still, having found neither youth nor glory. 

Bal bo a crossed the Isthmus of Darien the next year, and 
from the summit of the Andes beheld a wide expanse of the 
Pacific Ocean. Wading into its waters with his naked sword 
in one hand, and the banner of Castile in the other, he sol- 
emnly declared that the ocean, and all the shores which it 
might touch, belonged to the crown of Spain forever. 

De Narvaez (nar va'eth) received a grant of Florida, 
and (1528) with 300 men attempted its conquest. Striking 
into the interior, they wandered about, lured on by the hope 
of finding gold. Wading through swamps, crossing deep 
rivers by swimming and by rafts, fighting the lurking Indians 
who incessantly harassed their path, and nearly perishing 
with hunger, they reached at last the Gulf of Mexico. 
Hastily constructing some crazy boats, they put to sea. 
After six weeks of peril and suffering, they were shipwrecked, 
and De Narvaez was lost. Eight years afterward, four per- 
sons — the only survivors of this ill-fated expedition — reached 
the Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast. 

Ferdinand de Soto, undismayed by these failures, under- 
took anew the conquest of Florida. He set out with 600 
choice men, amid the fluttering of banners, the flourish of 

* Eight years afterward, De Ayllon (da ile yon') made a kidnapping expedition to 
what is now South Carolina. Desiring to obtain laborers for the mines and planta- 
tions in Hayti, he invited some of the natives on board his vessels, and, when they were 
all below, suddenly closed the hatches and set sail. The speculation did not, how- 
ever, turn out profitably. One vessel sunk with all on board, and many of his cap- 



28 



EPOCH J, 



[1539. 



trumpets, and the gleaming of helmet and lance. For month 
after month, this procession of cavaliers, priests, soldiers, and 
Indian captives strolled through the wilderness, wherever 
they thought gold might be found. They traversed what is 
now Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, In the third year 




BriilAL OK i>h .^<>l. 



of their wanderings (1541), they emerged upon the bank of 
the Mississippi. After another year of fruitless explora- 
tions, De Soto died. At the dead of night, his followers 
sunk his body in the river, and the sullen waters buried his 
hopes and his ambition. " He had crossed a large part of 
the continent," says Bancroft, "and found nothing so re- 
markable as his burial-place." De Soto had been the soul 
of the company. When he died, the other adventurers were 

tives, preferring starvation to slaverj', died on the voyage. History tells us that in 
1525, when Do Ayllon went back with the intention of settling the countrj', the 
Indians practiced upon him the lesson of cruelty ho had taught them. His men 
were lured into the interior. Their entertainers, falling uprm them at night, slew 
the larger part, and Uc .^yllou was only too glad to escape with his life. 



1565.] SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. 29 

anxious only to get home in safety. They constructed 
boats and descended the river, Httle over half of this gallant 
array finally reaching the settlements in Mexico. 

Menendez (ma nen' deth), wiser than his predecessors, on 
landing (1565), forthwith laid the foundations of a colony. 
In honor of the day, he named it St. Augustine. This is the 

OLDEST TOWN IN THE UNITED StATES.* 

Explorations on the Pacific. — Calif umia, in the six- 
teenth century, was a general name applied to all the region 
north-west of Mexico. It is said to have originated in an old 
Spanish romance very popular in the time of Cortez, in 
which appeared a queen whose magnificent country bore 
this name. The Mexicans told the Spaniards that most of 
their gold and precious stones came from a country far to 
the north-west. Cortez, therefore, turned his attention in 
that direction and sent out several expeditions to explore 
the Californias. All these adventurers returned empty- 
handed from the very region where, three centuries after- 
ward, the world was startled by the finding of an El Do ra'do 
such as would have satisfied the wildest dreams of Cortez 
and' his credulous followers. 

Cdbrillo (ka brei'yo) made the first voyage along what is 
N now the California coast ( 1 5 4 2 ) ; he died in San Diego harbor, 
but his pilot went north past the present limits of Oregon. 

J\Cew Mexico was explored and named by Espejo (es pa' ho) 
who (1582) founded Santa Fe, which is the second oldest 
town in the United States. This was seventeen years after 
the settlement of St. Augustine. 

Extent of the Spanish Possessions, f — Spain, at the close 
of the sixteenth century, held possession not only of the 

* Many Spanish remains still exist. Among these is Port Marion, once San Marco, 
which was founded in 1565 and finished in 1755. It is built of coquina (ko ke'na) 
—a curious stone composed of small shells. 

t The conquests of the new world enriched Spain, which became the wealthiest 



80 EPOCH I. [1600. 

West Indies, but of Yucatan, Mexico, and Florida.* The 
Spanish explorerH liad traversed a large portion of the present 
Southern States, and of the Pacific const. All this vast 
territory t]^ey claimed by the rights of discovery and pos- 
session. 

* f 
FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 

The Frciicli wore eager to share in tin; prdlits which Spain 
was a('(inii"iiig in the new world. Within seven years after 
tlie discovery of the continent, the fisheries of Newfound- 
land were frequented by their mariners.f 

Verrazani (za'ni), a Florentine, was the first navi- 
gator sent by the French king to find the new way to the 
Indies. Sailing westward from Madeira (1524), he reached 
land ni'ar the i)resent harbor of Wilmington. He supposed 
this had never been seen by Europeans, although we know 
that Cabot had discovered it nearly thirty years before. He 
coasted along the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, entered 
the harbors ot New York and Newport, and returned with 
a glowing description of the lands he had found, lie named 
the country New France. 

Cartier (uar tya') ascended the River St. Lawrence J 
(ir>5"5''')) to th(^ Indian village of Plochelaga (ho shs Ifi'gs), the 
present site of Montreal. The town was pleasantly situated 

and most powerful country in ICuropo. This made other nations all the more anxioua 
to And the western iiassaj^o to India. The routes by the Cajw of Good Hope and by 
the Strait of MuKelliin were Umg and diingei-ous. To discover the shorter north 
western route now lieeanie the gi-eat wish of all luuritinio nations, an»l h;ia been 
anxiously sought down Ui the present time. 

♦ A writer of that lin)e locate-s Quebec in Florida; indeed, the Spaniards applied 
tho name, Florida, to all North Amurieu, tis far tis Oiuiadu and Newfoundland. 

t Capo Breton O^rit'iin) wiw named by tho tlshormen in remembrance of their 
homo in llrittany, France. 

} Tho name, St. Lawi-enco, was that of the day on which Curtior entered the gulf- 



1535.] FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 31 

at the foot of a lofty hill, which Cartier climbed. Stirred 
by the magnificent prospect, he named it Mont Real 
(mong ra al'), Regal Mountain. 

John Ribaut * (re bo') led the first expedition (1562) under 
the auspices of Coligny (ko len ye' ).t The company landed at 
Port Royal, S. C. So captivated were they, that when volun- 
teers were called for to hold the country for France, so many 
came forward " with such a good wiU and joly corage ", wrote 
Ribaut, "as we had much to do to stay their importunitie ". 
They erected a fort, which they named Carolina in honor of 
Charles IX., King of France. The fleet departed, and this 
little band of thirty were left alone on the continent. From 
the North Pole to Mexico, they were the only civilized men. 
Food became scarce. They tired of the eternal solitude of 
the wilderness, and finally built a rude ship, and put to sea. 
Here a storm shattered their vessel. Famine overtook them, 
and, in their extremity, they killed and ate one of their 
number. A vessel at last hove in sight, and took them on 
board, only to carry them captives to England. J Thus per- 
ished the colony, but the ,name still survives. 

Laudonniere (lo do'ne er), two years after, built a fort, also 
called Carolina, on the St. John's River. § Soon the colonists 

* Joan Ribaut, as his name is given in Coligny's MS. and in his own journal. 

t Coligny was an admiral of Prance, and a leader of the Huguenots (hH' ge nOz), 
as the Protestants were then called. He had conceived a plan for founding an 
empire in America. This would furnish an asylum for his Huguenot friends,- and 
at the same time advance the glory of the Prench. Thus religion and patriotism 
combined to induce him to send out colonists to the new world. 

t The most feeble were landed in France. It is said that Queen Elizabeth, while 
conversing with those sent to England, first thought of colonizing the new world. 

§ The history of this colony records an amusing story concerning the long life of 
the natives. A party visited a chief in the midst of the wilderness, who gravely 
assured them that he was the father of five generations, and had lived 250 years. 
Opposite him, in the same hut, sat his father, a mere skeleton, whose "age was so 
great that the good man had lost his sight, and could speal: one onelyword but with 
exceeding great paine ". The credulous Frenchmen gazed with awe on this wonder- 
ftil pair, and congratulated themselves on having come to such a land,— where cer- 
tainly there would be no need of Ponce de Leon's fabled fountain. 



S2 Kl'OClt I. £1564. 

were reduced to the verge of starvation.* They were on the 
point of leaving, when they were reinforced by Kibaut. 
Tho French now seemed fairly fixed on the coast of Florida. 
The Spaniards, however, claimed the country. Mcnendez, 
about this time, had made a settlement in St. Augustine. 
Leading an expedition northward through the wilderness, 
in the midst of a fearful tempest, he attacked Fort Carolina 
and massacred almost the entire population. 

Champlain (shSm plan'), at the beginning of tho seven- 
teenth century, crossed the Atlantic in two pigmy barks — 
one of twelve, the other of fifteen tons — and ascended the 
St. Lawrence on an exploring tour. At Ilochelaga all was 
changed. Tho Indian town had vanished, and not a trace 
remained of the savage population which Cartier saw there 
seventy years before. f Champlain was captivated by the 
charms of the now world, and longed to plant a French 
empire and the Catholic faith amid its savage wilds. 

De Monts (mong) received a grant of all the territory be- 
tween the fortieth and forty-sixth parallels of latitude.^ This 
tract was termed A ca'di a, a name afterward confined to New 
Brunswick and the adjacent islands, and now to Nov^a 
Scotia. "With Champlain, ho founded Port Royal, N. S., in 

1605, THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO FOUND AN AGRICULTURAL COLONY 

IN America. It was three years before a cabin was built in 
Canada, and two before the James River was discovered. 
Champlain returned in 1608, and established a trading 

* Their sufferings were horrible. Weak and emaciated, they fed themselves with 
roots, sorrel, pounded fish-bones, and even i*oasted snakes. "Oftentimes," says 
IjiUKlonnloro, " our iKH>r soldioi-s were constrained to give away the very shirts from 
their backs to got one fish. If at any time they shewed imto the savages the exces- 
sive price which they ttjoke, these villaines wo\ild answer them roughly : ' If thou 
make so great account of thy merchandise, eat it, and wo will eat our fish ' ; then fell 
they out a laughing, and mocked us with open throat." 

+ This fact illustrates tho frequent and rapid changes which took place amoui; 
the aboriginal tribes. 

t Between the 8lt.os of Plilladelphia and Montreal. 



160P.J, FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. 83 

post at Quebec. This was the first permanent French 
SE'i ELEMENT IN CANADA. The next summer, in his eager 
desire to explore the country, he joined a war party of the 
Hurons against the Iroquois, or Five Nations of Central New 
York,* On this journey he discovered the beautiful lake 
that bears his name. Amid discouragements which would 
have overwhelmed a less determined spirit, Champlain 
firmly established the authority of France on the banks of 
the St. Lawrence. " The Father of New France ", as he has 
been termed, reposes in the soil he won to civilization. 

The Jesuit Missionaries. — The explorers of the Missis- 
sippi valley were mostly Jesuit priests. The French names 
which they gave, still linger throughout that region. Their 
hope was to convert the Indians to the Christian faith. They 
pushed their way through the forest with unflagging energy. 
They crept along the northern shore of Lake Ontario. They 
traversed the Great Lakes. In 1668, they founded the mis- 
sion of St. Mary, the oldest European settlement in Michigan. 
Many of them were^ murdered by the savages ; some were 
scalped ; some were burned in rosin-fire ; some scalded with 
boiling water. Yet as soon as one fell out of the ranks, an- 
other sprung forward to fill the post. We shall name but 
two of these patient, indefatigable pioneers of New France. 

Father Marquette (mar kef), hearing from some wander- 
ing Indians of a great river which they termed the " Father 
of Waters", determined to visit it. He floated in a birch- 
bark canoe down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi (1673), 
and thence to the mouth of the Arkansas (ar'kan s^^A7•).t 

♦ The interference of Champlain with the Indians secured the inveterate hostility 
of the Iroquois. Not long after, they seized the missionaries who came among them, 
tortured and put them to death. This cut oflf any further explorations toward the 
south. The French, therefore, turned their attention toward the west. The Iro- 
quois afterward made an alliance with the English (see p. 77). 

t Soon after, while on another expedition, he went ashore for the purpose of quiet 



84 



EPOCH I. 



[1682. 




La Salic (sal) was ed- 
ucated as a Jesuit, but had 
established a trading-post at 
the outlet of Lake Ontario. In- 
flamed with a desire to find the 
mouth of the Mississippi, he made 
his way (1682) to the Gulf of 
Mexico. lie named the country 
Louisiana, in honor of Louis 
XIV., King of France. 

Results of French Enterprise, 
seventeenth century, the French had explored the Great 
Lakes, the Fox, Maumee (ma mee'), "Wabash (wa'bSsh), 
"Wisconsin, and Illinois rivers, and the Mississippi from the 
Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf. They had traversed a 
vast region extending from Newfoundland to Texas ; * and 

devotion. After waiting long for his return, his men, seeking him, found that he 
had died while at praj^er. lie was huined near the mouth of the Marquette. Years 
after, when the tempest raged, and the Indian was tossing on the angry waves, he 
would seek to stil" * he storm by invoking the aid of the pious Mai-quette. 

• As wo ^a'l SCO hereafter, the English at this time clung to a nari'ow strip along 
the Atlaiitlo coast, but their colonies contained 300,000 inhabitants. 



LA SALLE AT THE ilOL'Tll OF THE 
UIS8ISSIFFI. 



•Before the close of the 



1576.] ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 85 

planted, here and there in the wilderness, rude settlements — 
the beginnings of civilization. In 1688, New France pos- 
sessed a population of 11, 000. 



ENG-LISH EXPLORATIONS. 

We have seen how the Cabots, sailing under an English 
flag, discovered the American continent, exploring its coast 
from Labrador to Albemarle Sound, Though the English 
claimed the northern part of the continent by right of this 
discovery, yet during the sixteenth century they paid little 
attention to it. At the close of that period, however, mari- 
time enterprise was awakened, and British sailors cruised on 
every sea. Like the other navigators of the day, they were 
eager to discover the western passage to Asia. 

Frobisher (frob'ish er) made the first of these attempts 
to go north of America to Asia — Cabot's plan repeated. He 
pushed through unknown waters, threading his perilous 
way among icebergs, until (1576) he entered Baffin Bay. 
Here he heaped a pile of stones, declared the country an 
appendage of the British crown, and returned home.* 

Sir Francis Drake was a famous sailor. In one of his 
expeditions on the Isthmus of Panama, he climbed to 
the top of a lofty tree, whence he saw the Pacific Ocean. 
Looking out on its broad expanse, he resolved to "sail 
an English ship on those seas." Returning to England, 
he equipped a squadron. He sailed through the Strait of 
Magellan, coasting along the Pacific shore to the south- 
ern part of Oregon, Having refitted his ship, probably 

* One of the sailors brought hack a stone which was thought to contain gold. A 
fleet of fifteen vessels was forthwith equipped for this new El Dorado. The north- 
west passage to Cathay was forgotten. After innumerahle perils incident to Arctic 
regions, the ships were loaded with the precious ore and returned, Unrortunately, 
history neglects to tell us what became of the cargo 1 



36 EPOCH I. [1579-'80. 

in Bodega Bay (1579), lie sailed westward, and returned 
home by way of the Cape of Good Hope.* 

Sir Humphrey Gilbert was not a sailor, but he had studied 
the accounts of American discoveries and concluded that, 
instead of random expeditions after gold and spices, com- 
panies should be sent out to form permanent settlements. 
His attempts to colonize the new world, however, ended 
fatally. Sailing homo in a bark of onl}^ ten-tons burden, in 
the midst of a fearful storm the light of his little vessel sud- 
denly disappeared. Neither ship nor crew was ever seen 
again. 

Sir Walter Raleighf (ra^?v'^), a half-brother of Gilbert, 
adopted his views of American colonization. Being a great 
favorite with Queen Elizabeth, he easily obtained from her a 
patent of an extensive territory, which was named Virginia 
in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. 

Baleigh's first attempt to pldiit a culony was on Roanoke 
Island. The settlers made no endeavor to cultivate the soil, 
but spent their time in hunting for gold and pearls.J At 

* He was thus the first Englishman who explored the Pacific coast, and the second 
European who circumnavigated the glohe. 

+ Raleigh was not only a man of dauntless courage, hut he also added to a hand- 
some person much learning and many accomplishments. Meeting Queen Elizabeth 
one day while she was walking, he spread liis mantle over a wet place in her path. 
She was so pleased with his gallantry that she admitted him to court, and he con- 
tinued a favorite during her entire life-time. Conversing with her once upon the 
singular properties of tobacco, the new Indian weed which was coming into use, he 
assured her that he could tell the exact weight of smoke in any quantity consumed. 
The incredulous queen dared him to a wager. Accepting it, Raleigh weighed his 
tobacco, smoked it, and then carefiilly weighing the ashes, stated the difference. 
Paying the bet, Elizabeth remarked that she "had before heard of turning gold into 
smoke, but he was the first who had turned smoke into gold ". This incident illus- 
trates the friendly relations between Raleigh and the queen. After her death, he 
was acc\ised by James I. of treason, was imprisoned for many years, and finally, 
executed. On the scafl'old, ho asked for the ax, and feeling the edge, observed, with 
a smile, " This is a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." Then com- 
posedly lajing his head on the block, and moving his lips as in prayer, he gave the 
f attil signal. 

X They were told that the Roanoke River had its head-waters in golden rocks, by 



1586.] ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. 87 

last, they were nearly starved, when Drake, happening to 
stop there on one of his exploring tours, took jDity on them 
and carried them home. (See page 42.) 

They had lived long enough in America to learn the use 
of tobacco from the Indians. This they introduced into 
England. The custom of "drinking tobacco", as it was 
called, soon became the fashion.* 

Raleigh's Second Attempt. — Raleigh,undiscouraged by this 
failure, still clung to his colonizing scheme. The next time, 
he sent out families, instead of single men. John White 
was appointed governor of the City of Raleigh, which they 
were to found on Chesapeake Bay. A granddaughter of 
Gov. White, born soon after they reached Roanoke Island, 
was the first English child born in America. The governor, 
on returning to England to secure supplies, found the public 
attention absorbed by the threatened attack of the Spanish 
Armada. It was three years before he was able to come back. 
Meanwhile, his family, and the colony he had left alone in 
the wilderness, had perished. How, we do not know. The im- 
agination can only picture what history has failed to record. 

Raleigh had now spent about $200,000, a great sum for 
that day, on this American colony ; and, disheartened, trans- 
ferred his patent to other parties (1589). 

Trading Voyages. — Fortunately for American interests, 
trading ventures were more profitable than colonizing ones. 
English vessels frequented the Banks of Newfoundland, and, 
probably, occasionally visited Virginia. Q-os'nold,t a master 

the Pacific Ocean, and that the -walls of a great city near its fountain were thlcldy 
studded with pearls. 

* An amusing story is told of Raleigh while he was learning to smoke. One morn- 
ing his servant on entering the room with a cup of ale for his master, saw a cloud 
of smoke issuing from Sir Walter's mouth. Frantically dashing the liquor in his 
face, he rushed down stairs imploring help, lest his master should be burned to ashes ! 

+ The English ships were at that time accustomed to steer southward along the 
coast of Spain, Portugal, and Africa, as far as the Canary Islands ; then they followed 



88 EPOCH I. [1602. 

of a small bark, discovered (1602) and named Cape Cod and 
some of the islands about Martha's Vineyard. Loading his 
vessel with sassafras-root, then highly esteemed as a medi- 
cine, he returned home to publish the most favorable reports 
of the region he had visited. Some British merchants ac- 
cordingly sent out the next year a couple of vessels under 
Captain Pring. He discovered several harbors in Maine, and 
brought back his ships loaded with furs and sassafras. 

As the result of these various explorations, many felt an 
earnest desire to colonize the new world. James I. accord- 
ingly granted the vast territory of Virginia, as it was called, 
to two companies, the Lcmdon and the Plymouth. 

The London Company, whose principal men resided at 
London, had the tract between the thirty-fourth and thirty- 
eighth degrees of latitude. This was called South Virginia. 
They sent out a colony in ICO 7 under Captain Newport. 
He made at Jamestown* the first permanent English 

SETTLEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 

The Plymouth Company, whose principal men resided 
at Plymoutli, had the tract between the forty-first and forty- 
fifth degrees of latitude. This was called North Virginia. 

The Charter granted to these companies was the first 
under which English colonies were planted in the United 
States. It is therefore worthy of careful study. It contained 
no idea of self-government. The people were not to have the 
election of an officer. The king was to appoint a council, 

the track of Columbus to the West India Islands, and thence past the coast of Florida 
northward to the point they wished to reach. Navigators knew this was a round- 
about Wiiy, but they were afraid to try the northern route straight across the 
Atlantic. Gk)snold made the voyage directly from England to Massachusetts, thus 
shortening the route .1,000 miles. This gave a great impulse to colonization, since it 
was in olTect bringing America 3,000 miles nearer England. 

♦ The river was called James, and the town Jamestown, in honor of the King of 
England. The headlands received the names of Cape Henry and Cape Charles from 
the king's sons , and the deep water for anchorage " which put the emigrants in good 
comfort", gave the name Point Comfort. 



1606.] DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 39 

to reside in London and have general control of all the col- 
onies ; and also a council, to reside in each colony and have 
control of its local affairs. The Church of England was the 
established religion. Moreover, for five years, all the pro- 
ceeds of the colonial industry and commerce were to be ap- 
plied to a common fund, no person being allowed the fruit 
of his individual labor. 



DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. 

During all this time, the Dutch manifested no interest in 
the new world. In the beginning of the seventeenth cen- 
tury, however, Caj)tain Henry Hudson, an English navi- 
gator in the Dutch service, entered the harbor of New York. 
Hoping to reach the Pacific Ocean, he afterward ascended 
the noble river which bears his name (1609).* 

On this discovery, the Dutch based their claim to the 
region extending from the Delaware River to Cape Cod. 
They gave to it the name of New Netherland. 



EXTENT OF THESE EXPLORATIONS. 

1. The Spanish confined their explorations to the West 
Indies and the adjacent mainland, and in the United States 
made settlements only in Florida and New Mexico. 

2. The French claimed the whole of New France and 
made their first settlements in Acadia and Canada. 

3. The English explored the Atlantic coast at various 
points, and claimed this vast territory, which they termed 
Virginia, having made their first settlement at Jamestown, f 

* It is now believed that Verrazani (p. 30) was the true discoverer of this stream, 
over three quarters of a century before. 

+ After this time, the English is the only nation that directly influences the his- 



40 EPOCH I. [1613. 

4. The Dutch laid claim to New Netherland, but made 
no settlement till 1613. 

The Rival Claims. — These four claims overlapped f one 
another and necessarily produced much confusion. While 
the first few settlements were separated by hundreds of miles 
of savage forests, this was of little account. But as the set- 
tlements increased, the rival claims became a source of con- 
stant strife and were decided principally by the sword. 

The Permanent Settlements. — At the close of the six- 
teenth century, neither the English nor the French had 
planted a single stable colony, and the only permanent 
settlements, north of the Gulf of Mexico, were those of 
the Spaniards at St. Augustine and Santa Fe. In the 
beginning of the seventeenth century, permanent settle- 
ments multiplied. They were made, as we have seen, by 

The French at Port Royal, N. S., in 1 605 

The English at Jamestown, in 1607 

The French at Quebec, in 1608 

The Dutch at New York, in 1 6 1 3 ;t 

The English at Plymouth, in 1620. 

tory of the United States. The country was settled mainly by emigrants from 
Great Britain, and in the next epoch all the colonies became dependencies of 
that empire. 

t It is noticeable that the English grants extended westward to the Pacific Ocean ; 
the French, southward from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf ; and the Spanish, north- 
ward to the Arctic Ocean. None of the European nations had any idea of the im- 
mense territory it was donating. 

t Here lay the shaggy continent from Florida to the Pole, outstretched in savage 
slumber along the sea. On the bank of the James River was a nest of woe-begone 
Englishmen, a handful of fur-traders at the mouth of the Hudson, and a few shiver- 
ing Frenchmen among the snow-drifts of Acadia; while, deep within the wild 
monotony of desolation, on the icy verge of the great northern river, Champlain 
upheld the banner of France over the rock of Quebec. These were the advance 
guard of civilization, the messengers of promise to a desert continent. Yet, 
not content with inevitable woes, they were rent by p)etty jealousies and miser- 
able quarrels, while each little fragment of rival nationalities, just able to keep 
up its own wretched existence on a few square miles, begrudged to all the rest 
the smallest share in a domain which all the nations of Euroi)e could not have 
eufflced to ftil.—Farhrnan. 



1789.] EARLY NAVIGATORS. 41 

SEA -LIFE IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH 
CENTURIES. 

At the opening of modern history, the known world comprised only Europe, south- 
western Asia, and a strip of northern Africa. The southernmost point in Africa then 
discovered was Cape Non (Nun), so called because it was considered the limit of navi- 
gation. The most absurd ideas prevailed with regard to the regions beyond. The 
water at the equator was thought to be boiling hot ; the tropic sun, it was said, would 
permanently blacken the sMn of any white man who ventured farther south ; while 
the unknown seas were supposed to be peopled by terrible sea-monsters. 

To the Portuguese belongs the glory of having dissipated many of these errors, 
and opened the way to the discovery of new lands. In the fifteenth century, they 
were the most enlightened and enterprising people in Europe. Prince Henry devoted 
himself to the study of astronomy, founded an observatory and a naval college, col- 
lected aU existing information concerning the earth's surface, and prepared new and 
more accurate charts for navigators. His father, John I., and his grand-nephew, 
John II., encouraged maritime explorations. Under such auspices, the Portuguese 
sailors discovered the A zores'* and Cape Verde Islands, crossed the dreaded equator, 
and finally descried the southern extremity of Africa. Diaz (dee'ath), the discov- 
erer, weU named it the Stormy Cape ; but the king, believing the long-desired route 
to India was now found, rechristened it the Cape of Good Hope. His hope was 
realized fifteen years later, when Vasco da Gama rounded the cape and reached - 
India. The problem of a sea-route (p. 20) was solved. The Portuguese quickly 
established settlements and opened a direct trade by sea between India and Europe. 
The old land-routes to India across the Mediterranean and the Levant being aban- 
doned, "Venice and the other Italian cities lost the profitable Eastern trade. 

The sixteenth century, however, had already dawned. The discoveries of Colum- 
bus had kindled the zeal and fired the imagination of Spain,— then fast becoming the 
leading nation of Europe. Pope Alexander VT. had apportioned the unknown 
regions of the Earth to the Portuguese a,nd the Spaniards, giving to the former all east 
and to the latter all west of an imaginary line running north and south 100 leagues 
west of the Azores. Spanish warriors who "united the valor of the knight-errant 
with the rapacity of pirates ", flocked to the new world. The "West Indies, Mexico, 
Peru, and Chili were discovered and conquered, and the spoils were sent to Europe. 
Soon, the coffers of Spain were running over with American gold and silver. "While 
the Spanish flag was planted, step by step, on the eastern coast of America, " from the 
St. John's to the river Platte ", the whole western coast of South America fell into 
Spanish hands. The Spanish explorations in America surpassed the Portuguese in 
Africa. Portugal was too busy with her discoveries to turn aside, except to possess 
the territory of Brazil, and Spain was left unmolested to prosecute her conquests. 

"WTiile Spain was thus building up an empire in the western world, English sea- 
men were content with a humbler harvest in the Newfoundland fisheries. During 
the reign of Elizabeth, however, English navigators began to dispute with Spain the 
sovereignty of the sea. The British Channel swarmed with privateers—" sea-dogs ", 

* The explorers were accustomed to take formal possession of the country they discovered. 
Thus Cartier (p. 30) erected a cross thirty feet high, on which he hung a shield containing the 
arms of Prance and the inscription, " Vive le Roi ". Gilbert (p. 36) raised a pillar in Newfound- 
land with a lead plate, on which were engraved the queen's arms. A piece of tnrf and a bit of 
twig were presented to him, and he received these symbols of possession with a hazel wand. 



4^ 



EPOCH 1. 



[1577. 



as they were called— and it was a lucky galleon that could run the gauntlet of these 
swift cruisers. The greed of gold, the love of adventure, a chivalrous contempt of 
danger, and the bitter hatred then existing between Protestant England and Catho- 
lic Spain, combined to inspire the sea-dogs to the most daring deeds. In 1577, Drake 
set sail with five ships, his own scarcely larger than a channel schooner, the others 
BtiU smaller, resolved to fly the English flag in waters where it had never been seen. 
The first of Englishmen to pass through the Strait of Magellan, he swept along the 
coast of Chili and Peru, plundering towns and vessels, and capturing the great gal- 
leon that yearly sailed from Lima to Cadiz with precious stones, gold dvist, and silver 
ingots. Finding a squadron was stationed in the Strait of Magellan to intercept 
him on his return (p. 3.5), he took the bold resolution of crossing the Pacific and going 
home via the Capo of Good Hope. His venture succeeded, and he reached Pljinouth, 
England, after an absence of three years. Though he had escaped with only one 
ship— the Golden Hind— it was laden with treasure to the amount of £800,000. The 
queen received a large share of the spoils, knighted the freebooter, wore liis jewels 
in her crown, and ordered the Golden Hind to be preserved in memory of this 
remarkable voyage. Open war ha\'ing at last broken out between England and Spain, 
Drake again went to the "West Indies, plundered the towns of St. Domingo and Car- 
thagena, burned Ports San Antonio and St. Augustine, and,visiting Virginia, brought 
back the remains of Raleigh's colony (p. 37). The success of these adventures, lured 
other freebootei"s to the " Spanish Main ". Cavendish fitted out a fleet and sailed 
thither (1586) ; he roamed about for months, burning villages and capturing coast- 
ing vessels, until at last he overhauled the Santa Anna, a merchantman loaded with 
a rich cargo of gold, silver, and spices, from the Manillas. Returning ^^a the cape, 
he was the second Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. 

The English privateers, however, could fight for their country as well as for gain, 
and Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher were in the very front of the little fleet that 
destroyed the "Invincible Armada" (1588) and broke the Spanish power. 



CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS. 



England. 



Henry \TI.... 1485 
Henry \TII... 1509 

Edward VT... 1547 

Mary 1553 

Elizabeth 1558 

James 1 1603 



Pranoe. 

Charles Vm.. 1483 

Louis XH 1498 

Francis 1 1515 

Henry n 1547 

Francis II 1559 

Charles IX.... 1560 

Henry ni 1574 

Henry IV 1589 



Germany. 

Frederick in.. 1440 
Maximilian I. . 1493 
Charles V 1520 



Ferdinand I... 1556 
MaxirailianII.1564 
Rudolph n. . . . 1576 
Matthias 1612 



Spain. 



Ferdinand & 
IsabeUa 1479 

Charles 1 1516 

Philip n 1556 

Philip m 1598 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



1492. Columbus discovered the new world, October 12 23 

1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador, June 24 25 

1498. The Cabots explored the Atlantic Coast 25 

South America was discovei-ed by Columbus, August 10 .... 24 
Vasco da Gama sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and discovered a 

passage to India . . . . „ 41 



1512.] 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 



48 



PAGE 

1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, March 27 . . , , . 87 

1513. Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, September 26 27 

1519-'21. Cortez conquered Mexico , . 26 

1520. Magellan discovered and sailed through the strait which bears his 
name, into the Pacific Ocean ; his vessel rettirning home by the 
Cape of Good Hope, made the first circumnavigation of the globe. 26 

1524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America 30 

1528. Narvaez explored part of Plorida 27 

1534:-'35. Cartier explored the Q-ulf of St. Lawrence and ascended the river . 30 
1539-'41. De Soto rambled over the Southern States and in 1541 discovered 

the Mississippi Eiver 28 

1542-'43. Cabrillo explored California and sailed along the Pacific Coast. . 29 
1562. Ribaut attempted to plant a Huguenot colony at Port Royal . 31 

1564. Laudonniere attempted to plant a Huguenot colony on the St. 

John's River. It was destroyed by the Spaniards .... 31 

1565. Menendez founded a colony at St. Augustine, Florida ; first perma- 

nent settlement in the United States 29 

1576-'77. Frobisher tried to find a rorth-west passage ; entered Baffin Bay, 

and twice attempted to found a colony in Labrador, but failed . 34 
1578-'80. Drake sailed along the Pacific Coast to Oregon, and circumnavi- 
gated the globe 35 

1582. Espejo founded Santa Fe ; second oldest town in the United States, 29 

1583. Gilbert was lost at sea 36 

1584-'87. Raleigh twice attempted to plant a colony in Virginia .... 36 

1602. Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, May 15 37 

1605. De Monts estabUshed a colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia ; first 

attempt to found an agj^-icultural colony in America ... 32 

1607. The English settled Jamestown; first permanent English settle- 

ment in America, May 13 " . . . . 38 

1608. Champlain planted a colony at Quebec; first permanent French 

settlement in Canada, Jiily 3 32 

1609. Hudson discovered the Hudson River 39 

Champlain discovered Lake Champlain 33 

1613. Settlement of New York by the Dutch 39 

1620. Pilgrims settled at Plymouth; first English settlement in New 

England, December 21 40 

REFERENCES FOR READING. 

Irving^s Columbus.— ParkTnan''8 Pioneers of France, Jesuits in North America, and Dis- 
covery of the Great West.—LonqfeUow^s Sir Humphrey GUbert {Poem).—De Vere's Rom,ance of 
American History.— AbbotVs Biography of lUustrious Men and Women.— T. Irving'' s De Soto in 
Florida.— Help's Spanish Conquest of Amsrica.—BiddWs Sebastian Cabot.— NichoUs'' John 
Cabot.— Barlow'' s "Vision of Columbus (Poem), and Poems on Columbus by Samuel Rogers and 
J. R. Lowell.— Simms' Damsel of Darien {Poem).—PrescotVs Ferdinand and Isabella (Colum- 
bus).— Hawks' History of North Carolina (Lost Colony of Roanoke) —8hea''s Discovery and 
Exploration of the Mississippi Valley.— Wallace's Fair God (Fiction).— Barnes' Popular History 
of the United States.- Harper's Magazine, Vol. 49, The First Century of the Republic ; Vol. 65, 
Overthrow of the French Power in America, and The Spanish Oiscoverers.—Scribner's Monthly, 
YqI. 9, Pictures from FU/rida.—Weise's Discoveries qf America to the Tear 1525. 



44 



BARNES' BRIEF HISTORY, 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



1. Geographical Knowledge in the Fifteenth Century. 



1. His Views. 

2. At Court of Portugal. 

3. At Court of Spain. 

4. His Success. 

5. His Equipment. 



2. Columbus. 



0. His V'oy^e. 

7. The LaiuRng. 

8. Further Discoveries. 

9. His Reception Home. 
10. Subsequent Voyages. 



3. How America was Named. 



4. The Cabot.s. 



5. Spanish Explorations. 



6. French Explorations. 



8. Dutch Explorations. 



Extent of these Ex- 
plorations. 



1. John Cabot. 
3. Sebastian Cabot. 



1. The Feeling in Spain. 

2. Ponce dp Leon. 

3. Balboa. 

4. De Narvaez. 

5. Ferdinand de Soto. 
»). Menendez. 

I a. 
7. Explorations on Pacific. < b. 



California. 
Cabnllo. 
New Mexico. 



. 8. Extent of the Spanish Possessions. 

■ 1. Newfoundland Fisheries. 

2. Verrazaiii. 

3. Cartiir. 

4. John Ribaut. 

5. Laudonnidre. 

6. Chaniplain. | ^ 

7. De Monts and Port Royal, 
i a. Their zeal, 



Vieit to Hochelaga. 
Founds Quebec. 



8. Jesuit Missionaries 
. 9. Results of Fi-ench Enterprise 



-> b. Marquette. 
{ c. La Salle. 



7. English Explorations. ■ 



1. British Claim and Maritime Zeal. 

2. Frobisher. 

3. Francis Drake. 

4. Humphrey Gilbert. 



5. Raleigh. 

6. Trading Voyages. 

7. Companies formed. 



j 1. Henry Hudson. 
( a. Dutch Claim. 



First attempt to plant 

a Colony. 
Second attempt. 

a. London Co. 

b. Hymouth Co. 

c. Their Charter. 



f a. The Spanish. 

1. Claims of the Four J b. The French. 

Nations. 1 c. The English. 

\ d. The Dutch. 

2. Result of these Rival Claims. 

3. Permanent Settlements at the End of the Sixteenth 

Century and the Beginning of the Seventeenth 
Century. 




^ C ii.*ei» Tori. 







GH II 



FROM 1607 
TO 1775 



-^ r:|< E:.iildin' /h 'Jjlon'ies. 




THIS Epoch 
traces the 



early his- 
tory of the thirteen colonies — 
Virginia, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode 
Island, New York, New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, Delaware^, Mary- 
land, South Carolina, North 

Carolina, and Georgia. The Cavaliers land in Virginia, 
and the Puritans in Massachusetts. Immigration increases 
and the settlements multiply along the whole coast. The 
colonies, however, have little history in common. Each 
by itself struggles with the wilderness, contends with the 
Indian, and develops the principles of liberty. 

. Qnrfifions on flic Geor/mpJii/ of the Second TJjioch. — Liocate Janiestown. Salem. 
Boston. Swansea. Providence. Bristol. Hadley. Hatfield. Portsmouth. Dover. 
Hartford. Wethersfield. New Haven. Windsor. Saybrook. New York. Albany. 
Schenectady. Elizabethtown. Wilmington. Philadelphia. St. Mary's. Charleston. 
Savannah. Haverhill. Deerfleld. St. Augustine. Quebec. Louisbiu-g. 

Locate Port Venango. Oswego. Presque Isle. Port Be Boeuf . Crown Point. Port 
Ticonderoga. Port Niagara. Port Duquesne. Fort William Henry. Port Edward. 

Describe the Ohio Biver. Monongahela Biver. Prench Creek. Chowan Biver. 
Ashley Biver. Cooper Biver. Biver St. John. Potomac Biver. James Biver. 
Hudson Biver. Connecticut Biver. Mohawk Biver. Delaware Biver. Kennebec 
Biver. Penobscot Biver. Miami Biver. St. Lawrence Biver. 

Locate Manhattan Island. Alleghany Mountains. Cape Breton. Massachusetts 
Bay. Chesapeake Bay. 



46 EPOCH II. [1C07 



I.— VIRGINIA. 

The Character of the colonists was poorly adapted to en- 
dure the hardships incident to a life in a new country. The 
settlers were mostly gentlemen by birth, unused to labor. 
They had no families, and came out in search of wealth or 
adventure, expecting, when rich, to return to England. The 
climate was unhealthy, and, before the first autumn, half of 
their number had perished. 

John Smith * saved the colony from ruin. First as a mem- 
ber of the council, and afterward as president, his services 
were invaluable. He persuaded the settlers to erect a fort, 
and to build log huts for the winter. He made long voyages, 
carefully exploring Chesapeake Bay, securing the friendship 
of the Indians, and bringing back boat-loads of supplies. He 

* Captain John Smith was born to adventxire. WTiile yet a boy he leaves his home 
in Lincolnshire, England, to engage in Holland wars. After a four-years service he 
builds a lodge of boughs in a forest, where he hunts, rides, and studies military 
tactics. Next we hear of him on his way to fight the Turks. Before reaching France 
he is robbed, and escapes death from want only by begging alms. Having embarked 
for Italy, a fearful storm arises ; he, being a heretic, is deemed the cause, and is 
thrown overboard, but he swims to land. In the East, a famous Mussulman wishes 
to flght some Chi-istian knight " to please the ladies " ; Smith offers himself and slays 
three champions in succession. Taken prisoner in battle and sold as a slave, his head 
is shaved and his neck bound with an iron ring ; he kills his master, arrays himself 
in the dead man's garments, mounts a horse and spurs his way to a Russian camp. 
Having returned to England, he embarks for the new world. On the voyage, he ex- 
cites the jealousy of his fellows and is landed in chains ; but his worth becomes so 
apparent that he is finally made president of the colony. Ilis marvelous escapes 
seem now more abundant than ever. A certain fish inflicts a dangeroiis wound, but 
he finds an antidote, and afterward eats part of the same fish with great relish. He 
is poisoned, but overcomes the dose and severely beats the poisoner. His party of 
fifteen is attacked by Opechancanough (Op e kan' ka no), brother and successor of 
Powhatan, with seven hundred warriors ; Smith drags the old chief by his long hair 
i nto the midst of the Indian braves, who, amaaed at such audacity, immediately sur- 
render. He is shockingly burned on a boat by the explosion of a bag of jKDwder at 
his side ; but he leaps into the water, where ho barely escapes death by drowning. 
These and many other wonderful exploits he published in a book after his return to 
England. Historians very generally discredit them. His services were, however, of 
unquestionable value to Virginia ; and his disinterestedness apjiears from the fact 
that he never received a foot of land in the colony his wisdom had saved. 



1607.] 



DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 



47 



trained the tender gentlemen till they learned how to swing 
the ax in the forest. He declared that " he who would not 
work, might not eat." He taught them that industry and 
self-reliance are the surest guarantees to fortune. 

Smith's Adventures were of the most romantic character. 
In one of his expeditions up the Chickahom'iny* he was 




SMITH TRADING WITH THE INDIANS. 



taken prisoner by the Indians. With singular coolness, he 
immediately tried to interest his captors by explaining the 
use of his pocket compass, and the motions of the moon and 
stars. At last, they allowed him to write a letter to James- 
town. When they found that this informed his friends of 
his misfortune, they were filled with astonishment. f They 

* This was undertaken by the express order of the company, to seek a passage to 
the Pacific Ocean, and thus to India. Captain Newpoi't, before his return to England, 
made a trip up the James River for the same purpose, but on reaching the falls con- 
cluded that the way to India did not lie in that direction. These attempts show 
what inadequate ideas then prevailed concerning the size of this continent. 

t As another evidence of the simplicity of the Indians, it is said that having seized 



48 EPOCU II. [1607. 

could not understand by what magical art he made a few 
marks on paper express his thoughts. They considered him 
a being of a superior order and treated him with the utmost 
respect. He was carried from one tribe to another* and at 
last brought to the great chief, Pow ha tan', by whom he was 
condemned to die. His head was laid on a stone, and the 
liuge war-(.'lul) of the Indian executioner was raised to strike 
the fatal blow. Suddenly, Po ca hon' tas, the young daughter 
of the chief, who had already become attached to the pris- 
oner, threw herself upon his neck and pleaded for his pardon.f 
The favorite of the tribe was given her desire. Smith was 
released, and soon sent home with promises of friendship. 
His little protector was often thereafter to be seen going to 
Jamestown with baskets of corn for the white men. 

A Second Charter (1609) was now obtained by the com- 
pany. This vested the authority in a governor instead of 
a local council. The colonists were not consulted with re- 
gard to the change, nor did the charter guarantee to them 
any rights. 

The "Starving Time."— Unfortunately, Smith was dis- 
abled by a severe wound and compelled to return to England. 
His influence being removed, the settlers became a prey to 
disease and famine. Some were killed by the Indians. Some, 
in their despair, seized a boat and became pirates. The winter 
of 1609-10 was long known as the Starving Time. In six 
months, the colonists were reduced from 4 9 to 6 0. At last, 
they determined to flee from the wretched place. "None 
dropped a tear, for none iiad enjoyed one day of happiness." 

a quantity of gunpowder belonging to the colonists, they planted it for seed, expect- 
ing to reap a full harvest of ammunition for the next contest. 

* His route was over the peninsula, since made famous by McOlellan's camp)aign. 

+ This incident has been discredited because Smith did not mention it in his first 
account (1608) of his adventures, but describes it in the second one, published 16 
years later. It should be remembered, however, that this conduct of Pocahontaa 



1610.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 49 

The next morning, as they slowly moved down with the tide, 
to their great joy they met their new governor. Lord Dela- 
ware, with abundant supplies and a com.pany of immigrants. 
All returned to the homes they had just deserted, and James- 
town colony was once more rescued from ruin. 

The Third Charter. — Up to this time, the colony had 
proved a failure and was publicly ridiculed in London. To 
quiet the outcry, the charter was changed (1612). The coun- 
cil in London was abolished, and the stockholders were given 
power to regulate the affairs of the company themselves. 

The Marriage of Pocahontas (1613). — The little Indian 
girl had now grown to womanhood. John Rolfe, a young 
English planter, had won her love and wished to marry her. 
In the little church at Jamestown, rough almost as an 
Indian's wigwam, she received Christian baptism, and, in 
broken English, stammered the marriage vows according to 
the service of the Church of England. 

Three years after, with her husband, she visited London. 
The child-like simplicity and winning grace of Lady Rebecca, 
as she was called, attracted universal admiration. She was 
introduced at court and received every mark of attention. 
As she was about to return to her native land with her hus- 
band and infant son,* she suddenly died. 

First Colonial Assembly. — Governor Yeardley (yeerd it) 
believed that the colonists should have " a hande in the gov- 
erning of themselves ". He accordingly called at Jamestown, 

July 30, 1619, THE FIEST LEGISLATIVE BODY THAT EVER ASSEM- 
BLED IN America. It consisted of the governor, council, and 
deputies, or "burgesses", as they were called, chosen from 
the various plantations, or " boroughs ". Its laws had to be 

was entirely in accord with Indian usage, while it does not seem wise to drop out of 
our early history such a characteristic and beautiful legend. 

♦ This eon became a man of distinction. Many of the leading families of Virginia 
Jiave been proud to say that the blood of Pocahontas coiirsed through their veins. 



60 EPOCH II. [1619. 

ratified by the company in England ; but, in turn, the orders 
from London were not binding unless ratified by the colonial 
assembly. These privileges were afterward (1621) embodied 
in a WRITTEN CONSTITUTION — the first of the kind in America. 
A measure of freedom was thus granted the young colony, 
and Jamestown became a nursery of liberty. 

Prosperity of the Colony. — The old famine troubles had 
now all passed. The attempt to work in common had been 
given up, and each man tilled his own land and received the 
avails. Tobacco was an article of export. The colonists 
were so eager in its cultivation that, at one time, they planted 
it even in the streets of Jamestown. Gold-hunting had 
ceased,* and many of the former servants of the company 
owned plantations. Settlements lined both banks of the 
James for 1-10 miles. Best of all, young women of good 
character were brought over by the company. These sold 
readily as wives to the settlers. The price, at first, was fixed 
at the cost of the passage — 100 pounds of tobacco — but 
wives were in such demand that it soon went up to 150 
pounds. Domestic ties were formed. The colonists, having 
homes, now became Virginians. All freemen had the right 
to vote. Religious toleration was enjoyed. Virginia be- 
came almost an independent republic. 

Slavery Introduced. — In 1619, the captain of a Dutch 
trading vessel sold to the colonists twenty negroes. f They 
were employed in cultivating tobacco. As their labor was 
found profitable, large numbers were afterward imported. 

Indian Troubles. — After the death of Powhatan, the firm 

• In the early life of this colony, jmrticles of mica glittering in the brook were 
mistaken for gold dust. " There was no talk, no hope, but dig gold, wash gold, refine 
gold, load gold." Newport carried to England a ship-load of the worthless stuff. 
Smith remonstrated in vain against this folly. 

t From this circumstance, small as it seemed at the time, the most momentous 
consequences ensued, — consequences that, long after, rent the republic with strife, 
and moistened its soil with blood. 



1622.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 51 

friend of the English, the Indians formed a plan for the ex- 
termination of the colony. So secretly was this managed 
that on the very morning of the massacre (March 22,1622), 
they visited the houses and sat at the tables of those whose 
murder they were plotting. At a preconcerted moment, they 
attacked the colonists on all their widely-scattered planta- 
tions. Over three hundred men, women, and children fell in 
one day. Fortunately, a converted Indian had informed a 
friend whom he wished to save, and thus Jamestown and 
the settlements near by were prepared. A merciless war 
ensued, during which the colony was reduced from 4,000 to 
2,500 ; but the Indians were so severely punished that they 
remained quiet for twenty years. Then came a fearful mas- 
sacre of five hundred settlers (1644), which ended in the 
natives being expelled from the region. 

Virginia a Royal Province. — The majority of the stock- 
holders gladly granted to the infant colony those rights for 
which they were struggling at home. King James, becoming 
jealous of the company, because of its republican sentiments, 
took away the charter (1624), and made Yirginia a royal 
province. Henceforth, the king appointed the governor and 
council, though the colony still retained its assembly. 

A Period of Oppression. — The British Parliament en- 
forced the Navigation Act (1660), which ordered that the 
commerce of the colony should be carried on in English ves- 
sels, and that their tobacco should be shipped to England. 
Besides this, their own assembly was composed mainly of 
royalists, who levied exorbitant taxes, refused to go out of 
office when their term had expired, fixed their salary at 
about $ 9 per day (equal to $ 3 6 at the present time), restricted 
the right of voting to " freeholders and housekeepers", and 
imposed on Quakers a monthly fine of one hundred dollars 
for absence from worship in the English Church. Two parties 



52 



EPOCH II. 



[1676. 



gradually sprung up in their midst: one, the aristocratic 
party, was composed of the rich planters and the office-hold- 
ers ; the other comprised the liberty-loving portion of the 
people, who felt themselves deprived of their rights.* 

Bacon's Rebellion. — These difficulties came to a crisis in 
1 676 — a century before Independence Day — when Governor 
Berkeley failed to provide for the defense of the settlements 
against the Indians. At this juncture, Nathaniel Bacon, a 
patriotic young lawyer, rallied a company, defeated the 
Indians, and then turned to meet the governor, who had 
denounced him as a traitor. During the contest which fol- 
lowed, Berkeley was driven out of Jamestown and the village 
itself burned.f In the midst of this success, Bacon died. No 
leader could be found worthy to take his place, and the people 

» Tt is a curioxis fact that the royalists who fled from England in Cromwell's time 
. , took refuge in Virginia, and were 

M.' 'I'^'i'i^ v^ X ■,.: hospitably entertained, while the 

'' ' '" ' "regicides" (the judges who con- 

demned Charles 1.) fled to Massa- 
V; , v^ - chusetts and were concealed from 

iM 'e7i;>_«_Mii*i»jt their pursuers. 

t Going up the James River, 
just before reaching City Point, 
one sees on the right-hand bank 
the ruins of an old church. The 
crumbling tower, with its arched 
dooi'ways, is almost hidden by the 
profusion of shrubbery which sur- 
rounds it. Its moss-covered walls, 
ent'svined with i\'y planted by 
loving hands which have since 
crumbled into dust, look desolately 
out upon the old church-yard at 
its back. Here, pushing aside the 
rank \ines and tangled bushes 
\^M which conceal them, one finds a 
i^"* few weather-beaten tombstones. A 
huge button-wood-tree, taking root 
below, has burst apart one of these 
old slabs, and now, with its many fellows, spreads its lofty branches high over the 
Bolitarj' dead. And this is all that remains of that Jamestown whose straggles we 
hav^e here recorded. 




THE KUIKS AT JAUESTOWi;. 



1630.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 53 

dispersed. Berkeley revenged himself with terrible severity. 
On hearing of the facts, Charles II. impatiently declared, 
'' He has taken more lives in that naked country than I did 
for the murder of my father." 

II.— MASSACHUSETTS. 

The Plymouth Company made several attempts to 
explore North Virginia. Captain John Smith, already so 
famous in South Virginia, examined the coast from Penob- 
scot to Cape Cod, drew a map of it, and called the country 
New England. The company, stirred to action by his 
glowing accounts, obtained a new patent (1620) under the 
name of the Council for New England. This authorized 
them to make settlements and laws, and to carry on trade 
through a region reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific 
and comprising over a million square miles. New England, 
however, was settled with no consent of king or council. 

1. PLYMOUTH COLONY. 

Settlement. — Land lag of the Pilgrims.^ — One stormy 
day in the autumn of 1620, the Mayflower, with a band of 

* They were called PUgrims because of their wanderings. About seventy years 
before this time the state religion of England had been changed from Catholic to 
Protestant ; but a large number of the clergy and people were dissatisfied with what 
they thought to be a half-way policy on the part of the new church, and called for a 
more complete purification from old observances and doctrines. For this, they were 
called Puritans. They still believed in a state church, i. e., that the nation of England 
was the church of England ; and that the queen, as the head of both, could appoint 
church officers and prescribe the form of religious worship. They, however, wanted 
a change, and desired the government to make it to suit them. The government not 
only refused, but punished the Puritan clergy for not using the prescribed form of 
worship. This led some of them to question the authority of the government in 
religious matters. They came to believe that any body of Christians might declare 
Itself a church, choose its own officers, and be independent of all external authority. 
When they began to form these local churches, they separated themselves from the 
Church of England, and for this reason are called Sepaj^atists and Independents. One 
of these churches of Separatists was at Scrooby, in the east of England. Not being 
allowed to worship in peace, they fled to Holla,nd (1G08), where they lived twelve 



64 EPOCH II. [1620. 

a hundred pilgrims, came to anchor in Cape Cod harbor. 
The Httle company,* gathering in the cabin, drew up a 
compact, in which they agreed to enact just and equal laws, 
which all should obey. One of their exploring parties landed 
at Plymouth, t as it was called on Smith's chart, December 
2 1 .t Finding the location suitable for a settlement, they all 
came ashore and, amid a storm of snow and sleet, com- 
menced building their rude huts„ 

The Character of the Pilgrim settlers was well suited to 
the rugged, stormy land which they sought to subdue. They 
had come into the wilderness with their families in search 
of a home where they could educate their children and wor- 
ship God as they pleased. They were earnest, sober-minded 
men, actuated in all things by deep religious principle, and 
never disloyal to their convictions of duty. 

Their Sufferings during the winter were severe. At one 
time, there were only seven well persons to take care of the 
sick. Half of the little band died. Yet when spring came, 
not one of the company thought of returning to Englanc^. 

The Indians, fortunately, did not disturb them. A pesti- 
lence had destroyed the tribe inhabiting the place where they 
landed. They were startled, however, one day in early spring 

years. But evil influences stirrounded their children, and they longed for a land 
where they might worship Gtod in their own way, and save their families from 
worldly follies. America offered such a home. They came, resolved to brave every 
danger, tnisting to God to shape their destinies. 

* The exact number of the pilgrims was 102. 

t The little shallop sent out to reconnoiter before landing, lost, in a furious storm, 
its rudder, mast, and sail. Late at night, the party sought shelter under the lee of a 
small island. They spent the next day in cleaning their rusty weapons and dr>ing 
their wet garments. Every hour wa.s precious, as the season was late and their com- 
panions in the Majrflower were waiting their return ; but " being y« last day of y* 
week, they prepared there to keepe y« Sabbath". No wonder that the influence of 
such a people has been felt throughout the country, and that " Forefathers' Kock", 
on which they flrst stepjied, is yet held in grateful remembrance. 

t This was Dec. 11, Old Style. In 1752, eleven days were added to correct an error 
in the calendar, thus making this date the 22d. Only 10 days should be allowed foi 
1620, and the correct date is the 21st, New Style. (Steele's New Astronomy, p. 269.) 




Puritans Going to Church. 



•Thank3 be to God for winter time I That bore the Mayflower up, 
To pour amid New England snows the treasures of its cup. 
To fold them in its icy arms, those sturdy Pilgrim sires. 
And weld an iron brotherhood around their Christmas Bres."— B. F. Tivloe 



1621.] 



DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 



55 



by a voic'O in tluni- village cryiuy in brokou English, " Wel- 
come 1" It was the sahitatioii of Sam' o set, an Indian, 
whose chief, JVIas'sa soit, soon after visited them. The 
treaty then made lasted for lifty years. Canon' ions, a 
Narragansett chief, once sent a bundle of arrows, wrapped in 
a rattlesnake skin, as a token of detiance. Governor Brad- 




vi:i;\oi; r.i;.\nKour.. 



ford rotnnuHl the skin filled with powder and shot. This 
significant hint was effectual. 

The Progress of the Colony was slow. Their harvests 
were insulTicient to feed themselves and the new-comers. 
During the ''famine of 102 3," the best dish they could set 
before their friends was a bit of fish and a cup of water.* 
After four years they numbered only IS-i. The plan of 
working in common having failed here as at Jamestown, 

• As an ilhistration of their pio\is content, it is said that Elder Bi^wsterwas wont, 
over a meal consisting only of oliuus, to I'^tnrn thanks to Ck)d, who "had given them 
to suck the abundance of the seas, and of the treasiires hid in the sands." 



56 EPOCH II. [1627. 

land was assigned to each settler. Abundance ensued. The 
colony was never organized by royal charter ; therefore they 
elected their own governor and made their own laws. In 
1692, Plymouth was united with Massachusetts Bay Colony, 
under the name of Massachusetts. 

2. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. 

Settlement. — John Endicott and five associates obtained 
a grant of land about Massachusetts Bay (1628). Having 
secured from King Charles I. a charter giving authority to 
make laws and govern the territory, the company afterward 
transferred all its rights to the colony. This was a popular 
measure, and many prominent Puritan families flocked to 
the land of liberty. Some gathered around Governor Endi- 
cott, who had already started Salem and Charlestown, some 
established colonies at Dorchester and Watertown, and some, 
under the new governor, Winthrop, founded Boston (1 330). 

Religious Disturbances. — The people of Massacb.usetts 
Bay, while in England, were Puritans, but not Separatists. 
Having come to America to establish a Puritan Church, they 
were unwilling to receive persons holding opinions differing 
from their own, lest their purpose should be defeated. They 
accordingly sent back to England those who persisted in 
using the forms of the Established Church, and allowed 
only members of their own church to vote in civil affaii*s. 

Roger JWUaDis. an eloquent and pious young minister, 
taught that each person should think for himself in all 
religious matters, and be responsible to his own conscience 
alone. He declared that the magistrates had, therefore, no 
right to punish blasphemy, perjury, or Sabbath-breaking. 
The clergy and magistrates were alarmed at what they con- 
sidered a doctrine dangerous to the peace of the colony, and 
he was ordered (1 636) to be sent to England. It was in the 



" 



1636.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 57 

depth of winter, yet he fled to the forest where he found 
refuge among the Indians. Canonicus, the Narragansett 
sachem, gave him land to found a settlement, which he 
gratefully named Providence. 

Mrs. Anne Hutchinsoii, during the same year, aroused a 
violent and bitter controversy. She claimed to be favored 
with special revelations of God's will. These she expounded 
to crowded congregations of women, greatly to the scandal 
of the clergy and people. Finally she, also, was banished. 

The Quakers, about twenty years after these summary 
measures, created fresh trouble by their peculiar views. They 
were fined, whipped, imprisoned, and sent out of the colony ; 
yet they as constantly returned, glorying in their sufferings. 
At last, four were executed. The people beginning to con- 
sider them as martyrs, the persecution gradually relaxed. 

A Union of the Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plym- 
outh, New Haven, and Connecticut, was formed (1643) 
under the title of The United Colonies op New England. 
This was a famous league in colonial times. The object 
was a common protection against the Indians, and the en- 
croachments of the Dutch and French settlers. 

King Philip's War. — During the life of Massasoit, Plym- 
outh enjoyed peace with the Indians, as did Jamestown 
during that of Powhatan. After Massasoit's death, his son, 
Philip, brooded with a jealous eye over the encroachments of 
the whites. With profound sagacity, he planned a confed- 
eration of the Indian tribes against the intruders. The first 
blow fell on the people of Swansea, as they were quietly going 
home from church on Sunday (July 4, 1675). The settlers 
flew to arms, but Philip escaped, and soon excited the savages 
to fall upon the settlements high up the Connecticut valley.* 

* At Hadley, the Indians surprised the people during a religious service. Seizing 
their muskets at the sound of the savage war-whoop, the men rushed out of the 



58 



EPOCU II. 



[1675. 



The colonists fortified their houses with paUsades, carried 
their arms with them into the fields when at work, and 




"■' ./c^;:-\^ 



EARLY MOKNINO ATTACK BY INDIANS. 



stacked them at the door when at church. The Narragansett 
Indians favored Philip, and seemed on the point of joining 



meeting-house to fall into line. But the foe was on every side. Confused and be- 
wildered, the settlers seemed about to give way, when suddenly a strange old man 
with long white beard and ancient garb appeared among them. Ringing out a quick, 
shai-p word of command, he recalled them to their senses. Following their myste- 
rious leader, they drove the enemy headlong before them. The danger i)assed, they 
looked around for their deliverer. But he had disappeared as mysteriously as he had 
come. The good people believed that God had sent an angel to their rescue. But 
history reveals the secret. It was the regicide, Colonel Qoffe? Fleeing from the 
vengeance of Charles IT., with a price set upon his head, he had for years wandered 
about, living in mills, clefts of rocks, and forest caves. At last, he had found an asy- 
lum -nnth the Hadley minister. Prom his window he had seen the stealthy Indians 
coming down the hill. Fired with desire to do one more good deed for God's x^eople, 
he rushed from his hiding-place, led them on to victory, and then returned to his 
retreat, never more to reappear. — One learns with regret that recent research throws 
doubt over the truth of this thrilling story. It is curious to notice, also, that there 
Is no proof that Philip possessed any eloquence or was even present in any flght, 
though all these statements have hitherto been made by reliable historians. 



1676.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 59 

his alliance. They had gathered their winter's provisions, 
and fortified themselves in the midst of an almost inacces- 
sible swamp. Fifteen hundred of the colonists accordingly- 
attacked them in this stronghold. The Indian wigwams and 
supplies were burned, and one thousand warriors perished. 
In the spring, the war broke out anew along a frontier of 
three hundred miles, and to within twenty miles of Boston. 
Nowhere fighting in the open field, but by ambuscade and 
skulking, the Indians kept the whole country in terror. 
Driven to desperation by their atrocities, the settlers hunted 
down the savages like wild beasts. Philip was chased from 
one hiding-place to another. His family being captured at 
last, he fled, broken-hearted, to his old home on Mt. Hope, 
near Bristol, R. I., where he was shot by a faithless Indian. 
New England a Royal Province.— The Navigation Act 
(p. 51), which we have seen so unpopular in Virginia, was 
exceedingly oppressive in Massachusetts, which possessed 
a thriving commerce. In spite of the decree, the colony 
opened a trade with the West Indies. The royalists in 
England determined that this bold republican spirit should 
be quelled. The colony, stoutly insisting upon its rights 
under the charter, resisted the officer sent over to enforce the 
Navigation Act and the authority of the king ; whereupon, 
the charter was annulled, and Massachusetts made a eoyal 
PROVINCE (1684). Charles II. died before his plan was com- 
pleted, but James II. sent over Sir Edmund Andros, as first 
royal governor of New England (1686). He carried things 
with a high hand. The colonies endured his oppression for 
three years, when, learning that his royal master was de- 
throned,* they rose against their petty tyrant and put him 
in jail. With true Puritan sobriety, they then quietly re- 
sumed their old form of government. This, also, lasted for 

* The " English Revolution of 1688." See Barnes' General History, p. 510J 



60 EPOCH II. [1692. 

three years, when Sir William Phipps came as royal gov- 
ernor over a province embracing Massachusetts, Maine, and 
Nova Scotia. From this time till the Revolution, Massa- 
chusetts remained a royal province. 

Salem Witchcraft (1692). — A strange delusion known 
as the Salem witchcraft,* produced an intense excitement. 
The children of Mr. Parris, a minister near Salem, per- 
formed pranks which could be explained only by supposing 
that they were under Satanic influence. Every effort was 
made to discover who had bewitched them. An Indian 
servant was flogged until she admitted herself to be guilty. 
Soon, others were affected, and the terrible mania spread 
rapidly. Committees of examination were appointed and 
courts of trial convened. The most improbable stories were 
credited. To express a doubt of witchcraft, was to indicate 
one's own alliance with the evil spirit. Persons of the high- 
est respectability, clergymen, magistrates, and even the gov- 
ernor's wife, were implicated. At last, after fifty-five persons 
had been tortured and twenty hanged, the people awoke to 
their folly. 

III.— MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

These Colonies were so intimately associated with Mas- 
sachusetts that they have almost a common history. Gorges 
(gor' j6z) and Mason, about two years after the landing of the 

♦ A belief in witchcraft waa at that time universal. Sir Matthew Hale, one of the 
most enlightened judges of England, repeatedly tried and condemned persons 
accused of witchcraft. Blackstone himself, at a later day, declared that to deny 
witchcraft was to deny Revelation. Cotton Mather, the most prominent minister of 
the colony, was active in the rooting out of this supposed crime. He pubUshed a 
book full of the most ridiculous witch stories. One judge, who engaged in this per- 
secution, was afterward so deeply penitent that he observed a day of fasting in each 
year, and on the day of general fast rose in his place in the Old South Chur<'h at 
Boston, and in the presence of the congregation handed to the pulpit a written con- 
fession acknowledging his error and pra^ang for forgiveness. 



1623.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 61 

Pilgrims, obtained from the Council for New England the 
grant of a large tract of land which lay between the Merri- 
mac and Kennebec rivers. They established some small 
fishing stations near Portsmouth and at Dover. This patent 
being afterward dissolved, Mason took the country lying 
west of the Piscataqua, and named it New Hampshire ; 
Gorges took that lying east, and called it the province of 
Maine.* Massachusetts, however, claimed this territory, and, 
to secure it, paid about six thousand dollars to the heirs of 
Gorges. Maine was not separated from Massachusetts till 
1820. The feeble settlements of New Hampshire also placed 
themselves under the protection of Massachusetts. " Three 
times, either by their own consent or by royal authority, 
they were joined in one colony and as often separated," 
until 1741, when New Hampshire finally became a distinct 
royal province and so remained until the Revolution. 

IV.— CONNECTICUT. 

Settlement. — About eleven years after the Pilgrims 
landed. Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, obtained 
from the Earl of Warwick a transfer of the grant of the Con- 
necticut t valley, which he had secured from the Council for 
New England. The Dutch claimed the territory, and, before 
the English could take possession, built a fort at Hartford, 
and commenced traffic with the Indians. Some traders from 
Plymouth sailing up the river were stopped by the Dutch, 
who threatened to fire upon them. But they kept on and 

* To distingtdsh it from the islands along the coast, this country had been called 
the Mayne (main) land, which perhaps gave rise to its present name. New Hamp- 
shire was 80 called from Hampshire in England, Mason's home. The settlers of 
New Hampshire were long vexed with suits brought by the men into whose hands 
Mason's grant had fallen. 

t This State is named from its principal river— Connecticut being the Indian 
word for Lrnig River. 



62 EPOCH II. [1633. 

established a post at Windsor (win' zer). Many people from 
Boston, allured by the rich meadow lands, settled near. In 
the autumn of 1635, John Steele, one of the proprietors of 
Cambridge, led a pioneer company '' out west," as it was then 
called, and laid the foundations of Hartford. The next year, 
the main band, with their pastor — Thomas Hooker, an elo- 
quent and estimable man — came, driving their flocks before 
them through the wilderness. In the meantime, John Win- 
throp * established a fort at the mouth of the river, and thus 
shut out the Dutch. Here he planted a colony, named 
Saybrook, in honor of the proprietors. 

The Pequod War. — The colonists had no sooner become 
settled in their new home than the Pequod Indians endeav- 
ored to persuade the Narragansetts to join them in a general 
attack upon the whites. Roger Williams hearing of this 
and forgetting all the injuries he had received, on a stormy 
night set out in his canoe for the Indian village. Though 
the Pequod messengers were present, he prevailed upon the 
old Narragansett chief to remain at home. So the Pequods 
lost their ally and were forced to fight alone. They com- 
menced by murdering thirty colonists. Captain Mason, 
therefore, resolved to attack their stronghold on the Mystic 
River. His party approached the fort at day-break (June 5, 
1637). Aroused by the barking of a dog, the sleepy sentinel 
shouted *' Owanux ! Owanux ! " (the Englishmen !) but it was 
too late. The troops were already within the palisades. The 
Indians, rallying, made a fierce resistance, when Captain ]\Ia- 
son, seizing a fire-brand, hurled it among the wigwams. The 

• John Winthrop appears in history -nnthout blemish. Highly educated and 
accomplished, he wiis no less upright and generous. In the bloom of life, he left his 
brilliant pi\«pect8 in the old world to follow the fortunes of the new. When his 
fatlier had made himself poor in nurti.ring the Mtissachusetts colonj", this noble son 
gave up voluntarily his own largo inheritance to " fiu-ther the good work". It was 
through his ix>rsonal influence and popularity at court that the liberal charter was 
procured from Cluirlea II. which guaranteed freedom to Connecticut, 



10.37.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 63 

flames quickly swept through the encampment. The 
Enghsh themselves barely escaped. The few Indians who 
fled to the swamps were hunted down. The tribe perished 
in a day. 

The Three Colonies. — 1. The New Haven Colony was 
founded (1638) by a number of wealthy London families. 
They took the Bible for law, and only church members could 
vote. 2. The Connecticut COlony, proper, comprising Hart- 
ford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, adopted a written constitu- 
tion in which it was agreed to give to all freemen the right 
to vote. This was the first instance in history of a writ- 
ten CONSTITUTION FRAMED BY THE PEOPLE FOR THE PEOPLE. 

3. Tiie Saybrook Colony was at first governed by the pro- 
prietors, but was afterward sold to the Connecticut Colony, 
This reduced the three colonies to two. 

A Royal Charter "was obtained (1662) which united both 
these colonies and guaranteed to all the rights upon which 
the Connecticut colonists 
had agreed. This was a 
precious document, since it 
gave them almost independ- 
ence, and was the most fa- 
vorable yet granted to any 
colony. Twenty-five years 
after. Governor Andres ^ 
marching from Boston over 
the route where the pious '^^'= charter oak. 

Hooker had led his little flock fifty years before, came 
"glittering with scarlet and lace " into the assembly at 
Hartford, and demanded the charter. A protracted debate 
ensued. Tradition loves to relate that, as the people 
crowded around to take a last look at this guarantee of 
their liberties, suddenly the lights were extinguished ; on 




64 EPOCH II. [1687. 

their being relighted, the charter was gone; Captain 
Wadsworth had seized it, escaped through the crowd and 
hidden it in the hollow of a tree, famous ever after as the 
Charter Oak. However, Andros pronounced the charter 
government at an end. "Finis" was written at the close 
of the minutes of their last meeting. 

When the governor was so summarily deposed in Boston, 
the people brought the charter from its hiding-place, the 
general court reassembled, and the " finis " disappeared.* 



y v.— RHODE ISLAND. 

Settlement. — Roger Williams f settled Providence Planta- 
tion in 1636, the year in which Hooker came to Hartford. 
Other exiles from Massachusetts followed, J among them the 
celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson. A party of these . purchased § 
the island of Aquiday and established the Rhode Island Plan- 
tation. Roger Williams stamped upon these colonies his 

♦Another attempt to infringe upon charter rights occurred in 1693. Governor 
Fletcher ordered the militia placed under his own command. Ha^^ng called them 
out to listen to his royal commission, he began to read. Immediately, Captain Wads- 
worth ordered the drums to be beaten. Fletcher commanded silence, and began again'. 
"Drum, drum I" cried Wadsworth. "Silence!" shouted the governor. "Drum, 
drum, I say 1 " repeated the captain ; and then tui'ning to Fletcher, with a meaning 
look, he added : " If I am interrupted again, I will make the sun shine through you." 
The governor did not press the matter.— The story of the Charter Oak is denied by 
some, who claim that contemporary history does not mention it, and that probably 
Andros seized the charter, while the colonists had previously made a copy. 

t William Blackstone, being as dissatisfied M'ith the yoke of the " lords brethren " 
in Boston as with that of the " lords bishops " in England, some time before this 
removed to the banks of what is now called the Blackstone, near Providence. He, 
however, acknowledged the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. 

i Persecuted refugees from evei-j' quarter flocked to Providence ; and Williams 
shared equally with all, the lands he had obtained, reserving to himself only two 
small fields which, on his first arrival, he had planted with his own hands. 

§ An island of a reddish appearance was observed lying in the bay. Tliis was 
known to the Dutch as Rood or Red Island. Hence the name of the island and 
State of Rhode Island. (Brodhead.) The price paid was 40 fathoms of white wam- 
pum, 20 hoes, and 10 coats. 



^ 



1643.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 65 

favorite idea of religious toleration, i. e., that the civil 
power has no right to interfere with the religious opinions 
of men. 

A Charter. — The colonists wished to join the New En- 
gland Union, but were refused on the ostensible plea that 
they had no charter.* Williams accordingly visited England 
and obtained a charter uniting the two plantations. On his 
return, the people met, elected their officers, and (1647) 
agreed on a set of laws guaranteeing freedom of faith and 
worship to all, — " the first legal declaration of liberty of con- 
science ever adopted in Europe or America." 



VI.— NEW YORK. 

Settlement. — Soon after the discovery of the Hudson, 
Dutch ships began to visit the river to traffic in furs with the 
Indians. Afterward, the West India Company obtained a 
grant of New Netherland, and under its patronage perma- 
nent settlements were made at New Amsterdam f and at 
Fort Orange (Albany). The company allowed persons who 
should plant a colony of fifty settlers to select and buy land 
of the Indians, which it was agreed should descend to their 
heirs forever. These persons were called " patroons " (patrons) 
of the manor. J 

The Four Dutch Governors (1626-'64).— The early his- 

* Plymouth, in virtue of its charter, claimed to have " jurisdiction over the Rhode 
Island territory ". 

+ Some huts were built by Dutch traders on Manhattan Island in 1613, and a 
trading-post was established in 1615. In the latter year, Port Nassau was completed, 
south of the present site of Albany. In 1624, a party of Walloons (Belgian Protest- 
ants) was brought over by the company. About the same time, Port Orange was 
erected, and eighteen families built their bark huts under its protection. In 1626, 
Minuit, the first governor, arrived in New Amsterdam, and purchased Manhattan 
Island of the Indians for about $24, nearly 1 mill per acre. 

t Some of the old Dutch manors remain to this day. The famovis anti-rent diffl- 
culties (p. 182) grew out of such titles. 



66 



EPOCH II. 



[1636. 



tory of New York is only an account of Indian butcheries, 
varied by difficulties with the Swedes on the Delaware, and 
the English on the Connecticut.* These disturbances are 
monotonous enough in the recital, but doubtless thrilled the 
blood of the early Knickerbockers. Peter Stuyvesant was the 
last and ablest of the four Dutch governors. He agreed with 
Connecticut upon the boundary line (1650), and, taking an 




iTTi-H t;^a: 



wrm THE rNDIANS AT NEW YORK 



armed force, marched upon the Swedes, who at once sub- 
mitted to him. But the old governor hated democratic in- 
stitutions, and was terribly v^xed in this wise. There were 
some English in the colony, and they longed for the rights 
of self-government which the Connecticut people enjoyed. 
They kept demanding these privileges and talking of them 
to their Dutch neighbors. At this juncture, an English fleet 



• These disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch claimed the territory lying 
between the Delaware and the Connecticut. 



1664.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 67 

came to anchor in the harbor and demanded the surrender 
of the town in the name of the Duke of York. Stout-hearted 
old Peter pleaded with his council to fight. But in vain. They 
rather liked the idea of English rule. The surrender was 
signed, and at last the reluctant governor attached his name. 
In September, 1664, the English flag floated over Manhat- 
tan Island. The colony was named New York in honor of 
the proprietor. 

The English Governors disappointed the people by not 
granting them their coveted rights. A remonstrance against 
being taxed without representation was burned by the hang- 
man. So that when, after nine years of English rule, a Dutch 
fleet appeared in the harbor, the people went back quietly 
under their old rulers. But the next year, peace being re- 
stored between England and Holland, New Amsterdam be- 
came New York again. Thus ended the Dutch rule in the 
colonies. Andros, who twelve years after played the tyrant 
in New England, was the next governor ; but he ruled so 
arbitrarily that he was called home. Under his successor, 
Dongan, an assembly of the representatives of the people 
was called, by permission of the Duke of York (1683). This 
was but a transient gleam of civil freedom, for two years 
after, when the Duke of York became James II., King of En- 
gland, he forgot all his promises, forbade legislative assem- 
blies, prohibited printing-presses, and annexed the colony to 
New England. When, however, Andros was driven from 
Boston, Nicholson, his lieutenant and apt tool of tyranny in 
New York, fled at once. Captain Leisler (iis'ler), supported 
by the democracy but bitterly opposed by the aristocracy, 
thereupon administered affairs until the arrival of Governor 
Slough ter (sia^A^' ter), who arrested him on the absurd charge 
of treason. Sloughter was unwilling to execute him, but 
Leisler's enemies, at a dinner party, made the governor 



68 EPOCH II. [1691. 

drunk, obtained his signature, and before he became sober 
enough to repent, Leisler was no more.* 

From this time till the Revolution, the struggles of the 
people with the royal governors for their rights, developed 
the spirit of liberty and paved the way for that eventful 
crisis. 



VII.— NEW JERSEY. 

Settlement. — The present State of New Jersey was em- 
braced in the territory of New Netherland, and the Dutch 
seem to have had a trading-post at Bergen as early as 1 6 1 8. 
Soon after New Netherland passed into the hands of the Duke 
of York, he gave the land f between the Hudson and the Dela- 
ware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1 604, a 
company from Long Island and New England settled at 
Elizabeth town, which they named after Carteret's wife. This 
was the first permanent English settlement in the State. 

East and West Jersey. — Lord Berkeley sold his share to 
some English Quakers. This part was called West Jeksey. 
A company of Quakers soon settled at Burlington. Others 
followed, and thus West Jersey became a Quaker colony. Sir 
George Carteret's portion was called East Jersey. After 



* For many years, the Atlantic Ocean was infested by pirates. A little after the 
events narrated above, William Kidd, a New York ship-master, was sent out to cruise 
against these sea-robbers. He turned pirate himself and became the most noted of 
them all. Returning from his cruise, he was at length captured while boldly walking 
in the streets of Boston. He was carried to England, tried, and hanged. His name 
and deeds have been woven into popular romance, and the song " My name is Cap- 
tain Kidd, as I sailed, as I sailed", is well known. He is believed to have buried his 
ill-gotten riches on the coast of Long Island or the banks of the Hudson, and these 
localities have been oftentimes searched by credulous persons seeking for Kidd's 
treasure. 

t This tract was called New Jersey in honor of Carteret, who had been governor 
of Jersey Island in the English Channel. 



1682.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 69 

his death, it was sold to William Penn and eleven other 
Quakers.* 

New Jersey United. — Constant disputes arose out of 
the land titles. Among so many proprietors, the tenants 
hardly knew from whom to obtain their titles for land. The 
proprietors finally (1702) surrendered their rights of govern- 
ment to the English crown, and the whole of New Jersey 
was united with New York under one governor, but with a 
separate assembly. Thirty-six years after, at the earnest 
request of the people, New Jersey was set apart as a distinct 
royal province. 



VIII., IX.— PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 

Settlement. — The first permanent settlement in Dela- 
ware was made near Wilmington (1638), by the Swedes, 
on a tract which they called New Sweden. They also estab- 
lished the first settlement in Pennsylvania, a few miles 
below Philadelphia. The Dutch subsequently conquered 
these settlements, but they continued to prosper long after 
the Swedish and the Dutch rule had yielded to the con- 
stantly-growing English power. 

William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was a cele- 
brated English Qiiaker.f He obtained from Charles II. a 
grant of the land lying west of the Delaware. This tract, 

* It was settled, however, largely by Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians. The 
latter, having refused to accept the English form of religion, had been bitterly perse- 
cuted, rieeioig their native country, they found an asylum in this favored land. 

+ The Quakers, avoiding unmeaning forms, aim to lead purely spiritual lives. 
Their usual worship is conducted in solemn silence, each soul for itself. They take 
no oath, make no compliments, remove not the hat to king or ruler, and " thee " and 
" thou " both friend and foe. Every day is to them a holy day, and the Sabbath 
simply a day of rest. We can readily see how this must have scandalized the 
Puritans. 

William Penn became a Quaker while in college at Oxford. Refusing to wear the 
ctistomary student's surplice, he with others violently assaulted some fellow-students 



70 EPOCH II. [1683. 

Penn named Sylvania, but the king insisted upon calling it 
Pennsylvania* (Penn's woods). The Duke of York added 
to this grant the present State of Delaware, which soon 
came to be termed the "Three lower counties on the Dela- 
ware". Penn wished to form a refuge for his Quaker 
brethren, who were bitterly persecuted in England. He at 
once sent over large numbers, as many as two thousand in 
a single year. In 1682, he came himself, and was received 
by the settlers with the greatest cordiality and respect. 

Philadelphia Founded. — The year following (16 8 3), Penn 
purchased land of the Swedes and laid out a city which he 
named Philadelphia, signifying brotherly love. It was in 
the midst of the forest, and the startled deer bounded past 
the settler who came to survey his new home Yet within a 
year, it contained one hundred houses ; in two years, it nimi- 
bered over two thousand inhabitants ; and in three years, it 
gained more than New York had in half a century. 

The Great Law was a code agreed upon by the legisla- 
tive body which Penn called from among the settlers soon 
after his arrival. It made faith in Christ a necessary quali- 
fication for voting and office-holding ; but also provided that 
no one believing in "Almighty God" should be molested in 
his religious views. The Quakers, having been persecuted 
themselves, did not celebrate their liberty by persecuting 

and stripped them of their robes. For this he ^ras expelled. His father would not 
allow him to return home. Afterward i-elentinj;, he sent him to Paris, Cork, and 
other cities, to soften his Quaker peculiarities. After several unhappy quarrels, his 
father proposed to overlook all else if he would only consent to doflf his hat to the 
king, the Duke of York, and himself. Penn still refusing, he was again turned out 
of doors. He was several times imprisoned for his religious extremes. On tlie death 
of his father, to whom he had once more been reconciled, he became heir to quite a 
fortune. He took the territory which forms Pennsylvania in pa>Tiient of a debt of 
£10,000 due his father from the crown. 

* Penn offered the secretary who di-ew \ip the charter twenty jruineas to leave off 
the prefix " Penn ". This request being denied, the king was appealed to, who com- 
manded the ti-act to be cidled Pennsylvania, in honor of William Penn's father. 



1683.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 



71 



others. Penn, himself, surrendered the most of his power 
to the people. His highest ambition seemed to be to 
advance their interests. He often declared that if he knew 
anj^ thing more that could make them happier, he would 
freely grant it. 

Penn's Treaty with the Indians* possesses a romantic 
interest. He met them un- 
der a large elm-tree f near 
Philadelphia. The savages 
were touched by his gentle 
words and kindly bearing. 
" We will live in love with 
William Penn and his chil- 
dren," said they, "as long 
as the sun and moon shall 

shine." t 

Penn's Return. — Penn 
returned to England (1684), 
leaving the colony fairly 
established. His benevo- 
lent spirit shone forth in 
his parting words, "Dear friends, my love salutes you 
all." 

Delaware. — " The three lower counties on the Delaware " 




WILLIAM PKNN'. 



• " We meet ", said Penn, " on the broad pathway of good faith and good will ; no 
advantage shall be taken on either side, bxit all shall be openness and love. The 
friendship between yon and me I will not compare to a chain ; for that the rains 
might mst or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body 
wei-e to be di\-ided into two parts ; we are all one flesh and blood." 

+ This ti-ee was carefully preserved until 1810, when it was blo^\-n down. A mon- 
iiment now marks the spot. 

t The simple-minded natives kept the history of this treaty by means of strings 
of wampum, and they would often count over the shells on a clean piece of bark and 
rehearee its pro^'isions. " It was the only treaty never sworn to, and the only one 
never broken." On every hand the Indians waged relentless war with the colonies, 
but they never shed a drop of Quaker blood. 



72 EPOCH II. [1691. 

being greatly offended by the action of the council which 
Penn had left to govern in his absence, set up for themselves. 
Penn "sorrowfully" consented to their action, appointed a 
deputy governor over them and afterward granted them an 
assembly. Pennsylvania and Delaware, however, remained 
under one governor until the Revolution. 

Penn's Heirs, after his death (1718), became proprietors 
of the flourishing colony he had established. It was ruled 
by deputies whom they appointed ; but, in 17 79, the State 
of Pennsylvania bought out their claims by the payment of 
about half a million of dollars.* 

X.— MARYLAND. 

Settlement. — Lord Baltimore f (Cecil Calvert), a Catholic, 
was anxious to secure for the friends of his church a refuge 
from the persecutions which they were then suffering in 
England. t He accordingly obtained from King Charles a 
grant of land lying north of the Potomac. The first settle- 
ment was made (16o-l) by his brother, at an Indian village 
which he called St. ]\[ary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. 

The Charter was ^-ery different from that granted to Vir- 

♦ A difficulty ha\-ing arisen with Maryland about boundaries, it was settled by 
two surveyors named Mason and Dixon, who ran the line in 1763-'67. This " Mason 
and Dixon's Line " afterward became famous as the division between the slave and 
the free States. 

t His father, G^eorge Calvert, the flret Lord Baltimore, with this same design had 
attempt<?d to plant a colony iii Newfoundland. But ha\'ing failed on account of the 
severity of the climate, he visited Virginia. When he found that the Catholics were 
there treated with great hai-shness, ho returned to England, took out a gnvntof land, 
and bestowed upon it, in honor of the queen, the name Mary's land (Terra Mariit). 
Before the patent liad received the gi*oat seal of the king. Lord Bjiltimore died. His 
son, inheriting the father's noble and benevolent xnews, sectired the grant himself, 
and carried out the philanthropic scheme. 

t It is curious to observe how largely this country %vas peopled in its earlier days 
by refugees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Walloons, the 
Quakers, the Pi-esbN-terians, the Catholics, the persecuted of every sect and creed, 
ftll flocked to this " home of the free". 



1634.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 73 

ginia, since it gave to all freemen a voice in making the laws. 
An Assembly,called in accordance with this provision, passed 
(1649) the celebrated Toleration Act, which secured to all 
Christians liberty to worship God according to the dictates 
of their own conscience. Maryland, like Rhode Island,* be- 
came an asjdum for the persecuted. 

Civil Wars.— 1. Clayhovnes i?^&('?Z7o;i, (1635).— The Vir- 
ginia colon}^ claimed that Lord Baltimore's grant covered 
territory belonging to them. Clayborne, a member of the 
Jamestown council, was especially obstinate in the matter. 
He had already established two trading-posts in Maryland, 
which he prepared to defend by force of arms. A bloody 
skirmish ensued, in which his party was beaten. Clayborne, 
however, fled to Virginia, and, going to England, appealed 
to King Charles I. for redress. But the final decision fully 
sustained the rights of Lord Baltimore under the charter. 
In 1645, however, Clayborne came back to Maryland, raised 
a rebellion and drove Governor Calvert, in his turn, out of 
the colon}'. The governor, at last, raised a strong force, 
and Clayborne fled. This ended the contest. 

2. Tlie Protestants and the Catholics. — The Protestants, 
having obtained a majority in the Assembly, made a most 
ungrateful use of their power. They refused to acknowledge 
the hereditary rights of the proprietor, assailed his religion, 
excluded Catholics from the Assembly, and even declared 
them outside the protection of the law. Civil war ensued. 
For years, the victory alternated. At one time, two govern- 
ments, one Protestant, the other Catholic, were sustained. 
In 1691, Lord Baltimore was entirely deprived of his rights 
as proprietor, and Maryland became a royal province. The 

* Two years before, Rhode Island had passed an act protecting every kind of 
religious faith and worship. Maryland extended protection to aJl forms of Chris- 
tianity alone. 



74 EPOCH 11. [1691. 

Church of England was estabUshed, and the Catholics were 
again disfranchised in the very province they had planted. 
In 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered the govern- 
ment, and religious toleration was restored. Maryland re- 
mained under this administration until the Revolution. 



XI., XII.— THE CAROLINAS. 

Settlement. — Lord Clarendon and several other noble- 
men obtained (1663) from Charles II.* a grant of a vast tract 
«outh of Virginia, which was called in honor of the king, 
Carolina. Two permanent settlements were soon made. 
1. The Albemarle t Colony. This was a name given to 
a plantation already settled by people who had pushed 
through the Vv^ilderness from Virginia. A governor from their 
own number was appointed over them. They were then left 
in quiet to enjoy their liberties and forget the world.J 2. The 
Carteket Coloxy was established (16 70) by English imiiii- 
grants. They first sailed into the well-known waters where 
Ribaut anchored and the fort of Carolina was erected so long 
before. Landing, they began a settlement on the banks of the 
Ashley, but afterward removed to the "ancient groves cov- 
ered with yellow jessamine", which marked the site of the 
present city of Charleston. The growth of this colony was 
rapid from the first. Thither came ship-loads of Dutch from 
iSTew York, dissatisfied with the English rule and attracted 
by the genial climate. The Huguenots (French Protest- 



* This in I^tin is Carolus II. ; hence the name Carolina. It was the same that 
Ribaut (p. 31) gave his fort, in honor of Charles IX. of Franco. 

+ Both colonies were named after prominent proprietoi-s of the grant. 

t Except when rent day came. Then they wei-c called upon lo pay to the Rnglish 
proprietors a half-penny per acre. 



1686.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 75 

ants), hunted from their homes, here found a southern 
welcome.* 

The Grand Model was a form of government for the 
colonies prepared by Lord Shaftesbury and the celebrated 
philosopher, John Locke. It was a magnificent scheme. The 
wilderness was to be divided into vast estates, with which 
hereditary titles were to be granted. But the model was 
aristocratic, while the people were democratic. It granted no 
rights of self-government, while the settlers came into the 
wilderness for the love of liberty. This was not the soil 
on which vain titles and empty pomp could flourish. To 
make the Grand Model a success, it would have been neces- 
sary to transform the log-cabin into a baronial castle, and 
the independent settlers into armed retainers. The attempt 
to introduce the scheme arousing violent opposition, it was 
at length abandoned. (Seepage 96.) 

North and South Carolina Separated. — The two colonies, 
— the northern, or Albemarle, and the southern, or Car- 
teret, — being so remote from each other, had from the begin- 
ning separate governors, though they remained one province. 
There was constant friction between the settlers and the 
proprietors. The people were jealous. The proprietors were 
arbitrary. Rents, taxes, and rights were plentiful sources of 
irritation. Things kept on in this unsettled way until (1729) 
the discouraged proprietors ceded to the crown their right 
of government and seven eighths of the soil. The two col- 

* In Ch.arleston alone there were at one time as many as 16,000 Huguenots. They 
added, whole streets to the city. Their severe morality, marked charity, elegant 
manners, and thrifty habits made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought 
the mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the banks of the 
Cooper. They also introduced many choice varieties of pears, which still bear illus- 
trious Huguenot names. Their descendants are eminently honorable, and have 
borne a proud part in the establishment of our Republic. " Of seven presidents who 
were at the head of the Congress of Philadelphia during the Revolution, three were 
of Huguenot parentage." 



76 EPOCH II. [1732. 

onies were separated, and they remained royal provinces 
until the Revolution. 



XIII.— GEORGIA. 

Settlement. — The same year in which Washington was 
born (1732), this last colony of the famous thirteen whith 
were to fight for independence under him, was planned. 
James O'gle thorpe, a warm-hearted English officer, having 
conceived the idea of founding a refuge for debtors burdened 
by the severe laws of that time, naturally turned to America, 
even then the home of the oppressed. George 11. granted 
liim " in trust for the poor ", a tract of land which, in honor 
of the king, was called Georgia. Oglethorpe settled at Savan- 
nah in 1733.* 

A general interest was excited in England, and many 
charitable people gave liberally to promote the enterprise. 
More emigrants followed, including, as in the other colonies, 
many who sought religious or civil liberty.f The trustees 
limited the size of a man's farm, did not allow women to 

♦ He made peace with the Indians, conciliating them by presents and by his 
kindly dispt>sition. One of the chiefs gave him in return a buffalo's skin with the 
head and fcathere of an eagle painted on the inside of it. "The eagle," said the 
chief, "signifies swiftness; and the buffalo, strength. The English are swift as a 
bird to fly over the vast seas, and as strong as a beast before their enemies. The 
eagle's feathere ai-e soft and signify love ; the buffalo's skin is warm and means pro- 
tection ; therefore love and protect our families." 

+ The gentle Mora\ians and sturdy Scotch Highlanders were among the number, 
and proved a valuable acquisition to the colony. The former had fled hither from 
Austria, for "conscience sake." Lutheran Salzburgers founded a colony in the 
pine forests and named it Ebenezer, — taking as their motto " Hitherto hath 
the L/ord helped us." "U^lcn John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, came to 
America as a raissionarj- with his brother Charles, he was greatly charmed with 
the fervent piety of this simple people. The celebrated George Whitefield afterward 
founded at Savannah an orphan asylum, which he supp>orted by contributions from 
the immense audiences which his wonderful eloquence attracted. On or.? occasion 
sixty thousiind were gathered to hear him, and his open-air meetings ^ere often 
attended by from twenty thousand to forty thousand people. 



I 



1753.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 77 

inherit land, and forbade the importation of rum,* or of 
slaves. These restrictions were irksome, and great discon- 
tent prevailed. At last, the trustees, wearied by the fre- 
quent complaints of the colonists, surrendered their charter 
to the crown. Georgia remained a royal province until 
the Revolution. 

XIV.— INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 

1. KING W^ILLIAM'S "WAR (1689-97). 

Cause. — War having broken out in Europe betw-een 
England and France, their colonies in America took up the 
quarrel. The Indians of Canada and Maine aided the 
French, and the Iroquois assisted the English, 

Attacks upon the Colonists. — In the depth of winter, 
war parties of the French and Indians, coming down on their 
snow-shoes from Canada through the forest, fell upon the 
exposed settlements of New York and New England, and 
committed horrible barbarities. Schenectady, unsuspect- 
ing f and defenseless, was attacked at midnight. Men, 
women, and children were dragged from their beds and 
tomahawked. The few who escaped, half-naked, made 
their way through the snow of that fearful night to 
Albany. I 

* Rum was obtained in exchange for lumber in the West Indies. Hence this law 
prevented that trade and cut otf a valuable source of profit. 

t The garrison felt so secure that it is said they had placed at the gate two snow 
images for sentinels. 

t The histories of the time abound in thrilling stories of Indian adventure. One 
day in March, 1697, Haverhill, Mass., was attacked. Mr. Dustin was at work in the 
field. Huri'ying to his house, he brought out his seven children, and bidding them 
" run ahead ", slowly retreated, keeping the Indians back with his gun. He thus 
brought off his little flock in safety. His wife, who was unable to escape with him, 
was dragged into captiAity. The party who had captiired Mrs. Dustin marched many 
days through the forest, and at length reached an island in the Merrimac. Here she 
resolved to escape. A white boy, who had been taken prisoner before, found out 
from his master, at Mrs. Dustia's request, how to strike a blow that would produce 



78 



EPOCH II. 



[1889. 



Attacks by the Colonists. — Aroused by these scenes of 
savage ferocity, the colonists organized two expeditions; 
one under Pliipps (soon after, Governor of Massachusetts, 
p. 5 9), against Port Royal, Acadia ; and the other, a combined 
land and naval attack on Canada. The former was successful, 




MB. UUSTIN DEFENDING HIS CHILUKEN FROM THE SAVAOE8. 



and secured, it is said, plunder enough to pay the expenses 
of the expedition. The latter was a disastrous failure. 

Peace. — The war lasted eight years. It was ended by 
the treat}' of Ryswick (rlz'\v!k), according to which, each 
party held the territory it had at the beginning of the 
struggle. 

instant death, and how to take off a scalp. HaNnng learned these facts, in the night 
she awoke the boy and her nui-se, and arranged their ix»rts. The task was soon done. 
Soizang each a tomahawk, they killed ten of the sleeping: Indians; only one escaped. 
She then scalped the dead botlies, in oi-der to prove her story when she should reach 
home, and hastened to the bank, where, finding a canoe, they descended the river 
and soon rejoined her family. 



1702.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 79 



2. QUEEN ANNE'S "WAR (1702-'13). 

Cause. — England having declared war against France 
and Spain, hostilities broke out between their colonies. The 
Five Nations had made a treaty with the French, and so 
took no part in the contest. Their neutrality protected 
New York from invasion. Consequently, the brunt of the 
war fell on New England. 

Attacks upon the Colonists. — The New England 
frontier was again desolated.* Remote settlements were 
abandoned. The people betook themselves to palisaded 
houses, and worked their farms with their guns always at 
hand. 

Attacks by the Colonists.— 1. M the South. — ^outh 
Carolina made a fruitless expedition against her old enemies 
at St. Augustine (1702).t 

2. At the ,¥orth. — Port Royal was again wrested from the 
French by a combined force of English and colonial troops. 

* On the last night of February, 1704, a part5^ of about three hundred and fifty 
French and Indians reached a pine forest near Deerfield, Mass. The snow lay four 
feet deep on the level, but it was covered by a thick crust, while the drifts reached 
nearly to the top of the palisades of the town. The stealthy invaders, watching an 
opportunity, slvulked about till the iinfaithful sentinels deserted the morning 
watch, when they rushed upon the defenseless slumberers, who awoke from their 
di'eams to death or captivity. Leaving the blazing village with forty-seven dead 
bodies to be consumed amid the wreck, they then started back with their train of one 
hundred and twelve captives. The horrors of that march through the wilderness can 
never be told. The groan of helpless exhaustion, or the wail of suffering childhood, 
was instantly stilled by the pitiless tomahawk. Mrs. Williams, the feeble wife of the 
minister, had remembered her Bible in the midst of surprise and comforted hereelf 
with its promises, till, her strength failing, she commended her five captive children 
to God, and bent to the savage blow of the war-ax. One of her daughter grew up 
in captivity, embraced the Catholic faith, and became the wife of a chief. Years 
after, she visited her friends in Deerfield. The whole village joined in a fast for her 
deliverance, but her heart loved best her own Mohawk children, and she went back 
to the fires of her Indian wigwam. 

+ Four years after, the French and Spanish in Havana sent a fleet against 
Charleston. The people, however, valiantly defended themselves, and soon drove 
off their assailants. 



80 EPOCH II. [17ia 

In honor of the queen, its name was changed to Annapolis. 
Another expedition sailed against Quebec, but many of the 
ships were dashed upon the rocks in the St. Lawrence, and 
nearly one thousand men perished. Thus ended the second 
attempt to conquer Canada. 

Peace. — The war lasted eleven years. It was ended by 
the treaty of Utrecht 'u'tpgkt), according to which, Acadia 
was ceded to England. 



3 KING GEORGE'S "WAR* (1744-'48). 

Capture of Louisburg. — War having again broken out 
between England and France, the flame was soon kindled in 
the new world. The only event of importance was the capt- 
ure of Louisburg f on the island of Cape Breton, by a com- 
bined force of English and colonial troops. The latter did 
most of the fighting, but the former took the glory and the 

* This •war was preceded by ■what is kiiowii as the " Spanish War ", •which grew 
out of difficulties then existing: between England and Spain. It w<is marked by no 
important event in the colonies. Governor Oglethori>e invested (1740) St. Augus- 
tine with a force of t'wo thousand men, but the strength of the Spanish garrison, and 
the loss by sickness, caiised the attempt to be abandoned. The Spaniards, in their 
turn, sent (1742) an expedition against Oeorgia. By means of a letter which Gov- 
ernor Oglethorpe caused to fall into the hands of the Spaniaivls, they were made to 
believe that ho expected large reinforcements. Being frightened, they burned the 
fort they had captured, and fled in haste. The colonies, also, furnished about four 
thousand men for an expedition against the Spanish settlements in the West Indies ; 
but only a few hundi-ed i-eturned fi\>m this disastrous enterprise. 

+ Louisbiirg was called the " Gibraltar (gi bral'tar) of America ". Its fortifications 
•were extensive, and cost upward of $5,000,000. The siege was conducted in the most 
unscientific way, the colonial troops laughing at military terms and discipline. When 
the place was captured, they were themselves astonished at what they had done. The 
achievement called forth great I'^joicing over the country, esi>eciany in New En- 
gland, and had an influence on the Revolutionary War, thirty yeai-s after. Colonel 
Gridley, who planned Genei"al Poppei-cH's batteries in the siege, laid out the Amer- 
ican intrenchments gn Bunker Hill. The same old drums that beat the triumphal 
entrance of the New Englandere into Louisburg, Jxme 17, 1745, beat at Bunker nill. 
June 17, 1775. " ■\\Tien General Gage was erecting intrenchments on Boston Neck, 
the pro\-incials sneeringly remarked that his mud walls were notMng compared to 
the stone walls of old Louisburg." 



1748.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 81 

booty. Peace being made in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle (aks la sha p^lO, England gave back Louisburg to 
the French. The boundaries between the French and the 
Enghsh colonies were left undecided, and so the germ of a 
new war remained. 

4. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754-'63). 

Cause. — The English occupied at this time a narrow strip 
along the coast, one thousand miles in length. It was like a 
string to the great bow of the French territory which reached 
around from Quebec to New Orleans. Both nations cla^imed 
the region west of the Alleghany Mountains, along the Ohio 
River. The three previous inter-colonial wars had engen- 
dered bitter hatred, and occasions of quarrel were abundant. 
The French had over sixty military posts guarding the long 
line of their possessions. They seized the English surveyors 
along the Ohio.* They broke up a British post on the Miami 
(me a' mej.f They built a fort at Presque Isle (presk el'), near 
the present town of Erie, Penn. ; another, Fort le Boeuf 
(I6h bar), at the present town of Waterford ; and a third, 
Fort Venango (vg nang' go), about forty miles south, at the 
mouth of French Creek. These encroachments awakened 
the liveliest solicitude on the part of the colonists. 

Washington's Journey. — Dinwiddle, Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor of Virginia, accordingly sent a message by George 
Washington, then a young man of twenty-one, to the French 
commander of these forts, asking their removal. Washing- 
ton, the very day he received his credentials, set out on his 

* The claims of the real proprietors, the Indiajis, were overlooked by both the En- 
glish and the French. The Indians, feeling this, sent to the agent of the Ohio Com- 
pany the pertinent query, " Where is the Indian's land ? The English claim all on 
one side of the river, the French all on the other. Where does our land lie f " 

+ The Indian allies of the French having captured the Miami chief who defended 
his English friends, killed and ate him, in true savage style. 



82 



EPOCH II. 



[1753. 



perilous journey through the wilderness from Williamsburg 
to Lake Erie. He found the French officer at Fort Venango 
loud and boastful. At Fort le Boeuf, the commandant, 
St. Pierre (sSn pe er'), treated him with great respect ; but, 
like a true st)ldier, refused to discuss theories, and declared 




AN ixciDENT OF ■Washington's return. 

himself under orders which he slioukl obey. It was clear 
that France was determined to hold the territory explored 
by the heroic La Salle and Marquette. The shore in front 
of the fort was even then lined with canoes ready f(^r an 
intended expedition down the river. AVashington's return 
through the Avildorness, a distance of four hundred miles, 
was full of peril.* At last, he reached home luiharmed, and 
delivered St. Pierre's reply. 



♦ The streams were swollen. The snow was falling and freezing as it fell. The 
horses gave out, and he was forooil to proceed i>n foot. With only one companion, 
he quitted the usual path, and, with the compjiss as his guide, t;truck boldly out 
thi"ough the forest. An Indian, lying in wait, tiivil at him only a few paces off, but 



1754.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 88 

War Opens. — Early the next spring, the French, at the 
fork of the Monongahela and the Alleghany, drove off a 
party of English traders and erected a fort, vp-hich was called 
Duquesne (du kan'). Soon, among the blackened stumps, 
corn and barley were growing on the present site of Pitts- 
burgh. In the meantime, a regiment of Virginia troops, 
under Colonel Frye, Washington being second in com- 
mand, had been sent to occupy this important point. Learn- 
ing that the French had anticipated them, Washington 
hastened forward with a reconnoitering party. Jumonville 
(zh(5o nion vei'), who was hiding among the rocks with a 
detachment of French troops, waiting an opportunity to 
attack him, was himself surprised and slain.* On the death 
of Colonel Frye, soon after, Washington assumed command 
and collected the troops at the Great Meadows, behind a 
rude stockade, aptly named Fort Necessity. Here he was 
attacked by a large force of French and Indians, and, after 
a severe conflict, was compelled to capitulate. 

The Five Objective Points of the War. — 1. Fort Du- 
quesne was the key to the region west of the AUeghanies, 
and so long as the French held it, Virginia and Pennsyl- 
vania were exposed to Indian attacks. 2. The possession of 
LouiSBURG and Acadia threatened New England, while it 
gave control over the Newfoundland fisheries. French 
privateers harbored there, darted out and captured English 
ships, and then returned where they were safe from pursuit. 
3. Crown Point and Ticonderoga controlled the route to 

missing, was captiired. Attempting to cross the Alleghany on a mde raft, they 
were caught between large masses of ice floating down the rapid current of the mid- 
channel. Washington thrust out his pole to check the speed, hut was jerked into 
the foaming water. Swimming to an island, he barely saved his life. Fortunately, 
in the morning the river was frozen over, and he escaped on the ice. 

♦ Washington's word of command to " fire ! " upon that skulking foe (May 28, 
1754), was the opening of the campaign. Washington himself, it is said, fired the 
first gun of that long and bloody war. 



84 EPOCH II. [1755. 

Canada by the way of Lake George and Lake Champlain, 
and also offered a safe starting-point for French expeditions 
against New York and New England. 4. Nla.gara lay on the 
portage between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, and thus pro- 
tected the great fur trade of the upper lakes and the West. 
6. Quebec being the strongest fortification in Canada, gave 
control of the St. Lawrence, and largely decided the posses- 
sion of that province. 

We thus see why these points were so pei-sistently at- 
tacked by the English, and so obstinately defended by the 
French. We shall speak of them in order. 

I. Fort Duquesne. — Tlie First Expedition (1755) was 
commanded by General Braddock, Washington acting as an 
aidKle-i'ainp (ad'de k6ng). The general was a British officer, 
prouil and conceited. Washington warned him of the dan- 
gei*s of savage warfare, but his suggestions were received 
with contempt.* The column arrived within ten miles of the 
fort, marching along the Monongahela in regular array, 
drums beating and coloi-s flying. Suddenly, in ascending a 
little slope, with a deep ravine and thick underbrush on each 
side, they came upon the Indians lying in ambush. The terri- 
ble war-whoop resounded on every hand. The British regu- 
lars huddled together, and, frightened, fired by platoons, at 
random, against rocks and trees. The yirginia,troops alone 
sprung into the forest and fought the savages in Indian 
style. Washington seemed every-where present. An Indian 
chief with his braves specially singled him out.f Four balls 
passed through his clothes. Two hoi-ses were shot under 
him. Braddock was mortally wounded and borne from the 

• " The Indians," suiid Braddook, " may f rijihten continental troops, but they can 
make no iniprtvssion on the king's ifsriilars ! " 

t Fiftoon years after, this old Indian chief came "a loivsi wsiy " to see the Virginia 
officer at whom he flred a rifle fifteen tinies without hitting him, during the Monon- 
gahela fi^ht. Washington never receiveil a wound in bjittle. 



1755.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 85 

field. At last, when the colonial troops were nearly all 
killed, the regulars turned and fled disgracefully, abandon- 
ing every thing to the foe. Washington covered their flight 
and saved the wreck of the army from pursuit. 

Second Expedition (1 7 58). — General Forbes led the second 
expedition, Washington commanding the Virginia troops. 
The general lost so much time in building roads that, in 
November, he was fifty miles from the fort. A council of 
war decided to give up the attempt. But Washington re- 
ceiving news of the weakness of the French garrison, urged 
a forward movement. He himself led the advance guard, 
and by his vigilance dispelled all danger of Indian surprise. 
The French fired the fort, and fled at his approach. As the 
flag of England floated out over the ruined lamparts, this 
gateway of the West was named Pittsburgh.* 

2. Acadia and Louisburg. — 1. Acadia. — Scarcely had 
the war commenced, when an attack was made on the 
Aca'dian boundary. The French forts at the h^ad of the 
Bay of Fundy were quickly taken, and the entire region 
east of the Penobscot fell into the hands of the English. f 

2. Louishurg (1757). — General Loudoun (low'don) col- 
lected an army at Halifax for an attack on Louisburg. After 
spending ail summer in drilling his troops, '' he gave up the 

* This was in libnor of WiUiam Pitt, prime minister of England, whose true friend- 
ship for the colonies was warmly appreciated in America. He came into power in 
1758, and from that time the war took on a different aspect. (Barnes' Q-en. Hist, 
p. 534.) 

t This victory was disgraced by an act of heartless cruelty. The Acadians were a 
simple-minded, rural people. They readily gave up their arms and meekly submitted 
to their oontiueroi-s. But the English authorities, knowing their sjnnpathy with the 
Fi-eneh, drove old and young on boai-d the ships at the point of the bayonet, and dis- 
tributed them among the colonies. Families were broken up, their homes burned, 
and the broken-hearted Acadians met every-where only insult and abuse. Longfel. 
low pathetically describes the misfortunes of these exiles, in his world-famous poem 
" Evangeline ." Parkman, in Harper's Magazine, Nov., 1884, gives another version, 
and claims that the expulsion was justified on the part of the English and the 
colonistj3. 



86 EPOCH II. [1758.* 

attempt on learning that the French fleet contained one 
more ship than his own ! " The next year, Generals Amherst 
(am'erst) and Wolfe captured the city after a severe bom- 
bardment, and took possession of the entire island.* 

3. Crown Point and Ticonderoga. — 1. Battle of Lake 
George. — About the time of Braddock's expedition, another 
was made against Crown Point. The French under Dies- 
kauf (des'ko^A^) were met near the head of Lake George, t 
Fortunately, General Johnson, being slightly wounded, early 
in the action retired to his tent, whereupon, General Lyman, 
with his provincial troops, regained the battle then nearly 
lost. This victory following closely on the heels of Brad- 
dock's disaster, excited great joy. Johnson was given a 
baronetcy and $25,000 ; Lyman, the real victor, received 
nothing. This battle ended the attempt to take Crown 
Point. Johnson built Fort "William Henry § near the battle- 
field ; and, when winter set in, dismissing the New England 
militia, went to his fortified stone mansion on the Mohawk. 

2. Attack on Ticonderoga. — On a calm Sunday morning, 
about four months before the fall of Fort Duquesne, a thou- 
sand boats full of soldiers, with waving flags and strains 

* Abandoning Louisburg, the English made Halifax, as it is to-day, their rendez- 
vous (ren'de vdb) in that region. 

t The brave Dieskau was severely wounded. In the pursuit, a soldier found him 
leaning against a stump. As he fumbled fur his watch to propitiate his enemy, the 
soldier, thinking him to be searching for his pistol, shot him. 

% Johnson, the English commander, received word of the approach of the enemy, 
and sent out Colonel Williams with twelve hundred men to stop them. In the skir- 
mish, Williams was kiUed. He was the real founder of Wilhams College, haWng by 
his wiU, made while on his way to battle, bequeathed a sum to found a free school 
for Western Massachusetts. 

S Two years after, Montcalm (mdnt kam), the new French general, swept down 
from Canada and captured this fort with its garrison, although Webb was at Fort 
Edward, fourteen miles below, with six thousand men lying idly in camp. The vic- 
tory is noted for an illustration of savage ti-eachery. The English had been guaran- 
teed a safe escort to Fort Edward. But they had scarcely left the fort when the Indians 
fell upon them to plunder and to slaughter. In vain did the French officers peril their 
Uvea to save their captives from the lawless tomahawk. " Kill me," cried Montcalm, 



1758.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 87 

of martial music, swept down Lake George to attack Ticon- 
deroga. General Abercrombie (ab'er krum bi) ordered an 
assault before his artillery came up, and while the battle raged 
lay hid away in the rear. A disastrous repulse was the result.* 

3. Capture of both Forts. — The next year (1759), at the 
approach of General Amherst with a large army, both Ti- 
conderoga and Crown Point were evacuated. 

4. Niagara. — 1. About the time of Braddock's expedition, 
General Shirley marched to capture Niagara. But reaching 
Oswego and learning of that disastrous defeat, he was dis- 
couraged. He simply built a fort and came home.f 

2. Nothing further was done toward the capture of this 
important post for four years, when it was invested by Gen- 
eral Prideaux (prid'o).J In spite of desperate attempts made 
to relieve the garrison, it was at last compelled to surrender 
(1759). New York was thus extended to Niagara River, 
and the West was secured to the English. 

5. Quebec (1759). — The same summer in which Niagara, 
Crown Point, and Ticonderoga § were occupied by the En- 
glish, General Wolfe anchored with a large fleet and eight 
thousand land troops in front of Quebec. Opposed to him 
was the vigilant French general, Montcalm, with a command 



in desperation, " but spare the English, who are under my protection." The Indian 
fury, however, was implacable, and the march of the prisoners to Eort Edward be- 
came a flight for life. 

* While the main army was delaying after this failure, Colonel Bradstreet obtained 
permission to go against Eort Frontenac, on the present site of Kingston. Crossing 
the lake, he captured the fort and a large quantity of stores intended for Port Du- 
quesne. The loss disheartened the garrison of the latter place, frightened off their 
Indian allies, and did much to cause its evacuation on the approach of the English. 

t The next year, that indefatigable general, Montcalm, crossed the lake from 
Canada and captured this fort with its garrison and a large amount of piiblic stores. 

t Prideaux was accidentally killed during the siege, but his successor, Johnson, 
satisfactorily carried out his plans. 

§ It was expected that the two armies engaged in the capture of these forts would 
join Wolfe in the attack on Quebec ; but, for various reasons, they made no attempt 
to do so, and Wolfe was left to perform his task alone. 



EPOCH II, 



[1759. 



equal to his own. The Enghsh cannon easily destroyed the 
lower city next the river, but the citadel being on higher 
ground, was far out of their reach. The bank of tlif i i\er. 



'r^Js*-®^^ 




QTTEBEO IN EAKT-T TIMES. 

for miles a high craggy wall, bristled with cannon at every 
landing-place. For months, Wolfe lingered before the citj', 
vainly seeking some feasible point of attack. Carefully re- 
connoitering the precipitous bluff above the city, his sharp 
eyes at length discovered a narrow path winding among the 
rocks to the top, and he determined to lead his army up this 
ascent.* To distract the enemy's attention, he took his men 
several miles up the river. Thence dropping down silently 

♦ Gteneral Wolfe was a ^eat admirer of the poet Oraj'. As he went the rounds for 
final inspection on the beautiful starliiirht evening before the attack, he remarked to 
those in the boat with him, "I would rather bo the author of 'The Eleg:j' in a Coun- 
try Church-yard ', than to have the glory of beating the French to-morrow"; and 
amid the rippling of the water and the dashing of the oars, he repeated : 

" The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, 

And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
Await alike the ine\'itable hour; 
The paths of glory letid but to the grave." 



1759.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 89 

by night with the ebb-tide, they landed, clambered up the 
steep cliff,* quickly dispersed the guard, and, at day-break, 
stood arrayed in order of battle on the Plains of Abraham. 
Montcalm, astonished at the audacity of the attempt, could 
scarcely believe it possible. When convinced of its truth, he 
at once made an impetuous attack. Wolfe's veterans held 
their fire until the French were close at hand, then poured 
upon them rapid, steady volleys. The enemy soon wavered. 
Wolfe, placing himself at the head, now ordered a bayonet 
charge. Already twice wounded, he still pushed forward. 
A third ball struck him. He was carried to the rear. " They 
run ! They run ! " exclaimed the officer on whom he leaned. 
"Who run?" he faintly gasped. "The French," was the 
reply. "Now God be praised, I die happy," murmured the 
expiring hero. Montcalm, too, was fatally wounded as he 
was vainly trying to rally the fugitives. On being told by 
the surgeon that he could not live more than twelve hours, 
he answered, "So much the better. I shall not see the sur- 
render of Quebec." 

Five days afterward (September 18, 1759), the city and 
garrison capitulated. 

Close of the War.f Peace. — The next year, an attempt 
was made to re-capture Quebec. But a powerful fleet arrived 
from England in time to raise the siege. A large army 
marched upon Montreal, and Canada soon submitted. The 
English flag now waved over the continent, from the Arctic 
Ocean to the Mississippi. Peace was made at Paris in 1763. 
Spain ceded Florida to England. France gave up to En- 

* Although Wolfe rose from a sick-bed to lead his troops, he was the first man to 
land. The shore was lined with French sentinels. A captain who understood 
French and had been assigned this duty, answered the challenge of the sentinel 
near the landing, and thus warded off the first danger of alarm. 

+ The five points which were especially sought by the English were now all capt- 
ured. Canada itself, worn out, impoverished, and almost in famine, because of the 
long war, was ready for peace. 



90 EPOCH II. [1763. 

gland all her territory east of the Mississippi, except two 
small islands south of Newfoundland, retained as fishing 
stations ; while, to Spain she ceded New Orleans, and all 
her territory west of the Mississippi. 

Pontiac's War. — The French traders and missionaries 
had won the hearts of the Indians. When the more haughty 
English came to take possession of the western forts, great 
discontent was aroused, Pon' ti ac, a chief of the Ottawas, 
Philip-like, formed a confederation of the tribes against the 
common foe. It was secretly agreed to fall upon all the 
British posts at once. Eight forts were thus surprised and 
captured.* Thousands of persons fled from their homes to 
avoid the scalping-knife. At last, the Indians, disagreeing 
among themselves, deserted the alliance, and a treaty was 
signed. Pontiac, still revengeful, fled to the hunting-grounds 
of the Illinois. He was killed (1769), at Cahokia, by an 
Indian, for the bribe of a barrel of liquor. 

Effects of the French and Indian War. — During this war, 
the colonists spent $16,000,000, and England repaid only 
$5,000,000. The Americans lost thirty thousand men, and 
suffered the untold horrors of Indian barbarity. The taxes 
sometimes equaled two thirds the income of the tax-payer ; 

♦ Various stratagems ■were employed to accomplish their designs. At Maiimee, a 
squaw lured forth the commander by imploring aid for an Indian woman d>-ing out- 
side the fort. Once without, ho was at the mercy of the ambushed savages. At 
Mackinaw, hundreds of Indians had gathered. Commencing a game at ball, one 
party drove the other, as if by accident, toward the fort. The soldiers were attracted 
to watch the game. At length, the ball was thrown over the pickets, and the Indians 
jumping after it, began the terrible butchery. The commander, Major Henry, writ- 
ing in his room, heard the war-cry and the shrieks of the victims, and, rushing to his 
window, beheld the savage work of the tomahawk and the scalping-knife. Amid un- 
told perils, he himself escaj)ed. At Detroit, the plot was betrayed by a squaw, and 
when the chiefs were admitted to their proposed council for "brightening the chain 
of friendship ", they found themselves surrounded by an armed garrison. Pontiac 
was allowed to escape. Two days after, he commenced a siege which lasted several 
months. In payment of the supplies for his army, he issued birch-bark notes signed 
with the figure of an otter. These primitive "government bonds" were promptly 
paid when due. 



1763.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 91 

but were paid, without murmur, because levied by the colo- 
nists themselves. The men of different colonies and diverse 
ideas fought shoulder to shoulder, and many sectional jeal- 
ousies were allayed. They learned to think and act independ- 
ently of the mother country, and thus came to know their 
strength. Democratic ideas hkd taken root, legislative bodies 
had been called, troops raised, and supplies voted, not by En- 
gland, but by themselves. They had become fond of liberty. 
They knew their rights and dared maintain them. When 
they voted money, they kept the purse in their own hands. 
The treatment of the British officers also helped to unite 
the colonists. They made sport of the awkward, provincial 
soldiers. The best American-officers were often thrust aside 
to make place for young Britibh subalterns. But, in spite of 
sneers, Washington, Gates, Montgomery, Stark, Arnold, 
Morgan, Putnam, all received their training, and learned 
how, when the time came, to fight even British regulars. 



15. COLONIAL CIVILIZATION. 

There were now thirteen colonies. They numbered nearly 2,000,000 people. The 
largest city was Philadelphia, which contained about twenty -five thousand inhab- 
itants. There were slaves in all the colonies, those at the North being chiefly house 
servants. Three forms of government existed — charter, proprietary, and royal. 
Massachusetts, Ehode Island, and Connecticut had charter governments. Mary- 
land and Pennsylvania (with Delaware) were proprietary — that is, their proprietors 
governed them. Georgia, Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, and 
the Carolinas were directly subject to the crown. The colonies were all Protestant. 
The intolerant religious spirit of early days had moderated, and there had been a 
gradual assimilation of manners and ctistoms. The people of all the colonies had 
become Americans. 

In accordance with the customs of the age, the laws were severe. Thus in 
New England, at one time, there were twelve, and in Virginia seventeen, offenses 
punishable by death. The affairs of private life were regulated by law in a manner 
that would not now be endured. At Hartford, for example, the ringing of the 
watchman's bell in the morning was the signal for every one to rise; and in Massa- 
chusetts a scold was sometimes gagged and placed near her door (see the picture on 
the next page), while for other minor oflfenses the offender was confined in the 
Btocka or the pillory. 



92 



EPOCH II, 



Social prejudices brought over from England still survived. Even in New 
England, official jxjsitions were monopolized by a few leading families, and often de- 
scended from father to son. The catalogues of Harvard and Yale wore long arranged 
according to the family rank of the students. 




Several colleges had been established,— Harvard (1636), \Villiara and Mary (1692), 
Yale (1700), Princeton (1746), University of Pennsylvania (1749), Columbia (1754), 
Brown University (1764), Dartmouth (1769), and Rutgers (1770). Educational inter- 
ests, however, were not fostered by the English government. Only one donation 
was given to fovmd a college in the colonies— that of William and Mary, an institu- 
tion named in honor of these sovereigns. 

Agriculture was the main dependence of the people, though manufactures, even 
at this early p)eriod, received much attention at the North. Hats, paper, shoes, house- 
hold furniture, farming utensils, and the coarser kinds of cutlery were made to some 
extent. Cloth weaving had been introduced, though most tnrifty people dressed 
in homespun. It is said of Mrs. Washing+on that she kept sixteen spinning-wheela 



DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 93 

running. Commerce had steadily increased— principally, however, as coast trade, in 
consequence of the oppressive laws of Great Britain. The daring fishermen of New 
England already pushed their whaling crafts far into the icy regions of the north. 
Money was very scarce. In 1635, musket-bullets were made to pass in place of 
farthings, the law providing that not more than twelve should be given in one 
payment. Trade was generally by barter. 

The first printing-press was set up at Cambridge, in 1639. Most of the books of 
that day were collections of sermons. The first permanent newspaper, The Boston 
News Letter, was published in 1704. In 1750, there were only seven newspapers. 
The American Daily Advertiser, the first daily paper, was not issued till 1784. There 
was a pulilic Library in New York, from which books were loaned at four and a half 
pence per week. 

The usual mode of travel was on foot or horseback. People journeyed largely by 
means of coasting sloops. The trip from New York to Philadelphia occupied three 
days if the wind was fair. There was a wagon running bi-weekly from New York 
across New Jersey. Conveyances were put on in 1766, which made the unprecedented 
time of two days from New York to Philadelphia. They were, therefore, termed 
"flying machines ". 

The first stage route was between Providence and Boston, taking two days for the 
trip. A post-office system had been effected by the combination of the colonies, which 
united the whole country. Benjamin Franklin was one of the early postmasters- 
general. He made a gi-and tour of the country in his chaise, perfecting and maturing 
the plan. His daughter Sally accompanied him, riding sometimes by his side in the 
chaise, and sometimes on the extra horse which he had with him. It took five months 
to make the rounds which could now be performed in as many days. A mail was 
started in 1672, between New York and Boston, by way of Hartford, according to 
the contract the round trip being made monthly. (See j). 306.) 

Manners and Customs.— The colonists had brought with them the ideas and 
tastes of the mother country, and these long siirvived in spite of the leveling ten- 
dencies and the free spirit of the new world. Distinctions of dress, to mark the 
higher and the lower ranks of society, as in Europe, were sedulously preserved 
throughout even democratic New England. Calf-skin shoes, up to the time of the 
Revolution, were the exclusive property of the gentry ; the servants wore coarse 
" neat's leather ". Farmers, mechanics, laborers, and working-men generally were 
clothed in red or green baize jackets, leather or striped ticking breeches, and a 
leather apron. On Sundays and holidays, a white shirt took the place of the 
checked one ; the stiff, hard leather breeches were greased and blacked, and the 
heavy cow-hide shoes, home-made, were set off by huge brass buckles. The com- 
mon laborer, even after independence was achieved, received only about " two 
shillings" per day, and, in rare cases, " two-and-six-pence ". 

Hired women wore short gowns of green baize and petticoats of linsey-woolsey. 
Their yearly wages never exceeded " ten pounds ". 

The colonial gentleman, however, was gay in his morning costume of silk or 
velvet cap and dressing-gown, and his evening attire of blue, green, or purple 
flowered silk or handsomely embroidered velvet, enriched with gold or silver lace, 
buttons, and knee-buckles. "Wide lace ruffles fell over his hands ; his street cloak 
glittered with gold-kice ; while a gold-headed cane, and a gold or silver snuff-box 
were indispensable signs of his social position. 

The New England people were strict in morals. Governor Winthrop prohibited 
cards and gaming-tables. A man was whipped for shooting fowl on Sunday. No 



94 



EPOCH II. 



man was allowed to keep tavern who did not bear an excellent character and 
possess proi)erty. The names of drunkards were posted up in the ale-houses, and 
the keepers forbidden to soil them liquor. By order of the colony of Connecticut, 
no i)erson under twenty years of ago could use any tobacco without a physician's 
order; and no one was allowed to use it oftener than once a day, and then not 
within ten miles of any house. 

All conduct was sliai)ed by a literal interpretation of the Scriptures. The min- 
isters had, at first, almost entire control. A church reproof was the heaviest 




M:\\ KNCl.AMI KIlrllKN SCENE. 



punishment, and knotty points in thcolopj- caused the bitterest discussions. Articles 
of dress were limited or regulated by law. No person whose estate did not exceeo 
£200, could wear " gold or silver lace, or any lace above 2s. per yard ". The " select- 
men" were required to take note of the "apparel" of the people, especially their 
"ribbands and gi'eat boots". Only the gentility, including ministers and their 
wives, received the prefix Mr. and Mm. to their names. Others, above the rank 
of servant, were called Goodman and Goodicife. 

In the early Plymouth days, every house opem-d on Sunday morning at the tap 
of the drum. The men and the women, the former armed to the teeth, assem- 
bled in front of the captain's house. Three abreast, they marched to the meet- 
ing-house, where ovi ry i: an set down his muskit within easy reach. The elders 



DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 95 

and deacons took their seats in front of the preacher's desk, facing the congrega- 
tion. The old men, the young raen, and the young women each had their separate 
place. The boys were perched on the pulpit-stair or in the galleries, and were 
kept in order by a constable. The light came straggling through the little dia- 
mond-shaped window-panes, weirdly gilding the wolf -heads which hung upon the 
walls— trophies of the year's conquests. The services began with the long prayer, 
and was followed by reading and expounding of the Scriptures, a psalm— lined by 
one of the ruling elders— and the sermon. Instrumental music was absolutely 
proscribed, as condemned by Amos v. 23. The sermon was often three or four 
hours long, and at the end of each hour the sexton turned the hour-glass which 
stood upon the desk. A¥oe to the youngster whose eyelids drooped in slumber 1 
The ever-vigilant constables, with their wands tipped on one extremity with the 
foot, and on the other with the tail of a hare, brought the heavier end down on 
the nodding head. The care-worn matron who was betrayed into a like offense, 
was gently reminded of her duty by a touch on the forehead with the softer end 
of the same stick. After the sermon, came the weekly contribution ; the congre- 
gation, marching to the front, and depositing their offerings in the money-box 
held by one of the elders. After dismissal, the people returned home in as orderly 
a way as they came. 

The Middle C'oto/u««. — The manners of the New York people were essentially 
Dutch. Many customs then inaugurated still remain in vogue. Among these is 
that of New Year's Day visiting, of which General Washington said, " New York 
will in process of years gi-adually change its ancient customs and manners, but 
whatever changes take place, never forget the cordial observance of New Year's 
Day." To the Dutch we owe our Christmas visit of Santa Claus, colored eggs 
at Easter, doughnuts, crullers, and New Year's cookies. 

The Dutch mansion was built, usually, of brick. Its gable-end, receding in 
regular steps from the base of the roof to the summit, faced the street. The 
front-door was decorated with a huge brass knocker, burnished daUy. While the 
Connecticut mistress spun, wove, and stored her household linens in crowded 
chests, the Dutch matron scrubbed and scoured her polished floor and wood- work. 
Every family had a cow that fed in a common pasture at the end of the town, 
and their tinkling bells, as they came and went, of their own accord, at night 
and morning, proclaimed the milking-hour. The happy burghers breakfasted at 
dawn, dined at eleven, and retired at sunset. On dark evenings, as a protection 
for belated wanderers, lighted candles were placed in the front windows. 

Along the Hudson, the great patroons, supported by their immense estates 
and crowds of tenants, kept up the customs of the best European society of the 
day. 

Philadelphia was not only the largest city in the United States, but it was 
famous for its flagged side-walks— then a rare luxury in any city, the regularity 
of its streets, and the elegance of its brick and stone residences. The trees bor- 
dering the can-iage-ways and the gardens and orchards about the houses made it 
just such a " fail" greene country town " as Penn wished it to be. 

The Southei-n Colonists differed widely from the Northern in habits and style of 
living. In place of thickly-settled towns and villages, they had large plantations, 
and were surrounded by a numeroiis household of servants. The negro quarters 
formed a hamlet apart, with its gardens and poultry yards. An estate in those 
days was a little empire. The planter had among his slaves men of every trade, 
and they made most of the articles needed for common use upon the plantatiou. 



96 EPOCH II. 

There were larpro shods for curinR tobacco, and mills for prrindlnR com and wheat. 
The tobacco was put up and consitjiicd directly to England. The flour of the Mount 
Vernon estate wa.s packed under the eye of Washington himself, and we are told 
that barrels of flour bearing his brand, passed in the West India market without 
inspection. 

Up the Ashley and the Cooper, there were remains of the only botia Jide nobility 
ever estiiblishcd on our soil. There the descendants of the landgraves, who received 
their titles in accordance Avith the Grand Model (p. 75), occupied their manorial 
dwellings. Along the banks of the James and the Rappaliannock, the plantation 
often passed from father to son, according to the law of entail. 

The heads of these great Southern families lived like lords, keeping their packs 
of choice hunting dogs, and their stables of blooded horses, and rolling to church 
or town in their coach and six, with outriders on horseback. Their spacious 
mansions .were sometimes built of imported brick. AVithin, the grand staircases, 
the mantels, and the wainscot reaching in a quaint f;xshion from floor to ceiling, 
were of solid mahogany, elaborately carved and paneled. The sideboards shone 
^vith gold and silver plate, and the tables were loaded with the luxuries of the 
old world. Negro servants thronged about, ready to perform every task. All 
labor was done by slaves, it being considered degrading for a white man to work. 
Even the superintendence of the plantation and slaves was generally committed 
to overseei-s, while the master dispensed a generous hospitality, and occupied 
himself with social and political life. 

KdiiciiUoii.— 1. The Fasfern Colonic.— 'Scxt to their religion, the Puritans prized 
education. A\Tien Boston was but six years old, $3,000 were appropriated to the 
seminary at Cambridge, now known as Harvard Univereity. Some years after, each 
family gave a peck of corn or a shilling in cash for its support. Common schools had 
already been provided, and in 1647, every town was ordered to have a free school, 
and, if it contained over one hundred families, a grammar school. In Connecticut, 
any town that did not keep a school for three months in the year was liable to fv flne. 
In 1700, ton ministers, having x>i'eviously so agreed, brought together a number of 
books, each saying as ho laid down his gift, " T give these books for founding a 
college in Connecticut." This was the beginning of Yale College— named from Gov- 
ernor Yale, who befriended it most generously. It was first established at Say brook, 
but in 1716 was removed to New Haven. 

The " town -meetings ", as they were styled, were of inestimable value in cultivat- 
ing democratic ideas. The young and old, rich and poor, here met on a perfect 
equality for the discussion of all local questions. In Hartford, every freeman who 
neglected to attend the to wm -meeting was fined sixpence, unless he had a good 
excuse. 

2. T/i£ Middle Cdonws already had many schools scattered through the towns. In 
New York, during the Dutch period, it was customary for the school-master, in order 
to increase his earnings, to ring the church-bell, dig graves, and act as chorister and 
town-clerk. In the English period, some of the schools were kept by Dutch masters, 
who taught English {is an accomplishment. As early as 1702, an act was passed for 
the " Encouragement of a Grammar Free School in the City of New York ". In 1795, 
Ghjorge Clinton laid the foundation of the common-school system of the State, and 
within three yeai-s nearly 60,000 children were receiving instrijction. At Lewiston, 
Del., is sjiid to have been estiiblishcd the first girls' school in the colonies. The first 
school in Pennsylvania wa.s started about 1683, where "reading, vvi'iting, and cast- 
ing accounts" were taught for eight English shillings per anniun. The Orrery 



DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 



97 



invented by Dr. Rittenhouse, in 1768, is stiU preserved in Princeton College. No 
European institution had its equal. 

Churches were established by the varioiis denominations. The Swedes had a 
meeting-house erected even before the landing of Penn. Ministers' salaries were 
met in different ways, generally with produce— wheat, com, beans, bacon, wood, etc. 
In New York, the Dutch dominie was paid sometimes in wampum. The dominie of 
Albany on one occasion received one hundred and fifty beaver skins. 

3. The Southern Oolonies met with gi'eat difficulties in their efforts to establish 
schools. Though Virginia boasts of the second oldest college, yet her English gov- 
ernors bitterly opposed the progress of education. Governor Berkeley, of whose 
haughty spirit we have already heard, said, " I thank God there are no free schools 
nor printing-presses here, and I hope wo shall not have them these hundred yer.rs." 
The restrictions iipon the press were so great that no newspaper was published in 
Virginia until 1736, and that was controlled by the government. Free schools were 
established in Maryland in 1696, and a free school in Charleston in 1712. Private 
schools were early established by the colonists in every neighborhood. 

A farm of one hundred acres was sot apart by law for each clergyman, and also a 
portion of the " best and first gathered corn " and tobacco. Absence from church 
was fined. In Georgia, masters were compelled to send their slaves to church, under 
a penalty of £5. 

CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS. 



England. 
James 1 1603 

Charles 1 1625 

Com'nwealth .1649 

Charles n 1660 

James II 1685 

William and 

Mary 1689 

Anne 1702 

George 1 1714 

George U 1727 

George m 1760 



Pi{AN(;k. 
Louis Xm.... 1010 

Louis XrV.... 1643 



Louis XV 1715 

Louis X^T:....1774 



Gkbmany. 

Matthias 1012 

Ferdinand n..lG19 
Ferdinand III.1037 

Leopold 1 1658 



Joseph 1 1705 

Charles VT.... 1711 

Charles Vn... 1742 
Francis I* ....1745 
Joseph n+ ....1765 



Spain. 
Philip in 1.598 

Philip T^' 1621 

Charles H 1665 

Philip V 1700 

Ferdinand VT.1746 
Charles nL...1759 

Prussia. 

Frederick I.... 1701 

William 1 1713 

Frederick II. 
(The Great).. 1740 



• Husband of Maria Theresa, 
t Son of Maria Theresa. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1607. Jamestown founded by the London Company. First permanent En- 
glish settlement in America, May 13 . . . .... 38, 46 

1609. Virginia received its second charter, June 2 48 

1610. " Starving Time " in Virginia 48 

1612. Virginia received its third charter, March 23 49 



98 



EPOCH II. 



[1613. 



1613. 

1614. 
1615. 
1619. 

1620. 

1022. 

1623. 
1629. 

1630. 
1632. 
1634. 
1633-'36. 
1635. 
1636. 
1637. 
1638. 

1641. 
1643. 
1644. 



1655. 

1660. 
1662. 
1663. 
1664. 



1670. 
1675-'76. 
1676. 
1679. 
[1680. 
1682. 

1683. 
1686. 
1689. 

1690. 
1692. 
1697. 



PAOE 

Pocahontas married Rolfe, April 49 

Settlement of New York by the Dutch 65 

Smith explored the New England Coast 53 

Culture of tobacco commenced in Virginia 50 

First Colonial Assembly, July 30 . . • . . . . . . . 49 

Slavery introduced in the English colony at Jamestown ... 50 
Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. First permanent English settlement 

in New England, December 21 53 

Indian massacre in Virginia, March 22 51 

New Hampshire granted to Gorges and Mason, August 10 . . . 60 

New Hampshire settled at Dover and Portsmouth 61 

Charter granted to Massachusetts Bay Colony, March 4 ... 56 

New patent for New Hampshire granted to Mason, November 7 . 61 

First house built in Boston, under Governor Winthrop, July . . 56 

Maryland granted to Lord Baltimore, June 20 72 

Maryland settled at St. Mary's 72 

Connecticut settled at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield . . 61 

Clayborne's rebellion in Virginia and Maryland 73 

Rhode Island settled at Providence, June 64 

Pequod War 62 

New Haven Colony founded 63 

Delaware settled near Wilmington by the Swedes, April ... 69 

New Hampshire united to Massachusetts 61 

Union of the New England Colonics, May 29 ...... 57 

Second Indian massacre in Virginia, April 18 51 

Charter granted to Rhode Island. — Providence and Rhode Island 

plantations united, March 14 65 

Civil War in Maryland 73 

New Sweden conquered by the Dutch, October . . . . 66 

Navigation Act, passed in 1651, now enforced 51 

Charter granted to Connecticut, April 20 63 

Albemarle Colony formed, March 24 74 

New Netherland conquered by the English and called New York, 

September 67 

New Jersey settled at Elizabethtown 68 

South Carolina settled on the Ashley River 74 

King Philip's War 57 

Bacon's rebellion, April 52 

New Hami)shire made a royal province 61 

Charleston, S. C, founded 74 

Pennsylvania settled ... - 69 

Delaware granted to William Penn by the Duke of York, Aug. 31 . 70 

Philadelphia founded by William Penn, February 70 

Andros arrived in Boston as governor of New England, Dec. 20 . 59 

King William's War . 77 

Andros dopwsed 59 

Schenectady burned by the Indians and the French .... 77 

Salem witchcraft .00 

Peace of Ryswick terminated King William's War ... t 78 



1703.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 99 

PAGE 

1703. Queen Anne's "War commenced 79 

Delaware secured a separate legislative assembly ...... 72 

1710. Port Royal, N. S., captured by the English and named Annapolis . . 79 

1713. Queen Anne's War closed by the treaty of Utrecht 80 

1732. "Washington born, February 22 76 

1733. Georgia settled by Oglethorpe at Savannah, February 12 .... 76 
1739. The Spanish War began 80 

1744. King George's War began 80 

1745. Louisburg captured by the English, June 17 80 

1748. King George's War ended by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle ... 81 

1753. Washington sent with a letter by Dinwiddle to St. Pierre, Oct. 31 . . 81 

1754. Battle at Great Meadows,— Fort Necessity captured by French . . 83 

1755. The French driven from Acadia, June— December 85 

Braddock defeated in the battle of Monongahela, July 9 . . . .84 

The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, September 8 ... 86 

1756. War first formally declared by the English against the French . 83 
French under Montcalm captured Fort Oswego, August 14 ... 87 

1757. Fort William Henry surrendered to Montcalm, August 9 . . . . 86 

1758. Abercrombie repulsed at Fort Ticonderoga, July 8 87 

Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe, July 27 86 

Fort Frontenac captured by the colonists, August 27 87 

Fort Duquesne taken by the English, November 25 85 

1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French .... 87 

Niagara surrendered to England, July 25 87 

Battle of Plains of Abraham,— Quebec surrendered 89 

1760. Montreal surrendered to the English, September 8 89 

1761. William Pitt, the " Great Commoner ", resigned 

1763. Peace of Paris 89 

Pontiac's War 90 



REFERENCES FOR READING. 

Palfrey's History of New England.— Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac.—NeaTs History of 
the Puj-itans. — Holmes'' EoMnson of Leyden {Poem). — Mrs. Hemans^ Landing of the Pilgrims 
(Poem).—Martyn''s Pilgrim Fathers of New England.— Elliott's Histoi^y of New England. — 
Hopkins'' Youth of the Old Dominion. — Simfns'' Smith and Pocahontas. — Mrs. 8igoumey''s Poca- 
hontas (Poem).— Longfellow^ s Courtship of Miles Standish, and Evangeline {Poems). — Holland''8 
Bay Path.—Irving''s Knickerbocker's History of New York, and King Philip''s War {Sketch 
Book).— Cooper's Last of the Mohicans.— James' Ticonderoga.— Hubbard's History of Indian Wars 
in New England.— Hall's Puritans and their PriruAples.—BandaU's School History of New 
York. — Paulding''s Ode to Jamestown {Poem), and his Dutchman's Eire-Side {a novel). — Streefs 
Frontenac {a romance). — Mrs. Childs'' Hobomok {a novel). — Margaret Smith''s Journal {by Whit- 
tier). —Harper's Magazine, Vol. 52, Up the Ashley and Cooper {Life in Colony of S. C.) ; Vol. 
66, Maryland and tfis Far South, The Middle Colonies, New England in Colonial Period, and 
The French Voyageurs.— Sanborn's History of New Hampshire. — Holland's History of Western 
Massadmsetts. — Greene's History of Blwde Island.— Hollister's History of Connecticut. — Cooky's 
Stories of the Old Dominion. — Eggleston's Pocahontas, TM ^''American Commonwealths" 
Series.— Towle's Baleigh, Vasco da Gami,, etc. 



L, tf c. 



100 



BARNES' BRIEF HISTORY. 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



Introduction. 



1. Virginia. 



What is told in this Epoch ? 

1. Character of the Colonists. 

2. John Smith. 

3. The Second Charter. 

4. The " Starving Time ". 
.•). The Third Charter. 

6. Marriage of I'ocahontas. 

7. First Colonipl Ai^sembly. 

8. I^ospentv of tlie Colony. 

9. Slavery Introduced (1619). 

10. Indian Troubles. 

11. Virginia Becomes a Royal F*rovince. 

12. Period of Oppression. 

13. Bacon's Rebellion. 



2. Massac iiusetts. 



1. PhTuouth Colony. 



2. Mass. Bay Colony. 



1. Landing of Pilgrims. 

2. Character of Pilgrims. 

3. Sufferiiig.s of Pilgrims. 

4. The Indians. 

6. Progress of Colony. 

1. Settlement. 

2. Religious Disturbances. 

3. Union of Colonies. 

4. King Philip's War. 

5. N. E. a Roval Province. 

6. Salem Witchcraft. 



3. Maine and Xew Hampshire. 

1. Settlement. 
2, 



i. Connecticut. 



5. Rhode Island. 



6. Ne"w^ York. 



XeTv Jersey. 






8, 9. 



Pennsylvania 
and Delaware. 



10. Maryland. 



11, 12. The Carolinas. 



]l 



13. Georgia. 



Inter-Colonial 
"Wars. (1689-1763.) 



Pequod War. 

3. Three Colonies. 

4. Royal Charter. 

1. Settlement. 

2. A Charter. 
Settlement. 

Four Dutch Governors. 
The English Governors. 
Settlement. 
East and West Jersey. 
Jersey United. 

1. Settlement. 

2. Philadelphia Founded. 

3. The Great Law. 

4. Penn's Treaty. 

5. Penn's Return to England. 

6. Delaware. 

7. Penn's Heirs. 

1. Settlement. 

2. The Charter. 

3. Civil Wars. 
Settlement. 
The Grand Model. 
North and South Carohna Separated. 

1. Settlement. 

2. The Trustees. 

1. King William's 



Wai 



aC89-'97.) 

Qneen Anne's 
(1702-'13.) 

Kng George's 
(1744-''6.> 



War. I 
War. ( 



4. French and Indian War. 
a754-'63.) 



15. Colonial Civilization. 



a. Cause. 

b. Attacks u|>on the Colonists, 

c. Attaclis by the Colonists. 

d. Peace. 

a. Cause. 

b. Attacks upon the Colonists, 
c Attacks by the Colouistji. 
d. Peace. 



a. Cause. 

6. Washington's Journey. 

c. War Opens. 

d. Five Objective Points. 

e. Peace. 

/. Pontlac's War. 

f . EOeota. 




^y A.S.Bame» ^ Co. Aeiv Tork» 








Remote Causes. — En- 
gland treated the settlers as an inferior 
class of people. Her intention was to make and keep the 
colonies dependent. The laws were framed to favor the 
English manufacturer and merchant at the expense of 
the colonist. The Navigation Acts compelled the Amer- 
ican farmer to send his products across the ocean to En- 
gland, and to buy his goods in British markets. American 
manufactures were prohibited. Iron works were denounced 



Qtiestions on the Geography of the Third Epoch. — Xiocate Boston. Portsmouth. 
ITewport. Philadelphia. Salem. Concord. Lexington. Whitehall. Cambridge. 
New London. Charleston. Charlestown. Brooklyn. New York. White Plains. 
North Castle. Cherry Valley. Elizabethtown. Trenton. Princeton. Gemiantown. 
Albany. Oriskany. Bennington. Yorktown. Monmouth C. H. Quebec. Dan- 
bury. Savannah. Augusta. Norfolk. Norwalk. Pairfield. New Haven Elmira. 
Camden. Hanging Rock. Cowpens. Guilford C. H. Wilmington, Eutaw Springs. 

Locate Crown. Point. Port Ticonderoga. Port Edward. Port Griswold. Port 
Moulti-ie (Port Sullivan). Port Washington. West Point. Port Schuyler (Port 
Stanwix). Stony Point. Port Lee. Port Miflfhn. Port Mercer. 

Describe the Brandywine Creek. Mohawk River. Waxhaw Creek, Catawba 
River. Yadkin River. Dan River. Delaware River, 

Locate Valley Porge. Ninety Six. Dorchester Heights. Morristown. !5ing'8 
Mountain. Bemis' Heights. Wyoming. 



102 EPOCH HI. [1765. 

as " common nuisances ". Even William Pitt, the friend of 
America, declared that she had no right to manufacture even 
a nail for a horseshoe, except bj- permission of Parliament.* 

The Direct Cause was an attempt to tax the colonies in 
order to raise money to defray the expenses of the recent 
war. As the colonists were not represented in Parliament, 
they resisted this measure, declaring that taxation without 
REPRESENTATION IS TYRANNY. Tlio British government, how- 
ever, was obstinate, and began first to enforce the odious 
laws against trade. Smuggling had become very common, 
and the English officers were granted 

IFrifs of Assistance, as they were called, or warrants au- 
thorizing them to search for smuggled goods. Under this 
pretext, any petty custom-house official could enter a man's 
house or store at his pleasure. The colonists believed that 
" every man's house is his castle ", and resisted such search 
as a violation of their rights. f 

Tlie Stamp Act (1765), which ordered that stamps bought 
of the British government, should be put on all legal docu- 
ments, newspapers, pamphlets, etc., thoroughly aroused the 
colonists. J The houses of British officials were mobbed. 
Prominent loyalists were hung in effigy. Stamps were seized. 

♦ The exportation of hats from one colony to another was prohibited, and no 
hatter was allowed to have more than two apprentices at a time. Tlie importation 
of sugar, rum, and molasses was burdened with exorbitant duties ; and the Cai"<>- 
linians were forbidden to cut down the pine-trees of their vast forests, in order to 
convert the wood into staves, or the juice into turpentine and tar for commercial 
purposes. "To print an English Bible would have been an act of piracy." 

+ The matter was brought before a general court, held in Boston, where James 
Otis, advocate-general, coming out boldly on the side of the people, exclaimed, "To 
my djing day I will oppose, with all the powers and faculties Gk)d has given me, all 
such instruments of slaverj' on the one hand and \illainy on the other." " Then and 
thiTe ", Siiid John Adams, " the trumpet of the Revolution was sounded." 

% The assembly of Virginia was the first to make public opposition to this odious 
law. Patrick Henry, a brilliant young lawj-er, intn^xiuced a resolution denjing the 
right of Parliament to tax America. He boldly asserted that the king had played the 
tyrant ; and, alluding to the fate of other tyrants, exclaimed, "Cfesar had his Brutus, 
Charles I. his Cromwell, and Gh-orge m."— here pausing till the cry of " Treason I 



1766.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 108 

The agents were forced to resign. People agreed not to use 
any article of British manufacture.* Associations, called the 
" Sons of Liberty ",t were formed to resist the law. Delegates 
from, nine of the colonies met at New York and framed a 
Declaration of Rights, and a petition to the king and Parlia- 
ment. The 1st of November, appointed for the law to go 
into effect, was observed as a day of mourning. Bells were 
tolled, flags raised at half-mast, and business was suspended. J 
Samuel and John Adams, Patrick Henry, and James Otis, 
by their stirring and patriotic speeches, aroused the people 
over the whole land. 

Alarmed by these demonstrations, the English govern- 
ment repealed the Stamp Act (1766), but still declared its 
right to tax the colonies. Soon, new duties were laid upon 
tea, glass, paper, etc., and a Board of Trade was established 
at Boston to act independently of the colonial assemblies. 

Mutiny Act. — Anticipating bitter opposition, troops were 
sent to enforce the laws. The " Mutiny Act ", as it was called. 

Treason I " from several parts of the house had ended, he deliberately added—" may 
profit by their examples. If this be treason, make the most of it." — John Ashe, 
speaker of the North Carolina Assembly, declared to Governor Tryon, " This law 
will be resisted to blood and to death." 

* The newspapers of the day mention many wealthy people who conformed to this 
agreement. On one occasion, forty or fifty young ladies, who called themselves 
" Daughters of Liberty ", brought their spinning-wheels to the house of Rev. Mr. 
Morehead, in Boston, and during the day spun two hundred and thirty-two skeins 
of yarn, which they presented to their pastor. " Within eighteen months ", wrote a 
gentleman at Newport, R. I., " four hundred and eighty-seven yards of cloth and 
thirty-sis pairs of stockings have been spun and knit in the family of James Nixon, 
of this town." In Newport and Boston, the ladies, at their tea-drinkings, used, 
instead of imported tea, the dried leaves of the raspberry. The class of 1770, at 
Cambridge, took their diplomas in homespun suits. 

t This name was assumed from the celebrated speech of Barre on the Stamp Act, 
in which he spoke of the colonists as " Sons of Liberty ". (Bancroft's U. S., m., 100.) 

% At Portsmouth, N. H., a coffin inscribed "Liberty, aged CXLV years", was 
borne to an open grave. With mufBed drums and solemn tread, the procession moved 
from the State House. Minute guns were fired until the grave was reached, when a 
funeral oration was pronounced and the cofHn lowered. Suddenly it was proclaimed 
that there were signs of life. The coffin was raised, and the inscription " Liberty 
Revived " added. Bells rang, trumpets sounded, men shouted, and a jubilee ensued. 



104 EPOCH III. [1768. 

ordered that the colonies should provide these soldiers with 
quarters and necessary supplies. This evident attempt to 
enslave the Americans aroused burning indignation. To be 
taxed was bad enough, but to shelter and feed their oppress- 
ors was unendurable. The New York assembly, having re- 
fused to comply, was forbidden to pass any legislative acts. 
The Massachusetts assembly sent a circular to the other 
colonies urging a union for redress of grievances. Parlia- 
ment, in the name of the king, ordered the assembly to re- 
scind its action ; but it almost unanimously refused. In the 
meantime, the assemblies of nearly all the colonies had de- 
clared that Parliament had no right to tax them without 
their consent. Thereupon, they were warned not to imitate 
the disobedient conduct of Massachusetts. 

Boston Massacy-e. — Boston being considered the hot-bed 
of the rebellion. General Gage was ordered to send thither 
two regiments of troops. They entered on a quiet October 
morning, and marched as through a conquered city, with 
drums beating and flags flying. Quarters were refused, but 
the Sons of Liberty allowed a part to sleep in Faneuil Hall, 
while the rest encamped on the Common. Cannon were 
planted, sentries posted, and citizens challenged. Frequent 
quarrels took place between the people and the soldiers. 
One day (March 5, 17 70),^ a crowd of men and boys, mad- 
dened by its presence, insulted the city guard. A fight en- 
sued, in which three citizens were killed and eight wounded. 
The bells were rung ; the country people rushed in to help 
the city ; and it was with difficulty that quiet was restored.* 

Boston Tea Party (Dec. 16, 1773). — The government, 
alarmed by the' turn events had taken, rescinded the taxes, 

♦ The soldiers were tried for murder. John Adanis and Josiah Quincy, who stoml 
foremost in opposition to British aggression, defended them. All were acquitted 
except two, who were fouad guilty of manslaughter. 



1773.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 105 

except that on tea — which was left to maintain the principle. 
An arrangement was made whereby tea was furnished at so 
low a price, that, with the tax included, it was cheaper in 
America than in England. This subterfuge exasperated 
the patriots. They were fighting for a great principle, not 
against a paltry tax. At Charleston, the tea was stored 
in damp cellars, where it soon spoiled. The tea-ships at 
New York and Philadelphia were sent home. The British 
authorities refused to let the tea-ships at Boston return. 
Upon this, an immense public meeting was called at Fan- 
euil (fanli) Hall,* and it was decided that the tea should 
never be brought ashore. A party of men, disguised as 
Indians, boarded the vessels and emptied three hundred 
and forty-two chests of tea into the water. f 

The Climax i^eacT^e^.— Retaliatory measures were at once 
adopted by the English government.^ General Gage was 
appointed governor of Massachusetts. The port of Boston 
being closed § by act of Parliament, business was stopped 
and distress ensued. The Virginia assembly protested 
against this measure, and was dissolved by the governor. 

* Faneuil Hall, the " Cradle of Liberty," was too small to hold the crowds, and 
the meeting adjourned to Old South Meeting House. 

t On their way home from the " Boston Tea Party ", the men passed a house at 
which Admiral Montague was spending the evening. The officer raised the window 
and cried out, "Well, boys, you've had a fine night for your Indian caper. But, 
mind, you've got to pay the fiddler yet." " O, never mind ", replied one of the 
leaders, " never mind, squire 1 Just come out here, if you please, and we'll settle 
the bill in two minutes." The admiral thought it best to let the bill stand, and 
quickly shut the window. 

I The public feeling in England was generally against the colonies. "Every 
man", wrote Dr. Franklin, "seems to consider himself as a piece of a sovereign 
over America ; seems to jostle himself into the throne with the king, and talks 
of our subjects in the colonies." 

§ Marblehead and Salem, refusing to profit by the niin of their rival, offered the use 
of their wharves to the Boston merchants. Aid and sympathy were received from all 
sides. Schoharie, N. Y., sent 525 bushels of wheat. The people of Georgia donated 63 
barrels of rice and $720 in money.— Paul Revere rode on horseback to New York 
an/i Philadelphia, scattei'ing copies of the port-bill printed on mourning paper. 



106 EPOCH HI. [1774 

Party lines were drawn. Those opposed to royalty were 
termed Whigs, and those supporting it, Tories. Every-where 
were repeated the thrilling words of Patrick Henry, " Give 
me liberty or give me death." Companies of soldiers, termed 
"Minute men", were formed. The idea of a continental 
union became popular. Gage, being alarmed, fortified Boston 
Neck, and seized powder wherever he could find it. A rumor 
having been circulated that the British ships were firing on 
Boston, in two days thirty thousand minute men were on 
their way to the city. A spark only was needed to kindle 
the slumbering hatred into the flames of war. 

The First Continental Congress (Sept. 5, 1774) was held 
in Philadelpliia. It consisted of men of influence, and rep- 
resented every colony except Georgia. As yet, few members 
had any idea of independence. The Congress simply voted 
that obedience was not due to any of the recent acts of 
Parliament, and sustained oVIassachusetts in her resistance. 
It issued a protest against standing armies being kept in the 
colonies without the consent of the people, and agreed -to 
hold no intercourse with Great Britain. 



1775. 

Battle of Lexington (April 19). — General Gage, learning 
that the people were gathering military stores at Concord, 
sent about eight hundred men, under Colonel Smith and 
Major Pitcairn, to destroy them. The patriots of Boston, how- 
ever, were on the alert, and hurried out messengers to alarm 
the country.* When the redcoats, as the British soldiers 
were called, reached Lexington, they found a company of 

• Paul Revere caused two lights to be hung up In the steeple of Christ Church. 
They were seen in Charlestown ; messengers set out, and he soon followed on his 
famous midnight ride CRead Longfellow's poem.) 



1775.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 



107 



minute men gathering on the village green. Riding up, 
Pitcairn shouted, "Disperse, you rebels; lay down your 
arms I" They hesitated. A skirmish ensued, in which 




THE BRITISH RETREATING FROM LEXINGTON. 



seven Americans — the first martyrs of the Revolution — 
were killed. 

The British pushed on and destroyed the stores. But 
alarmed by the gathering militia, they hastily retreated. It 
was none too soon. The whole region flew to arms. Every 
boy old enough to use a rifle hurried to avenge the death of 
his countrymen. From behind trees, fences, buildings, and 
rocks, in front, flank, and rear, so galling a fire was poured, 
that but for reinforcements from Boston, none of the British 
would have reached the city alive. As it was, they lost 
nearly three hundred men. 



108 EPOCH III. [1775, 

Effects of the Battle. — The news that American blood had 
been spilled flew like wild-fire. Patriots came pouring in 
from all sides. Putnam,* without changing his working 
clothes, mounted his horse, and, keeping the saddle for 
eighteen hours, rode to Boston, over 100 miles distant. Soon, 
20,000 men were at work building intrenchments to shut up 
the British in the city. Congresses were formed in all the col- 
onies. Committees of safety were appointed to call out the 
troops and provide for any emergency. The power of the 
royal governors was broken from Massachusetts to Georgia. 

Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17).— The patriot leader, 
General Ward, having learned that the British intended to 
fortify Bunker Hill, determined to anticipate them. A body 
of men, under Colonel Prescott,was accordingly assembled 
at Cambridge, and, after prayer by the president of Harvard 
College, marched to Charlestown Neck. Breed's Hill was 
then chosen as a more commanding site than Bunker Hill. 
It was bright moonlight, and they were so near Boston that 
the sentinel's "All's well", was distinctly heard. Yet so 
quietly did they work that there was no alarm. At daylight, 
the British officers were startled by seeing tlie redoubt which 
had been constructed. Resolved to drive the Americans f ron« 



* Israel Putnam, familiarly known as " Old Put ", was bom in Salem, Mass., 171'J. 
Many stories are told of his great courage and presence of mind. His descent into 
the wolf's den, shooting the animal by the light of her own glaring eyes, showed his 
love of bold adventure ; his noble generosity wtis displayed in the rescue of a comrade 
Bcout at Crown Point, at the imminent peril of his owm life. He came out of one 
encounter with fourteen bullet-holes in his blanket. At Fort Edward, when all others 
fled, he alone fought back the fire from a magazine in which were stored three hun- 
dred barrels of gunpowder, protected by only a thin pirtition. " His face, his hands, 
and almost his whole body, wore blistered ; and in removing the mittens from hia 
hands, the skin was torn oflf with them." In 1758, a party of Indians took him pris- 
oner, bound him to a stake, and made ready to torture him with flre. The flames 
were already scorching his limbs, and death seemed certain, when a French officer 
burst through the crowd and saved his life. The British offered him money and 
the rank of major-general if he would desert the American cause ; but he could 
neither be daiuited by toil and danger, nor bribed by gold and honors. 



1775.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



109 



their position, Howe crossed the river with three thousand 
men, and formed them at the landing. The roofs and steeples 
of Boston were crowded with spectators, intently watching 




THE PRAYER BEFORE THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL, 

the troops as they slowly ascended the hill. The patriot ranks 
lay quietly behind their earth-works until the redcoats were 
within ten rods, when Prescott shouted "Fire ! " Ablaze of 
light shot from the redoubt, and whole platoons of the British 
fell. The survivors, unable to endure the terrible slaughter, 
broke and fled. They were rallied under cover of the smoke 
of Charlestown, which had been wantonly fired by Gage. 
Again they were met by that deadly discharge, and again 
they fled. Reinforcements being received, the third time 
they advanced. Only one volley smote them, and then the 
firing ceased. The American ammunition was exhausted. 
The British charged over the ramparts with fixed bayonets. 



no 



EPOCH III. 



[1775. 



The patriots gallantly resisted with clubbed muskets, but 
were soon driven from the field.* 

TJie effect upon the Americans of this first regular battle 
was that of a victory. Their untrained farmer soldiers had 
put to flight the British veterans. All felt encouraged, and 
the determination to fight for liberty was intensified. 

Capture of Ticonderoga (May 10). — Ethan Allen f and 
Benedict Arnold k'd a small company of volunteers to sur- 
prise this fortress. As Allen rushed into the sally-port, a sent i- 
nel snapped his gun at hira and fled. Making his way to the 
commander's quartere, Allen, in a voice of thunder, ordered 
him to surrender. "By whose authority?" exclaimed the 
frightened officer. '* In the name of the Great Jehovah and 
the Continental Congress ! " shouted Allen. No resistance 

was attempted. 



* General Warren 
■was among the last to 
leave. As ho wtis try- 
ing to rally the troops, 
a British officer, , who 
knew him, seized a 
nuisket and shot him. 
WaiTen had just i-e- 
I'L-ived his appointment 
as major-general, but 
had crossed Charlos- 
town Neek in the 
midst of flying balls, 
reaehed the redoubt, 
and offered himself as 
a volunteer. lie was 
buried near the spot 
where he died. By his 
death, Ameriea lost one 
of her truest sons. Gage 
8;iid that his fall was 
worth that of tivo hun- 
dred oi'dinary rebels. 
t Ethan Allen was a 
native of Connecticut. With several of his brothers, he emigrated to what is 
now known iw Vermont. A violent controversy had ai'iseu between the colony 




CAi'lLltb. Of to it I' XICOMUiiiiuaA. 



1775.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. Ill 

Large stores of cannon and ammunition, just then so 
much needed, by the troops at Boston, fell into the hands 
of the Americans, without the loss of a man. Crown Point 
was soon after as easily taken. (Map opp. p. 1 2 0.) 

The Second Continental Congress (May 10) met at 
Philadelphia in the midst of these stirring events. It 
voted to raise 20,000 men, and appointed General Wash- 
ington Commander-in-Chief. A petition to King George 
III, was prepared, which he refused to receive. This 
destroyed all hope of reconciliation. 

Condition of the Army. — On Washington's arrival before 
Boston, the army numbered but 14,000 men.* Few of them 
were drilled ; many were unfit for service ; some had left 
their farm.s at the first impulse, and were already weary of 
the hardships of war; all were badly clothed and poorly 
armed, and there were less than nine cartridges to each 

of New York, on the one hand, and the colonies of New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, and Connecticut, on the other, with reference to the territory. The gov- 
ernor of New Hampshire, regardless of the claims of New York, issued grants of land 
so extensively that the region became known as the New Hampshire Grants. New York 
having obtained a favorable decision of the courts, endeavored to eject the occupants 
of the land. Ethan Allen became conspicuous in the resistance that ensued. The 
"Green Mountain Boys " made him their colonel, and he kept a watchful eye on the 
officers from New York, who sought by form of law to dispossess the settlers of farms 
which had been bought and made valuable by their own labor. The Revolutionary 
War caused a lull in these hostilities, and the Green Mountain Boys turned their 
arms upon the common enemy. Allen subsequently aided Montgomery In his 
Canadian expedition, but, in a fool-hardy attempt upon Montreal, was taken pris- 
oner and sent to England. After a long captivity he was released, and returned home. 
Generous and frank, a vigorous writer, loyal to his country and true to his friends, 
he exerted a powerful influence on the early history of Vermont. 

* At Cambridge (July 3), beneath the spreading elm, ever since famous in 
song and story, Washington assumed command. He was a tall, finely-formed, 
dignified man, with a noble air, and dressed, according to the fasliion of the time, 
in a blue broadcloth coat, buff small clothes, silk stockings, and a cocked hat. As 
he wheeled his horse and drew his sword, a shout of joy went up from the crowd. 
Mrs. Adams wrote—" Tliese lines of Dryden instantly reciirred to me : 

' Mark liis majestic fabric ! His a temple 
Sacred by birth, and built by hands divine; 
His soul's the Deity that lodges there : 
Nor is the pile unworthy of the God'." 



112 EPOCH III. [1775. 

soldier. Washington made every exertion to relieve their 
wants, and, meanwhile, kept Gage penned up in Boston. 

Expedition against Canada. — Late in the summer, 
General Montgomery, leading an army by way of Lake 
Champlain, captured St. John's and Montreal, and then 
appeared before Quebec. Here he was joined by Colonel 
Arnold with a crowd of half -famished men, who had ascended 
the Kennebec and then struck across the wilderness. 

Attach upon Quebec. — Their united force was less than 
one thousand effective men. Having besieged the city for 
three weeks, it was decided to hazard an assault. In the 
midst of a terrible snow-storm, they led their forces to the 
attack. Montgomery advancing along the river, lifting at 
the huge blocks of ice, and struggling through the drifts, 
cheered on his men. As they rushed forward, a rude block- 
house appeared through the blinding snow. Cliarging upon 
it, Montgomery fell at the first fire, and his followers, dis- 
heartened, fled. Arnold, meanwhile, approached the oppo- 
site side of the city. While bravely fighting, he was severely 
wounded and borne to the rear. Morgan, his successor, 
pressed on the attack, but, unable either to retreat or ad- 
vance against the tremendous odds, was forced to surrender. 
The remnant of the army, crouching behind mounds of 
snow and ice, blockaded the city until spring. At the ap- 
proach of British reinforcements, the Americans were glad 
to escape, leaving f Canada in the hands of England. 

1776. 

Evacuation of Boston (March 1 7). — Washington, in order 
lO compel th(^ British to fight or run, sent a force to fortify 
Dorchester Heights by night. In the morning, the English 
were once more astonished by seeing intrenchments which 



1776.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 113 

overlooked the city. A storm prevented an immediate 
attack — a delay which was well improved by the provin- 
cials. General Howe, who was then in command, remem- 
bering the lesson of Bunker Hill, decided to leave, and 
accordingly set sail for Halifax with his army, fleet, and 
many loyalists. The next day, Washington entered Bos- 
ton amid great rejoicing. For eleven months, the inhabit- 
ants had endured the horrors of a siege and the insolence 
of the enemy.* Their houses had been pillaged, their 
shops rifled, and their churches profaned. 

Attack on Fort Moultrie (June 28). — ^Early in the sum- 
mer, an English fleet appeared off Charleston, and opened 
fire on Fort Moultrie. f So fearful was the response from 
Moultrie's guns, that, at one time, every man but Admiral 
Parker was swept from the deck of his vessel. General 
Clinton, who commanded the British land troops, tried to 
attack the fort in rear, but the fire of the riflemen was too 
severe. The fleet was so shattered that it sailed for New 
York. This victory delighted the colonists, as it was their 
first encounter with the boasted " Mistress of the Seas ". 

* The boys in Boston were "wont to amuse themselves in winter by building snow- 
liouses and by skating on a pond in the Common. The soldiers having disturbed 
them in their sports, complaints were made to the officers, who only ridiculed their 
petition. At last, a number of the largest boys waited on General Gage. "What 1 " 
said Gage, " have your fathers sent you here to exhibit the rebellion they have been 
teaching you ? " " Kobody sent us ", answered the leader, with flashing eye ; " we have 
never injured your troops, but they have trampled down our snow-hUls and broken 
the ice of our skating-pond. We complained, and they called us young rebels, and 
told us to help ourselves if we could. We told the captain, and he laughed at us. 
Yesterday our works were destroyed for the third time, and we will bear it no 
longer." The British commander could not restrain his admiration. "The very 
children ", said he, "draw in a love of liberty with the air they breathe. Go, my 
brave boys, and be assured, if my troops trouble you again, they shall be punished." 

t Fort Sullivan, as it was first called, was christened Fort Moultrie, after its gal- 
lant defender. It was built of palmetto logs, which are so siwngy that balls sink into 
them without splitting the wood. Here floated the first republican fiag in the South. 
Early in the action, the staff was struck by a ball, and the flag fell outside the fort. 
Sergeant Jasper leaped over the breastwork, caught up the flag, tied it to a sponge- 
Staff (an instrument for cleaning cannon^, ^nd hoisted it to its place. The next day, 



114 EPOCH III. [1776. 

Declaration of Independence (July 4). — During the 
session of Congress this summer, Richard Henry Lee, of 
Virginia, moved that " The United Colonies are, and ought 
to be, free and independent States "; John Adams, of Massa- 
chusetts, seconded the resolution. This was passed (July 
2). The report of the committee* appointed to draw up a 
Declaration of Independence, was adopted, July 4.t 

Campaign near New York. — General Howe, after evacu- 
ating Boston, went to Halifax, but soon set sail for New 
York. Thither, also, came Admiral Howe,t his brother, with 
reinforcements from England, and General Clinton from 
the defeat at Fort Moultrie. The British army was thirty 
thousand strong. Washington, divining Howe's plans, now 
gathered his forces at New York to protect that city. He 
had, however, only about seven thousand men fit for duty. 

Battle of Long Island (Aug. 2 7). — The British army 
landed on the south-west shore of Long Island. General 

Governor Butledge offered him a lieutenant's commission. He refused, saying, " I 
am not fit for the company of officers ; I am only a sergeant." 

* Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Hoger Sherman, and 
Robert B.. Livingston composed this committee. (See pp. 336-339.) 

t During the day, the streets of Philadelphia were crowded with people anxious to 
learn the decision. In the steeple of the old State House, was a bell on which, by a 
happy coincidence, was inscribed, " Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all 
the inhabitants thereof." In the morning, when Congress assembled, the bell-ringer 
went to his post, having placed his boy below to announce when the Declaration was 
adopted, that his bell might be the first to peal forth the glad tidings. Long he 
waited, while the deliberations went on. Impatiently the old man shook his head 
and repeated, " They \vill never do it I They will never do it 1 " Suddenly he heard 
his boy clapping his hands and shouting, "Ring I Ringl" Grixsping the iron 
tongue, he swung it to and fro, proclaiming the glad news of liberty to all the land. 
The crowded streets caught up the sound. Every steeple re-echoed it. All that night, 
by shouts, and illuminations, and booming of cannon, the people declared their joy. 

X Parliament authorized the Howes to treat with the insurgents. By proclamation 
they offered pardon to all who would return to their allegiance. This document was 
published by direction of Congress, that the people might see what England de- 
manded.— An officer was sent to the American camp ^vith a letter addressed to 
"GJeorge Washington, Esq." Washington refused to receive it. Tlie address was 
then changed to " George Washington, &c." But Washington declined all commu- 
nications which did not recognize his position as commander of the American army. 



me.] THE KEVOLUTlONARr WAR. US 

Putnam, with about eight thousand men, held a fort at 
Brooklyn and defenses on a range of hills south of the city. 
The English advanced in three divisions. Two of these 
attacked the defenses in front, while General Clinton, by a 
circuitous route, gained the rear. The patriots were fxght^ 
ing gallantly, when, to their dismay, they heard firing be- 
hind them. They attempted to escape, but it was too late. 
Out of about four thousand Americans engaged, one thou- 
sand were lost.* (Map opposite p. 120.) 

Had Howe attacked the fort at Brooklyn immediately, 
the Americans would have been destroyed. Fortunately, he 
delayed for the fleet to arrive. For two days, the patriots lay 
helpless, awaiting the assault. On the second night after 
the battle, there was a dense fog on the Brooklyn side, while 
in New York the weather was clear. At midnight, the 
Americans moved silently down to the shore and crossed 
the river.f In the morning, when the sun scattered the fog, 
Howe was chagrined to find his prey escaped. 

Washington's Itetreat. — The British, crossing to New 

York t moved to attack Washington, who had taken post on 
'■*■ • 

* Many of the captives were consigned to the Sugar House on Liberty Street, and 
the prison-ships in Wallabout Bay. Their hard lot made the fate of those who per- 
ished in battle to be envied. Dui-ing the course of the war, over 11,000 American 
prisoners died in these loathsome hulks. Their bodies were buried in the beach, 
whence, for yeara after, they were washed out from the sand by every tide. In 1808, 
the remains of these martyrs were interred with suitable ceremonies near the Navy 
Yard, BrooMyn ; and, in 1873, they were finally placed in a vault at Washington Park. 

+ The Americans embarked at a place near the present Eulton Perry. A woman 
sent her negro servant to the British to inform them of the movements of the Ameri- 
cans. He was captured by the Hessians, who were Germans from Hesse Cassel, hired 
to fight by the British government. These, not being able to understand a word of 
English, detained him until the morning. His message was then too late. 

X Washington desiring to gain some knowledge of Howe's movements, sent Cap- 
tain Nathan Hale to visit the English camps on Eong Island. He passed the Unea 
safely, but on his way back was recognized and arrested by a tory relative. Being 
taken to Howe's head-quarters, he was tried, and executed as a spy. No clergyman 
was allowed to visit him ; even a Bible was denied him, and his farewell letters to 
his mother and sister were destroyed. His last words were, "I regret only that I 
have but one life to give to my country." 



116 EPOCH III. [1776. 

Harlem Heights. Finding the American position too strong, 
Howe moved up the Sound in order to gain the rear. Wash- 
ington then withdrew to White Plains. Here Howe came 
up and defeated a part of his army. Washington next 
retired into a fortified camp at North Castle. Howe, not 
daring to attack him, returned to New York and sent the 
Hessians to take Fort Washington, which they captured 
after a fierce resistance (Nov. 16). 

Fliglit through Jfew Jersey. — Washington had now re- 
tired into New Jersey in order to prevent the British from 
marching against Philadelphia. CornwaUis, with six thou- 
sand men, hurried after him, and for three weeks pursued 
the flying Aiuericans. Many of the patriots had no shoes, 
and left their blood-stained foot-prints on the frozen ground. 
Oftentimes, the van of the pursuing army was in sight of 
the American rear-guard. At last, Washington reached the 
Delaware, and, all the boats having been secured, crossed 
into Pennsylvania.* Howe resolved to wait until the river 
should freeze over, and then capture Philadelphia, mean- 
while quartering his troops in the neighboring villages. 

Condition of the Country. — It was a time of deep 
despondency. The patriot army was a mere handful of 
ragged, disheartened fugitives. Many people of wealth 
and influence went over to the enemy. New York and 
Newport — the second city in size in New England — were 
already in the hands of the British, who were likely soon to 
seize Philadelphia. 

Battle of Trenton. — Washington thought it time to 

* During this retreat, Washington repeatedly sent orders to General Loo, who was 
then at North Castle, to join him. Lee hesitated, and at last moved very slowly. 
Five days after this, while quartered in a small tavern at Baskingridgc, remote from 
his troops, he was taken prisoner by the English cavalry. His capture was con- 
sidered .1 great misfortune by the Americans, who thought him the best officer 
in the army. The British were rejoiced, and declared they had taken the " Amer- 
ican Palladium ". 



1776.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



117 



strike a daring blow„ On Christinas night, in a driving 
storm of sleet, amid drifting ice, that threatened every 
moment to crush the boats, he crossed the Delaware 
with twenty-four hundred picked men, fell upon the 




arUREXDEU OF RALL AT TRENTON. 

Hessians at Trenton, in the midst of their festivities,* 
captured one thousand prisoners, slew their leader,f and 

* Hunt, a trader with friends and foes, a neutral, had invited Rail, the Hessian 
commander, to a Christmas supper. Card-playing and wine-drinking were kept up 
all night long. A messenger came in haste, at early dawn, with a note to the colonel. 
It was sent by a tory to give warning of the approach of the American forces. The 
negro servant refused admittance to the bearer. Knowing its importance, he bade 
the negro to take the note directly to the officer. The servant obeyed, but the 
colonel, excited by wine and the play, thrust it unopened into his pocket. Soon after 
dayUght, the roll of drums was heard, and before the pleasure-loving officer could 
reach his quarters the Americans were in pursuit of his fleeing soldiers. 

t Before leaving Trenton, Washington and Greene visited the dying Hessian. It 
had been a time of splendid triumph to the American commander, but as he stood by 
the bedside, the soldier was lost in the Christian, and the victorious general showed 
himself m that hour only a sympathizing friend. 



118 EPOCHIII. [1777. 

safely escaped back to camp, with the loss of only four 
men — two killed and two frozen to death. (Map opposite 
p. 120.) 

The effect of this brilliant feat was electrical. The fires 
of patriotism were kindled afresh. New recruits were re- 
ceived, and the troops whose term of enlistment was expir- 
ing, agreed to remain. Howe was alarmed, and ordered 
Cornwallis, who was just setting sail for England, to return 
and prepare for a winter's campaign. 



1777. 

Battle of Princeton (Jan. 3). — Wasliington soon crossed 
the Delaware again, and took post at Trenton. Just before 
sunset, Cornwallis came up. His first onset being repulsed, 
he decided to wait till moj-ning. Washington's situation 
was now most critical. Before him was a powerfid army ; 
behind him, a river full of floating ice. That night,* leaving 
his camp-fires burning to deceive the enemy, he swept by 
country roads around the British, fell upon the troops near 
Princeton, routed them, took over two hundred prisoners, 
and by rapid marches reached Morristown Heights in safety. 
Cornwallis hoard the firing and hiu'ried to the rescue, but 
he was too late. The victory was gained, and the victoi-s 
were beyond pureuit. 

♦ Washington had forty cannon. At night-fall, the pronnd wbs so soft that he 
could not move them ; but, while the ooxincil wsis in session, the wind changed, and 
in two hours the roads were as hard as pavement. Erskine urged Cornwallis to 
attack the Americans that night, but he said he could " catch the fox in the morn- 
ing". On the morrow, the tires were still burning, but the array was gone. None 
knew whither the ivitriots had fled. But at sunrise ther»> was a sound of firing in the 
diiivtion of Princeton. The repK^rt of the cannon through the keen frosty air couid 
be distinctly heard, but Cornwallis believed it to be distant thunder. Erskine, how- 
ever, exclaimed, "To arms, general 1 Washington has outgeneraled us. Let us fly 
to the rescue at Princetou I " 



1777.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



119 



These exploits won for Washington universal praise,* 
and he was declared to be the saver of his country. 

Campaign in Pennsylvania. — Howe, having spent the 
next summer at New York, where he was closely watched by 
Washington, finally took the field, and maneuvered to force 
the patriot army to a general 
fight. Finding the "American 
Fabius" too wary for him, he 
suddenly embarked eighteen 
thousand men on his brother's 
fleet, and set sail. Washington 
hurried south to meet him. The 
patriot army numbered only 
11,000, but when Washington 
learned that the British had 
arrived in the Chesapeake, he 
resolved to hazard a battle for 
the defense of Philadelphia. 

Battle of Brandy I vine (Sept. 11). — ^The Americans took 
position at Chad's Ford, on the Brandywine. Here they 
were attacked in front, Avhile Cornwallis stole around to the 
rear, as Clinton had done in the battle of Long Island. Sul- 
livan, Stirling, La Fayctto,t Wayne, and Count Pulaski, in 




MAEQUIS DE LA FAYETTE. 



* Frederick the G-roat of Prussia is said to have declared that the achievements 
of Washington and liis little band, during the six weeks following Christmas, were 
the most brilliant recorded on the pages of military history. 

t La Fayette's full name was Marie Jean Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motier Marquis 
de La Fayette. At a banquet in honor of the brother of the English king in 1775 he 
heard of the uprising in New England. He was won by its arguments, and from that 
time joined his hopes and sympathies to the American cause. Yet, how was he to aid 
it? The French nobility, though disliking England, did not indorse the action of her 
colonies. He was not yet twenty years of age ; he had just maiTied a woman whom 
he tenderly loved ; his prospects at home for honor and happiness were bright ; to 
join the patriot army would take him from his native land, his wife, and all his cov- 
eted ambitions, and lead him into a struggle that seeme<l as hopeless as its cause was 
just. Yet his zeal for America overcame all these obstacles. Other difficulties now 
arose. His family objected ; the British minister protested ; the French king with- 



120 EPOCH III, [1777. 

vain performed prodigies of valor. The patriots were 
routed, Philadelphia was taken, and the British army went 
into quarters there and at Germantown.* 

Battle of Gemiantou'ii (Oct. 4). — Washington would not 
let the enemies of his country rest in peace. A few weeks 
after they had settled down for the winter, he made a night 
march, and at sunrise fell upon their troops at Germantown. 
At first, the attack was successful, but a few companies of 
British desperately defending a stone house caused delay. 
The co-operation of the different divisions was prevented by 
a dense fog, which also hid the confusion of the enemy, so 
that the Americans retreated just at the moment of victory. 

Conclusion of the Campaign in Pennsyli'ania. — After 
these battles, Howe turned his attention to the forts on the 
Delaware, which prevented his bringing supplies iip to 
Philadelphia. The gallant defenders were soon forced by a 
severe bombardment to evacuate. Washington now retired 
to Valley Forge for winter quarters. 

Campaign at the North. — While the British had been 
thus successful in Pennsylvania, their victories were more 
than counterbalanced by defeats at the North. An attempt 
to cut off New England from New York by an expedition 
along the old traveled French and Indian war route up Lake 
Champlain, ended in disaster, f 

held his permission. Still undaunted, he purchased a vessel, fitted it out at his own 
expanse, and, escaping the officers sent to detain him, crossed the ocean. As soon aa 
he reached Charleston, he hastened to Philadelphia, and ofifering himself to Congress 
asked permission to serve as a volunteer without pay. A few days after, his acquaint- 
ance with Washington began, and it soon ripened into a tender and intimate friend- 
ship. ITis valor won for him a commission as major-general before he was twenty-one. 

♦ The British army was sadly demoralized by the festiWties of their winter quar- 
ters. Franklin wittily Siiid, " Howe has not taken Philadelphia so much as Philadel- 
phia has taken Howe." 

t Besides the capture of Burgoyne's army (p. 125), several minor events occurred 
during the year, which served to encourage the people.— (1.) Howe sent G^ene^al Tryon 
with two thousand men to destroy the American stores at Danbury, Conn. Having 
accomplished his work, and set flre to the town, he began his retreat, plundering the 




' Say a 



CAMPAIGNS IN THE NORTH . 
THE 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



ScaUi. 



10 
American 



20 



30 
Britisk ■ 



J Miles 







Jamaica 
X natlandaj==^>-' Bay 

. . •Graveaendl// 

landlnaJSiS-'-' BATTLE 
00 OF 

'Cune,/!. l,ONG ISLAND 



1777.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 121 

Burgoyne's Invasion. — In June, Burgoyne marched south 
from Canada with an army of over eight thousand British 
and Indians. Forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Edward, 
and the supphes at Whitehall, successively fell into his 
hands. General Schuyler, having but a small force, could 
only obstruct his path through the wilderness, by felling trees 
across the road and breaking down bridges. The loss of so 
many strongholds caused general alarm. Lincoln — with the 
Massachusetts troops, Arnold — noted for his headlong valor, 
and Morgan — with his famous riflemen, were sent to check 
Burgoyne's advance. Militiamen gathered from the neighbor- 
ing States,* and an army was rapidly collected and drilled. 
So much dissatisfaction, however, arose with Schuyler that 

people and devastating the country on his way. But the militiamen under Wooster, 
Arnold, and Silliman, handled his forces so roughly that they were glad to reach their 
boats. General Wooster, who was mortally wounded in the pursuit, was nearly 
seventy years of age, but fought with the vigor of youth. Two horses were shot 
under Arnold, and he received the fire of a whole platoon at a d istance of thirty yards, 
yet escaped uninjured.— (2.) Colonel Meigs avenged the burning of Danbury. With 
about two hundred men he crossed in whale-boats to Long Island, destroyed a great 
quantity of stores, including twelve ships at Sag Harbor, took ninety prisoners, and 
escaped without losing a man.— (3.) The Americans were anxious to offset the 
capture of General Lee. General Prescott, who then held command in Rhode Island, 
finding himself surrounded by ships and a superior British force, became very negli- 
gent. Accordingly, Colonel Barton formed a plan to capture him. Dexterously 
avoiding the enemy's vessels, he rowed ten miles in whale-boats and with about forty 
militia landed near Prescott 's quarters. Seizing the astonished sentinel who guarded 
his door, they hurried off the half-dressed general. A soldier escaping from the 
house gave the alarm, but the laughing guard assured him he had seen a ghost. 
They soon, however, found it to be no jesting matter, and vainly pursued the exult- 
ant Barton. This capture was very annoying to Prescott, as he had just offered a 
price for Arnold's head, and his tyrannical conduct had made him obnoxious to the 
people. General Howe readily parted with Lee in exchange for Prescott. 

* The outrages of the Indians along the route led many to join the army. None of 
their bloody acts caused more general execration than the murder of Jane McCrea. 
This young lady was the betrothed of a Captain Jones, of the British army. She lived 
near Fort Edward, in the familyof her brother, who, being a whig, started for Albany 
on Burgoyne's approach. But she, hoping to meet her lover, lingered .\t the hovise of 
a Mrs, McNeil, a stanch loyalist, and a cousin of the British general, iYaser. Early 
one morning, the house was surprised by Indians, who dragged out the inmates and 
hurried them away toward Burgoyne's camp. Mrs. McNeil arrived there in safety. 
Soon, another party came in with fresh scalps, among which she recognized the long 



122 EPOCH III. [1777. 

he was superseded by Gates just as he was ready to reap the 
result of his well-laid schemes. "With noble-minded patriot- 
ism, he made known to Gates all his plans and generously 
assisted liim in their execution. The army was now stationed 
at Bemis' Heights, where fortitications were thrown up 
under the direction of Kosciusko* (kds si Cis' ko}. 

Buro'oijTw's DifficuJfics. — In the meantime, before Gates 
took command, two events occurred which materially de- 
ranged the plans of Burgoyne. 

1. St. Leger had been sent to take Fort Schuyler,t thence 
to ravage the Mohawk Valley and join Burgo>nie's army at 
Albany. General Arnold being dispatched to relieve that 
fort, accomplished it by stratagem. A half-witted tory boy 
who had been taken prisoner, was promised his freedom, if 
he would spread the report among St. Leger's troops that a 
large body of Americans was close at hand. The boy, having 
cut holes in his clothes, ran breathless into the camp of the 
besiegei"s, showing the bullet-holes and describing his narrow 
escape from the enemy. AMien asked their number, he mys- 
teriously pointed upward to the leaves on the trees. The 
Indians and British were so frightened that they fled pre- 
cipitately, leaving their tents and artillery behind them. 

glo^y hair of her friend. The savages declared t3\at she had been killed by a chance 
shot from a piirs\iins jxirty ; whei-eupon they had scalped her to secure the bountj-. 
The pi"e«.ise truth has never lictni knowni. Captjiin Jones secvired the Siui memento 
of his iH-nvthetl, and resi^ineii. The government refusing his i-osignation, he de- 
sertetl, and for over flt"ty yejvrs live*.! remote from society, a heart-brviken man. 

• This general wsis a Pole of noble birth. While in France he formed the acquaint- 
ance of Fnuiklin, who recommendeti him to Washington. He came to America and 
offered himself " to t\ght as a volunteer for American independence ". " ^Vhat can 
you do? " asked the commander. " Tr>- me ", was Kosciusko's laconic reply. Wash- 
ington was greatly pleaseii with him, and made him his aid. He became a colonel in 
the erurinecr corjis, and superintended the construction of the works at West Point, 
After the w;\r he returned home and leii the Poles in their struggles for independ- 
ence. At Cra«.\iw,is a mound of earth, 150 feet high, raised in his raemorj*. It is 
compoeeil of s<iil brought from the bjittle-tlelds on which the Poles fought for 
liberty. In the new world, his ntune is i^erjieruate*.! by a monument at West Point, 

t Foft Stauwix, on the site of Rome, X. Y., in 17T0 was named after G«u. Schuyler. 



1777.] 



THE KK VOLUTION ARY WAR. 



123 



2. Burgoyue sent a detachment under Colonel Baum 
to seize the supplies the Americans had collected at Ben- 
nington, Vt. General Stark with the militia met him 
there. As Stark saw the British lines forming for the 
attack, he exclaimed. ''There are the redcoats; we mus^ 



%» - 




ARNOLD AT sai;ati">i;a.. 



beat them to-day, or Betty Stark is a widow." His pa- 
triotism and bravery so inspired his raw troops that 
they defeated the British regulars and took over six 
hundred prisoners.* 

Tlic Two Battles of Saratoga (Sept. 19 and Oct. 7).— Dis- 
appointed in Ills expectation of supplies and reinforcements 
from both these directions, Burgoyne now moved south- 



* One old man had five sons in the patriot army at Bennington. A neighbor, just 
from the field, told him that one had been unfortunate. " Has he proved a coward or 
a traitor? " asked the father. " Worse than that," was the answer : " he has fallen, 
but while bravely fighting." " Ah," said the father, " then I am satisfied." 



I'i-l EPOCH III. [1777. 

ward and attacked Gates' army at Bemis' Heights near Sara- 
toga. The armies surged to and fro through the day, like 
the ebbing and flowing of the tide. The strife did not cease 
until darkness closed over the battle-field. For two weeks 
afterward, both armies lay in camp fortifying their positions, 
and each watching for an opportunity to take the other at a 
disadvantage.* Burgoyne, finding that his provisions were 
low and that he must either fight or fly, again moved out to 
attack the Americans. Arnold, who had been unjustly de- 
prived of his command since the last battle, maddened by 
the sight of the conflict, rushed into the thickest of the fight, f 
Gates, fearing that he miglit win fresh laurels, ordered Major 
Armstrong to recall him, but he was already out of reach. 
He had no authority to fight, much less to direct ; but, dash- 
ing to the head of his old command, where he was received 
with cheers; he ordered a charge on the British line. Urging 
on the fight, leading every onset, delivering his orders in 
person where the bullets flew tliickest, he forced the British X 
to their camp. Here the Hessians, dismayed by these terrific 
attacks, fired one volley and fled. Arnold, having forced an 
entrance, Avas Avounded in the same leg as at Quebec (p. 112), 

* The British camp was kept in continual alarm. Officers and soldiers were con- 
stantly dressed and ready for action. One night, twenty young farmere residing near 
the camp, resolved to capture the enemy's-advance picket-guard. Armed with fowl- 
ing-pieces, they maiched silently through the woods until they were within a few 
yards of the picket. They then ruslied out fi-om tlie bushes, the captain blowing an 
old horse-trumpet and the men yelling. There was no time for the sentinel's hail. 
" Ground your arms, or you are all dead men ! " cried the patriot captain. Thinking 
that a large force had fallen iipon them, the picket obeyed. The young fannere, with 
all the parade of regulars, led to the American camp over thirty British soldiers. 

+ So fierce was the battle, that a single cannon was takeii and retaken five times. 
Finally, Colonel Cilley leaped on it, waved liis swoi*d, and " dedicating the gun to 
the American cause", opened it ujwn the enemy with their own ammunition. 

} General Fraser was the mind and soul of the British army. Morgan soon saw 
that this brave man alone stood between the Americans and victory. Calling to him 
some of his best men, he said, "That gallant officer is General Fraser. I admire and 
honor him ; but he must die. Stand among those bushes and do your duty." In five 
minutes Fraser fell, mortally wounded. 



1777.] , THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 125 

and borne from the field, but not until he had won a victory 
while Gates stayed in his tent. 

Effects of these Battles. — Burgoyne now fell back to Sara- 
toga. Hemmed in on all sides, there was no hope of escape. 
Indians and tories were constantly deserting. Provisions 
were low and water was scarce, as no one, except the women, 
dared go to the river for it. The American batteries 
commanded the British camp. While a council of war, 
held in Burgoyne's tent, was considering the question of 
surrender, an 1 8 -lb. cannon-ball passed over the table around 
which the officers sat. Under these circumstances, the 
decision was quickly made. The entire army, nearly six 
thousand strong, laid down their arms, and an American 
detachment marched into their camp, to the tune of Yankee 
Doodle. General Burgoyne handed his sword to General 
Gates, who promptly returned it. 

A shout of joy went up all over the land at the news of 
this victory. From the despair caused by the defeats of 
Brandywine and Germantown, the nation now rose to the 
highest pitch of confidence. 



1778. 

Winter in Valley Forge (1777-'78).^The winter passed 
in Valley Forge was the gloomiest period of the war. The 
continental paper money was so depreciated in value that an 
officer's pay would not keep him in clothes. Many, having 
spent their fortune in the war, were compelled to resign, in 
order to get a living. The men were encamped in cold, com- 
fortless huts, with little food or clothing. Barefooted, they 
left on the frozen ground their tracks in blood. Few had 
blankets, and straw could not be obtained. Soldiers, who 
were enfeebled by hunger and benumbed by cold, slept on 



126 



EPOCH III, 



[1778. 



the bare earth. Sickness followed. With no change of cloth- 
ing, no suitable food, and no medicines, death Avas the only- 
relief. Amid this terrible suffering, the fires of patriotism 
burned brightly. Washington felt that his cause was just, 
and inspired all around him with his sublime faith.* 




IN CAMP AT VALLET FORGE. 

Aid from France. — In the spring, the hearts of all were 
gladdened by the news that, through the efforts of Frank- 

* During this winter, Washington was quartered at the house of Isaac Potts. One 
day, while Potts was on his way up the creek near by, he heartl a voice of prayer. 
Softly following its direction, he soon discovered the Greneral upon his knees, his 
cheeks wet with tears. Narrating the incident to his "wife, ho added with mucli 
emotion, " If there is any one to whom the Lord will listen, it is George Washington, 
and under such a commander, our independence is certain."— Besides all the perils 
of want and famine which ho shared with his soldiers, Washington was called upon 
to siiffer from envy and calumny. Greneral Conway, a cunning, restless intriguer, 
formed a cabal of officers against Washington. Their plan was to wound his feelings 
so that he would resign. lu that event. Gates, whoso reputation was very high, 
would succeed to the command. Pennsylvania sent to Congress a remonstrance cen- 
suring Washington. The same was done by members from Massachusetts. Eort- 
unately, the army and the best citizens knew the inspiration of the movement to bo 
jealousy, and their indignation was unbounded. Neither Conway nor Adams dared 
show himself among the soldiers, and the attack recoiled on the heads of its instiga- 
tors.— Soon after this, England sent commissioners \rith liberal proposals, which, be- 
fore the war commenced, would have been accepted ; but that day was past. Next, 
bribery was tried. Among those approached was General Reed, of Pennsylvania, 
lie was offered ten thousand guineas and high honore if he would exert his influence 
to effect a reconciliation. "I am not worth purchasing," said the honest patriot, 
"but such as I am, the king of Great Britain is not rich enough to buy me." 



1778.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



127 



lin,* France had acknowledged the Independence of the 
United States, and that a fleet was on its way to help them 
in their struggle. 

Battle of Monmouth (June 28). — Howe having returned 
to England, Clinton succeeded him. The British govern- 
ment, alarmed by the sending of the French fleet, ordered 
Clinton to concentrate his forces at New york. Washing- 
ton rapidly followed the English across New Jersey and 

* Benjamin Pranklin was born in Boston, 1706 ; died in Phlladelpliia, 1700. His 
father was a soap and candle maker, with, small means, and Benjamin, being the 
youngest boy among 17 children, had little 
opportunity to gratify his desire for knowl- 
edge. By abstaining from meat, he man- 
aged to buy a few books, which he diligently 
studied. At seventeen years of age, he 
landed in Philadelphia with a silver dollar 
and a shilling in copper. As, with his extra 
shirts and stockings stuffed in his pockets, 
he walked along the streets, eating the roll 
of bread which served for his breakfast, 
his future wife stood at her father's door 
and smiled at his awkward appearance, 
little dreaming of his brilliant future, or of 
its interest to her. He soon obtained em- 
ployment as a printer. Being induced by 
false representations to go to England, he 
found himself almost penniless in a strange 
land. With his tisual industry, he went to work, and soon made friends and a living. 
Returning to Philadelphia, he established a newspaper, and in 1732 commenced to 
publish "Poor Richard's Almanac ", which for twenty years was quite as popular in 
Europe as in America. Its common-sense proverbs and useful hints are household 
words to this day. Retiring from business with a fine fortune, he devoted himself 
chiefly to science. His discoveries in electricity are world-renowned. (See Steele's 
Popular Physics, p. 350.) Eranklin was an unflinching patriot. While in England 
he defended the cause of liberty with great zeal and ability. He helped to draft the 
Declaration of Independence, and was one of its signers. Having been appointed 
ambassador to Prance, he first invested all his ready money, $15,000, in the conti- 
nental loan, a practical proof of his patriotism, since its repayment was extremely 
improbable. His influence at the French court was unbounded. He was revered for 
his wit, his genius, his dignity, and his charming conversation. He became to the 
American cause in the old world what Washington was in the new. On his return, 
he was elected president of Pennsylvania for three successive years. He gave the 
whole of his salary, $30,000, to benevolent objects. In his eighty-second year, he 
was member of the Constitutional Convention. At his death, twenty th.ousan(J 
persons assembled to do lioaor to his memory, 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 



128 • EPOCH III. [1778. 

overtook them at Monmouth. General Lee,* who conducted 
the attack, ordered a retreat. The men, entangled in a 
swamp, were becoming demoralized as they retired from the 
field, when Washington, riding up, bitterly rebuked Lee, by 
his personal presence rallied the men, and sent them back 
against the enemy. The fight lasted all that long sultry 
day.f In the darkness of night, Clinton stole away with 
his men to New York. 

Campaign in Rhode Island. — A combined attack on 
Newport was arranged to be made by the French fleet under 
D'Estaing (d6s t&ng'), and the American army under General 
Sullivan. Soon after the French entered Narragansett Bay, 
Howe arrived off the harbor with the English fleet. D'Estaing 
went out to meet him. A storm came on, which so shattered 
both iieets that they were compelled to put back for repairs. 
General Sullivan, being thus deserted, retreated just in time 
to escape Clinton, who came from New York with rein- 
forcements. The French gave no further aid during the year. 

The Wyoming Massacre. — In July, a band of tories and 
Indians, undtn* Butler, entered the beautiful valley of the 
Wyoming. Most of the able-bodied men had gone to the war. 
The old men and the boys armed for the defense. The 
women and children fled for refuge to a fort near the present 
site of Wilkesbarre. Taking counsel of their courage and 
their helpless mothers, wives, and children, a handful of 



♦ Charles Lee, for his conduct at Monmouth, and disrespectful letters to Washing- 
ton, and to Conffreas, Wiis dismissed the army. He i-ctired to his estate in Virjrinia, 
where he lived, with his dogs, in a rude house whose pixrtitions were chalk marks on 
the flo(Ti"— an inipi-ovement uix>n walls on which he prided himself. 

t Diu-ingr the day, an artilU>r>nnan was shot at his ptist. His wife, Mary Pitcher, 
wliilo bringing water to her husband fr»)m a sprins, saw him fall and heanl the com- 
mander oi-der the piece to be i-emoved from the field. Instantly dwppiny the pail, 
she hasteneil to the cannon, seized the rammer, and with great skill and courage per- 
formed her husbaiul's duty. The soldiei-s gave her the nickname of Major Molly, 
Congi-ess voted her a sergeant's commissiou warrant with haK-pay through life, 



1778.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 129 

men sallied out to meet the invaders, but were quickly de- 
feated. All that night, the Indians tortured their prisoners in 
every way that savage cruelty could devise. The fort hav- 
ing been surrendered on promise of safety, Butler did his 
best to restrain his savage allies, but in vain. By night, the 
whole valley was ablaze with burning dwellings, while the 
people fled for their lives through the wilderness. 

1779. 

Campaign at the South. — At the close of the preceding 
autumn, the war was transferred to Georgia, and the South 
became henceforth the principal seat of conflict. Savannah 
and Augusta were captured, and soon the entire state was 
conquered. The English governor being restored, England 
could once more boast of a royal province among the colo- 
nies. The British general, Prevost (preh vo'), next marched 
against Charleston. He had scarcely summoned the city 
when he heard that Lincoln, his dreaded foe, was after him 
with the militia, and he was glad to escape back to Savannah. 

French-American Attach on Savannah. — In September, 
D'Estaing joined Lincoln in besieging that city. After 
a severe bombardment, an unsuccessful assault was made, 
in which a thousand lives were lost. Count Pulaski* was 
mortally wounded. The simple-hearted Sergeant Jasper 
died grasping the banner presented to his regiment at Fort 
Moultrie. D'Estaing refused to give further aid ; thus again 
deserting the Americans when help was most needed. 

* Count Pulaski was a Polish patriot who, having lost his father and brothers in 
the hopeless defense of his country, and being himself outlawed, came to fight for 
the freedom of America. At first, he served as a volunteer. He fought valiantly at 
the battle of Brandywine. During the second year, he commanded an independent 
corps, called " Pulaski's Legion ". He was buried in the Savannah River. The corner- 
stone of a monument raised to his memory in Savannah, was laid by La Fayette while 
visiting that city during his triumphal progress through the United States. 



180 EPOCH 111. [1779. 

Campaign at the North. — Clinton did little except to 
send out predatory parties. Norwalk, Fairfield, and New 
Haven, Conn, were either burned or plundered. Tryon, 
who commanded the Connecticut expedition,* boasted of 
his clemency in leaving a single house standing on the 
New England coast. 

T1i6 Capture of Stony Point, by General Wayne, was 
one of the most brilliant exploits of the war. The 
countersign, which, curiously enough, was "The fort is 
ours ", was obtained from a negro who was in the habit of 
selling strawberries to the British. He guided the troops 
in the darkness to the causeway leading over the flooded 
marsh around the foot of the hill, on which the fort 
was situated. The unsuspicious sentinel, having received 
the countersign, was chatting with the negro, when he was 
suddenly seized and gagged. Wayne's men passed over the 
causeway and reached the base of the hill undiscovered. 
Forming in two divisions, with unloaded muskets and fixed 
bayonets, they commenced the ascent of the steep and nar- 
row path which led to the top. They had nearly reached 
the picket before they were discovered. Fire was at once 
opened upon them. Wayne was wounded, but commanded his 
aids to carry him that he might die at the head of the column. 
The rush of his men was irresistible. An instant more, and a 
deafening shout told that the fort w^as won. The British lost 
in killed, wounded, and prisoners, about six hundred men. 

General Sullivan's Expedition. — The atrocities of the 
Indians had kept the inhabitants of the Wyoming and 
Mohawk valleys in continued terror. In the summer, Gen- 

* General Piitnam was at Horse Neck when Tryon was in the vicinity. Hastily 
gathering a few militia, he annoyed the British as long as possible, and then, com- 
pelled to flee before the enemy's overwhelming force, his men hid themselves in the 
adjacent swamp, while he, spiirring his spirited horse over a precipice, descended a 
zigzag path, where the British dragoons did not dare to follow. 



1779.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 



131 



eral Sullivan led an expedition into the Genesee country. 
Near Elmira, N. Y., he fought a fierce battle with the 
Indians and their tory allies. The savages, being defeated, 
fled in dismay, while Sullivan inarched to and fro through 
that beautiful region, laying waste their corn-fields, felling 
their orchards, and burning their houses.* 




INT liV WAYNE. 



Naval Exploits. — No American successes caused more 
annoyance to the British than those of the navy. In 
1775, Washington fitted out several vessels to cruise 
along the New England coast as privateers. In the same 
year, Congress established a naval department. Swift 
sailing vessels, manned by bold seamen, infested every 
avenue of commerce. Within three years they captured 

* The Indians, in the fertile country of the Cayugas and Senecas, had towns and 
villages regularly laid oiit ; framed houses, some of them well finished, painted and 
having chimneys ; and broad and productive fields, with orchards of apple, pear, and 
peach trees. (See note, p. 1^.) 



182 EPOCH III. [1779. 

five hundred ships. They even cruised among the British 
Isles, and, entering harbors, seized and burned ships 
lying at English wharves. 

Paul Jones is the most famous of these naval heroes. 
While cruising with a squadron of five vessels off the north- 
east coast of England, he met the Serapis and the Countess 
of Scarborough convoying a fleet of merchantmen. At half- 
past seven in the evening of September 2 3, he laid his own 
vessel, the Bonhomme Richard,* alongside the Serapis, and 
a desperate struggle ensued. In the midst of the engage- 
ment, he lashed the ships together. f The crews then fought 
hand to hand. The Richard was old and rotten. Water 
poured into the hold. Three times both vessels were on fire. 
About ten o'clock, the Serapis surrendered. The Pallas, 
one of Jones' squadron, captured the Countess of Scar- 
borough, but his other ships gave no aid. Instead, Cap- 
tain Landis, of the Alliance, treacherously fired into the 
Richard, hoping to force Jones to surrender, that he him- 
self might have the glory of taking the Serapis and recov- 
ering the Richard. After the battle, Jones transferred his 
crew from the fast sinking vessel to the captured frigate, 
and sailed for Holland. 

1780. 

Campaign at the South. — Georgia having been subdued, 
the war was now renewed in South Carolina. Charleston 
was attacked by land and sea. General Lincoln, after 
enduring a siege of forty days and a terrible bombardment, 

♦ Jones had given this name (Goodman Richard) to his ship in honor of Dr. 
Franklin, whose saying's us "Poor Richard" he warmly admired. 

+ At this point, the contest had been raping an hour, and the ships had 
twice fallen foul of each other. The first time, the Serapis hailed the Richard, 
asking if she had "struck her colors". "I have not yet begun to fight", was the 
reply of Jones. 



1780.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 133 

was forced to surrender. Marauding expeditions* were 
sent out which soon overran the whole State. Clinton 
returned to New York, leaving Cornwallis in command. 

Battle of Camden (Aug. 16). — General Gates, "the 
conqueror of Burgoyne ", now taking command of the 
troops at the South, f marched to meet the enemy under 
Cornwallis near Camden. Singularly, both generals had 
appointed the same time to make a night attack. While 
marching for this purpose, the advance guards of the 
two armies unexpectedly encountered each other in the 
woods. After some sharp skirmishing, the armies waited 
for day. At dawn, Cornwallis ordered a charge. The 
militia, demoralized by the fighting in the night, fled at 
the first fire, but De Kalb, with the continental regulars, 
stood firm. At last, he fell, pierced with eleven wounds. 
His brave comrades for a time fought desperately over 
his body, but were overwhelmed by numbers. The army 
was so scattered that it could not be collected. A few 
of the officers met Gates eighty miles in the rear with 
no soldiers. All organized resistance to British rule now 
ceased in the South. 

Partisan Corps. — The Carolinas were full of tories. 
Many of them joined the British army ; others organized 
companies that mercilessly robbed and murdered their whig 
neighbors. On the other hand, there were patriot bands 
which rendezvoused (ren'da vood) in swamps, and sallied 
out as occasion offered. These partisan corps kept the 

♦ One of these, under the command of the brutal Tarleton, at Waxhaw Creek, over- 
took a body of four hundred Continental troops and a small party of cavalry, xinder 
Colonel Buford. The British gave no quarter, and after the Americans surrendered, 
mercilessly maimed and butchered the larger portion of them. " Tarleton 's Quarter " 
became, henceforth, a proverb at the South. 

t Lee met Q-ates on his way to join the southern army. His well-worded caution, 
" Beware your northern laurels do not turn to southern willows ", seems almost pro- 
phetic of the Camden disaster. 



134 



EPOCH III. 



[1780. 



country in continual terror. Marion,* Sumter, f Pickens, 
and Lee were noted patriot leaders. Their bands were 

strong enough to cut off Brit- 
ish detachments, and even 
successfully attack small gar- 
risons. The cruel treatment 
which the whigs received 
from the British I drove 
many to this partisan war- 
fare. The issue of the con- 
test at the South was mainly 
decided by these bold citizen 
soldiers. 

Continental Money had new 
been issued by Congress to the 




* A British officer sent to negotiate concerning an exchange of prisoners, dined 
with Marion. The dinner consisted of roasted potatoes, served on pieces of bark. 
Surprised at this meager diet, he made some inquiries, when he found thi»t this 
was their customary fare ; that the patriot general received no pay ; and that this 
" Bayard of the South "'. as Marion was called, had then neither blar.koC nor hat. 
This devotion to liberty so affected the officer that he resigned his commission. 

t At Hanging Bock (Aug. C), Sumter gained a victory over a strong body of British 
and tories. He began the action with only two rounds of ammunition, but soon sup- 
plied himself from the fleeing tories. Frequently, in these contests, a portion of the 
bands would go into a battle without guns, arming themselves with the muskets of 
their comrades as they fell. At Kirifj's ilountain (Oct. 7), a large body of independent 
riflemen, each company under its own leader, attacked Ferguson, who had been 
sent out to rally the tories of the neighborhood. Ferguson and four hundred and 
fifty-six of his men were killed or severely wounded, and the rest taken prisoners. 

X An event which occurred in Charleston aroused the bitterest resentment. When 
that city was captured by the British, Colonel Isaac Hayne, with others, was paroiea, 
but was afterward ordered into the British ranks. At this time, his wife and several 
of his children lay at the point of death ^^^th small-pox. The choice was given him 
to become a British subject or to be placed in close confinement. Agonized by 
thoughts of his dying family, he signed a pledge of allegiance to England, with the 
assurance that he should never be required to fight against his countrj'men. Being 
afterward summoned by T^ord Rawdon to join the British army, he considered the 
pledge annulled, and raised a partisan band. He was captured, and -vsithout being 
allowed a trial, was condemned to death. The citizens of Charleston vainly implored 
pardon for him. I^ord Rawdon allowetl him forty-eight houi"b to take leave of his 
children, when he was hanged. 



1780.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 1S5 

amount of $200,000,000. At this time, it was so much de- 
preciated that $40 in bills were worth only $1 in specie. A 
pair of boots cost $600 in continental currency. A soldier's 
pay for a month would hardly buy him a dinner. To make 
the matter worse, the British flooded the country with 
counterfeits, which could not be told from the genuine. 
Many persons refused to take continental money. The 
sufferings of the soldiers and the difficulty of procuring 
supplies may readily be imagined.* The Pennsylvania 
regiments in camp at Morristown, claiming that their 
time had expired, demanded their discharge. At last, 
1,300 strong, they set out for Princeton to secure redress 
at the point of the bayonet, but a committee of Congress 
succeeded in satisfying them.f 

Arnold's Treason. — The English did little at the North, 
and the condition of Washington's army prevented his 
making any movement. Meanwhile, the cause of liberty 
suffered a terrible blow from one who had been its gallant 
defender. General Arnold, whose bravery at Quebec and 
Saratoga had awakened universal admiration, was stationed 
at Philadelphia while his wound was healing. He there 
married a tory lady, and lived in great extravagance. By 
various acts of oppression, he rendered himself so odious 
that on one occasion he was publicly mobbed. Charges 
being preferred against him, he was convicted and sen- 
tenced to be reprimanded by the commander-in-chief. 
Washington performed the duty very gently and consider- 
ately ; but Arnold, stung by the disgrace and desperate in 
fortune, resolved to gratify both his revenge and love of 

* In this crisis, Robert Morris, of Philadelphia, sent three million rations. Sol- 
diers' relief associations were organized by the women of that city. They made 
twenty-two hundred shirts, each inscribed with the name of the lady who sewed it. 

+ Clinton's agents went among the troops and offered large rewards for desertion. 
The emissaries mistook their men, for the soldiers gave them up as spies. 



136 EPOCH III. [1780. 

money by betraying his country. He accordingly secured 
from Washington the command of West Point, at that time 
the most important post in America. He then proposed to 
Clinton, with whom he had previously corresponded, to 
surrender it to the British. The offer was accepted, and 
Major Andre appointed to confer with him. Andre ascended 
the Hudson, and on the night of September 2 1 , went ashore 
from the English ship Vulture to meet the traitor. Morn- 
ing dawned before they had completed their plans. In the 
meantime, fire ha^ang been opened on the Vulture, she had 
dropped down the river. Andre, now left within the Amer- 
ican lines, was obliged to make his way back to New York 
by land. He had reached Tarrytown in safety, when, at a 
sudden turn in the road, his horse's reins were seized, and 
three men * sprung before him. His manner awakening sus- 
picion, they searched him, and, finding papers which seemed 
to prove him a spy, carried him to the nearest American 
post. Arnold was at breakfast, when he received a note 
announcing Andre's capture. He called aside his wife, 
and told her of his peril. Terrified by his words, she 
fainted. Kissing his boy, who lay asleep in the cradle, 
Arnold darted out of the house, mounted a horse, by an 
unfrequented path reached the river, jumped into his boat, 
and was rowed to the Vulture. He received, as the reward 
of his treachery, £6,315, a colonelcy in the English army, 
and the contempt of everybody. The very name, "Arnold 
the Traitor", will always declare his infamy. f Andre was 
tried and hanged as a spy. Every effort was made to save 
him, and his fate awakened universal sympathy. 

* The names of these men were Paulding, Van Wart, and Williams. Andre offered 
them his horse, watch, purse, and any sum they might name, if they would release 
him. The incorruptible patriots declared that they would not let liim go for ten thou- 
sand guineas. Congress voted to each of them a silver medal and a pension for life. 

t Arnold was thoroughly despised by the British officers, and often insulted. Many 



1781.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 137 

1781. 

Campaign at the South. — General Greene, who was ap- 
pointed to succeed General Gates, found the army to consist 
of only two thousand half -clothed, half-starved men. A part 
of his force, under Morgan, was attacked (January 1 7) at 
CowPENS* by Tarleton. The militia fleeing, the continentals 
fell back to secure a better position. The British mistook 
this for a retreat, and were rushing on in confusion, when the 
continentals suddenly faced about, poured in a deadly fire at 
only thirty-yards' distance, and drove them in utter rout. 
Tarleton fled to Cornwallis, who set out in hot haste, eager 
to punish the victors and recapture the prisoners. Morgan 
started for Virginia, and crossed the Catawba just before 
Cornwallis appeared in sight. Night came on, and with it 
rain, which raised the river so high as to keep the impatient 
Cornwallis waiting three days. 

Greene's Retreat, — General Greene now joined Morgan, 
and conducted the retreat. At the Yadkin, just as the Amer- 
icans had reached the other side, it began to rain. When 
Cornwallis came up, the river was so swollen that he could 
not cross. He, however, marched up the stream, effected a 

stories are told illustrative of English sentiment toward Mm. A member of Parlia- 
ment, about to address the House of Commons, happening, as he rose, to see Arnold 
in the gallery, said, pointing to the traitor, " Mr. Speaker, I will not speak while that 
man is in the house." George the Third introduced Arnold to Earl Balcarras, one of 
Burgoyne's officers at Bemis' Heights. " Sire ", said the proud old Earl as he turned 
from Arnold, refusing his hand, "I know General Arnold, and abominate traitors." 
When Talleyrand was about to come to America, he sought letters of introduction 
from Arnold, but received the reply, " I was born in America ; I lived there to the 
prime of my life ; but, alas ! I can call no man in America my friend." 

* Colonel William A. Washington, in a personal combat in this battle, wounded 
Tarleton. Months afterward, the British officer, while conversing with Mrs. Jones, a 
witty American lady, sneeringly said, " That Colonel Washington is very illiterate. 
I am told that he can not write his name." " Ah, Colonel," replied she, " you bear 
evidence that he can make his mark."— Tarleton expressing, at another time, his 
desire to see Colonel Washington, the lady replied, " Had you looked behind you at 
Cowpens, you might have had that pleasure." 



138 EPOCH III. [1781. 

passage, and was soon in full pursuit again. Now came a 
race, on parallel roads, thirty miles per day, for the fords of 
the Dan. Greene reached them first, and Cornwallis gave up 
the chase. This signal deliverance of Greene's exhausted 
army awoke every pious feeling of the American heart, and 
was a cause for general thanksgiving.* 

Campaigji Closed. — Having rested his men, Greene again 
took the field, harassing the enemy by a fierce partisan war- 
fare. At Guilford Court-House (March 15), he hazarded 
a battle. The militia fled at the first fire, but the conti- 
nental regulars fought as in the time of De Kalb. The 
Americans at last retired, but the British had bought their 
victory so dearly that Cornwallis also retreated. Greene 
again pursuing, Cornwallis shut himself up in Wilmington. 
Thereupon Greene turned into South Carolina, and, with 
the aid of Marion, Sumter, Lee, and Pickens, nearly deliv- 
ered this State and Georgia from the English. f In the battle 
of EuTAW Springs (Sept. 8), the British were so crippled 
that they retired toward Charleston. Cornwallis, refusing 
to follow Greene into South Carolina, had already gone 
north into Virginia, and though a fierce partisan warfare 

* During this retreat. General Greene, aftor a hard day's ride in the rain, alighted 
at the door of Mrs. Elizabeth Steele, in Salisburj-, N. C, announcing himself as 
" fatigued, himgry, cold, and penniless ". Quickly proN-iding the honored guest with 
a warm supper before a cheerful flre, this patriotic woman brought forth two small 
bags of specie, her earnings for years. "Take these", she said; "you will want 
them, and I can do ^\^thout them." " Never ", says his biographer, "did relief come 
at a more needy moment ; the hero resumed his dangerous journey that night with 
a lightened heart."— Another story illustrative of the patriotism of the southern 
women is told of Mrs. Motte. The British had taken possession of her house, forti- 
fied and garrisoned it On Colonel Lee's advance, she furnished him a bow and 
arrows, by means of which he threw fire upon the shingled roof. Her mansion 
was soon in flames, and the occupants, to save their lives, surrendered. 

+ Congress voted the highest honors to General Greene, who, by his prudence, 
wisdom, and valor, had, with such insignificant forces and miserable equipments, 
achieved so much for the cause of liberty. He never gained a decided \nctory, yet 
his defeats had all the effect of successes, and his very retreats strengthened the 
goufld^oce of his men aud weatceaed th»t of the eiiem^. 



THE GROWTH OF OR 




1 . Colonial F' \g. used chiefly by Colonies of New England previous to Revolutiona". W: 
3. Pine-tree Flag cf the Navy, used by the American ships early in Revolutionar}- " 

5. First National Flag, used in 1776, before the Declaration cl 

6. The present " Star Spangled Banner." The stripes signify 






NATIONAL FLAG. 




fas. 2. Bunker Hill Flag, used by New England troops at battle of Bunker Hill. 

4. Rattlesnake Flag, used early in Revolutionary War. 
ependence. The thirteen stripes signified the thineen colonies, 
original thirteen colonies : and the stars, the present number of States. 



\ 



1781.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 139 

still distracted the country, this engagement closed the 
long and fiercely fought contest at the South.* 

Campaign at the North. — The traitor Arnold, burning 
with hatred, led an expedition into Virginia. He conducted 
the war with great brutality, burning private as well as public 
property. La Fayette was sent to check him, but with his 
small force t could accomplish little. Cornwallis, arriving 
from the South, now took Arnold's place, and continued 
this marauding tour. Clinton, however, fearing Washing- 
ton, who seemed to threaten New York, directed Cornwallis 
to keep near the sea-coast so as to be ready to help him. 
Cornwallis, accordingly, after having destroyed ten million 
dollars worth of property, fortified himself at Yorktown. 

Siege of Yorktown. — It was arranged to attack Corn- 
wallis at this place by the combined American J and French 
forces. Washington, by a feint on New York, kept Clinton 
in the dark regarding his plans until he was far on his way § 

* At the battle of Eutaw, Manning, a noted soldier of Lee's legion, -was in hot 
pursuit of the flying British, when he suddenly found himself surrounded by the 
enemy, and not an AiTierican within forty rods. He did not hesitate, biit, seizing an 
officer by the collar, and wresting his sword from him by main force, kept his body 
as a shield while, under a heavy fire, he rapidly backed off from the perilous neigh- 
borhood. The frightened British officer when thus summarily captured, began im- 
mediately to enumerate his titles : " I am Sir Henry Barry, deputy adjutant-general, 
captain in 52d regiment," etc., etc. "Enough," interrupted his captor; "you are 
just the man I was looking for." 

+ La Payette's men, being chiefly from New England, dreaded the Southern climate, 
but when their beloved general appealed to their honor and offered to discharge any 
who wished, not one would abandon him. At Baltimore, he borrowed $10,000 to buy 
hats and shoes, and linen from which the Baltimore women made summer garments 
for his troops.— Among those who now joined La Payette, was Baron Steuben, who had 
been active in organizing the Virginia militia to beat back the British. Steuben was 
a veteran from the army of Frederick the Great, and tendered his services as a volun- 
teer at Valley Forge. With indefatigable zeal, he sought to introduce thorough disci- 
pline and European tactics among the ragged patriots. 

t During the preceding winter, Robert Morris sent to the starving army several 
thousand barrels of floiu-. He now issued his own notes for $1,400,000 to furnish sup- 
plies for this expedition. It is sad that this patriot, so often the resource of Washing- 
ton, lost his fortune in his old age, and was confined in prison for debt. 

§ Washington, while en route, visited Mount Vernon, which he had not seen for 
nearly six years and a half, yet he remained only about two da,ys. 



140 EPOCH III. [1781 

south -with the continental army.* On the 2 8th of Septem- 
ber, the joint forces, sixteen thousand strong,t took up their 
position before Yorktown. Batteries were openedj upon the 
city, and the vessels in the harbor tired b}' red-hot shells. 
Two redoubts were carried ; one by the Americans, the other 
by the French. The most hearty good-will prevailed. The 
patriots slept in the open air that their allies might use their 
tents. Breaches having been made in the walls, Cornwallis 
saw no hope of escape and capitulate! (Oct. 19). 

The Scene of the Surrender was imposing. The army 
was drawn up in two lines, extending over a mile — the 
Americans on one side with General Washington at the 
head, and the French on the other with Count Rochambeau 
(ro sh6ng bo'). The captive army, about 7,000 men, with 
slow step, shouldered arms, and cased colors, marched be- 
tween them. A prodigious crowd, anxious to see Cornwallis, 
had assembled; but the haughty general, mortified at his de- 
feat, feigned illness, and sent his sword § by General O'Hara. 

Tlie Effect. — Both parties felt that this surrender virtu- 
ally ended the war. Joy pervaded every patriot heart. All 
the hardships of the past were forgotten in the thought 

* Clinton sent Arnold on a pillaging tour into Connecticut in order to force Wash- 
ington to return. He, however, was not to be diverted from his great enterprise, and 
left New England to take care of herself. New London was pillaged and burned, 
Arnold watching the fire from a church steeple. At Fort Griswold, the commander 
and half the garrison were butchered. After this fort had been taken, a British 
oflficer entering asked, "^Vho commands here?" "I did," said Colonel Ledyard, as 
he advanced to surrender his sword, "but you do now." With fiendish malignity, 
the officer seized the weapon and thrust it into the bosom of the brave colonel. 

t There were present about 5,500 continentals, 7,000 French, and, in addition, 
about 3,500 Virginia militia under Governor Nelson. 

X Governor Nelson commanded the battery that fired first upon the British. Corn- 
wallis occupied the governor's fine stone mansion. The patriot pointed one of his 
heaviest guns toward his house, and ordered the gunner to fire upon it with vigor. 
The British could not make even the homo of the noble Nelson a shield against his 
patriotic efforts. The house still betu-s the scsirs of the bombiu-dment. 

§ With a fine delicacy of feeling, Washington dii-ected the sword to be deUvei-ed to 
General Lincoln, who, eighteen mouthf before, had surrendered at Charleston. 



1781.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



141 



that America was free. The news reached Philadelphia 
at the dead of night. The people were awakened by the 
watchman's cry, " Past two o'clock and Cornwallis is 
taken." Lights flashed through the houses, and soon the 
streets were thronged with crowds eager to learn the glad 
news. Some were speechless with delight. Many wept, 




CAPTURE OF A REDOUBT AT YOEKTOWN. 



and the old door-keeper of Congress died of joy. Con- 
gress met at an early hour, and that afternoon marched 
in solemn procession to the Lutheran church to return 
thanks to Almighty God. 

All hope of subduing America was now abandoned by the 
people of England, and they loudly demanded the removal of 
the ministers who still counseled war.* The House of Com- 



* Wlien Lord North, prime minister of Oreat Britain, heard the news of the 
defeat, he was greatly excited. With looks and actions indicating the deepest 
distress, he again and again exclaimed, " O God ! it is all over." 



142 EPOCH III. [1781. 

mons voted that whoever advised the king to continue 
hostilities should be considered a public enemy. 

Difficulties of the Country and Army.- The situation 
of the United States at this time was perilous. Commerce 
had been destroyed by the war. The currency was worth- 
less. War had been the main business of the country for 
years, and all trade, manufactures, and agriculture had been 
neglected. Villages had been burned, ships destroyed, and 
crops laid waste. The British held Charleston and Savan- 
nah about a year, and New York about two years after 
the surrender at Yorktown. George III. was obstinate, and 
war might be resumed. Yet the American army was in 
almost open rebellion. The soldiers, afraid they should be 
disbanded and sent home without pay, petitioned Congress, 
but received no satisfaction. The treasury was empty. At 
this crisis, Washington was invited to become king. The 
noble patriot spurned the proposal indignantly. A paper 
having been circulated advising violent measures, Washing- 
ton addressed the officers, and besought them not to mar 
their fair record of patriotic service by any rash proceed- 
ings.* His influence prevailed, both with the army and 
with Congress, and the difficulties were amicably settled. 

Peace. — A treaty was signed at Paris (September 3, 
1783) acknowledging the independence of the United 
States. Soon after, the army was disbanded. Washington 
bade his officers an affecting farewell, and retired to Mount 
Vernon, followed by the thanksgiving of a grateful people. 

Weakness of the Government. — During the war, the 
thirteen States had agreed upon Articles of Confederation, 
but they conferred little power on Congress. It could recom- 
mend, but not enforce ; it could only advise action, leaving 

* As he rose, he took off his spectacles to wipe them, sajing, " My eyes have grown 
dim in the service of my country, but I have never doubted her justice." 



1783.] THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 143 

the States to do as they pleased. Bitter jealousy existed 
among the several States, both with regard to one another 
and to a general government. The popular desire was to let 
each State remain independent, and have no national author- 
ity. A heavy debt had been incurred by the war. Congress 
had no money, and could not levy taxes. It asked the 
States to pay, but they were too jealous of Congress to heed 
its requests. " We are ", said Washington, " one nation to- 
day, and thirteen to-morrow." In New England, large 
bodies of men assembled, refusing to pay their taxes 
and threatening to overturn the government. This insur- 
rection, known as Shays' Rebellion, from the name of its 
leader, was put down by militia under General Lincoln. 

Constitution Adopted. — In these circumstances, many 
of the best men of the land felt the need of a stronger na- 
tional government. A convention was called in Philadel- 
phia to revise the Articles of Confederation. Washington 
was chosen president. After much deliberation,* an en- 
tirely new constitution was adopted (September 17, 1787). 
In the ensuing year, the government was organized, and 
in 1789 it went into operation. 

During the next Epoch, we shall notice the growth of 
the country under the wise provisions of this constitution. 

♦ The new constitution met with the most violent opposition. The people were 
divided into two parties— the Federalists and the anti-Federalists. The former favored 
the constitution and sought to increase the powers of the national government, and 
thus strengthen the Union at home and abroad. The latter opposed the constitution, 
were jealous of Congress, and feared too much national power, lest a monarchy should 
be established. The nation was agitated by the most earnest and thoughtful as 
well as the most virulent speeches on both sides. Within a year more than nine 
States ratified the constitution. This was the number necessary to make it binding. 
North Carolina ratified it in 1789, and Rhode Island in 1790. Presidential elections 
were held in each of the eleven States that had then adopted the constitution, 
except New York, where the Legislature had made no provision for the election. 
The ten States gave George Washington 69 electoral votes, and John Adams 34. 
At that time, the electors voted for two persons, the one who received the highest 
Tiumber being declared President, and the next highest Vice-President. (See p. 352.) 



144 EPOCH III. 



RURAL LITE ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO. 

Ne-w England Farm and Village Life in the 18th century presented a strange 
contrast to that with which wo are familiar. The house of the settler was built 
of logs, the chinks daubed with clay, and the roof thatched with long grass. In 
the later and better class of dwellings, the logs were hewn square so as to need 
no chinking ; or a frame was made of heavy oak timbers, some of them eighteen 
inches in diameter, and all mortised and braced together in a noanner that would 
be bewildering enough to a carpenter of to-day. The sides were covered with split 
oak clapboards, and the roof with split cedar shingles, fastened with large vn-ought- 
iron nails. The windows consisted of two small lead frames, set with a few tiny, 
diamond-shaped panes of glass (or, sometimes, oiled paper), and hinged so as to 
open outward against the house. As the building stood exactly facing the south, 
the sun " shone square in " at noon, and gave warning of the dinner hour. 

The doors were of oak plank doubled and nailed together with spikes arranged 
in the form of diamonds. They were often hung on wooden hinges, and were 
securely fastened at night by heavy wooden cross-bars. In the center of the house, 
or, externally in the poorer dwellings, rose a stone or brick chimney, about twelve 
feet square at the base,* affording a fire-place large enough for seats to be placed 
at the side, where the children could sit in the winter evening and look up at 
the stars. To " lay the fire " was no small matter ; for the back, a huge " back- 
log ", perhaps four feet long, was rolled in ; then on the andirons was placed a 
" front log " ; between these were piled enormous quantities of smaller wood. 

The kitchen and the " best room " were the chief apartments. In the former, 
the center of attraction was the great flre-place with its roaring fire, its high- 
backed wooden settle, and its swinging crane with jxjt-hooks to hold the iron pots 
for cooking. The ceiling of the room was rarely seven feet high, and the sturdy 
farmer often bnished against it with his bear-skin cap. Prom the bare joists 
overhead, hung bunches of herbs, sced-com, and long strings of drjing apples. 
The walls of the room, in the better buildings, were plastered and whitewashed. 
The furniture was plain ; a tall wooden clock ; a dresser set out with the cher- 
ished pewter dishes brought over from England ; a spinning-wheel ; and, perhaps, 
a loom for weaving. (See pages 93, 94.) 

The " best room " was used only on state occasions. Ordinarily, it was carefully 
closed and locked to keep out the flies and preserve its sacred precincts from 
unlawful intruders. The andirons were of brass that shone like gold, and the fire- 
place in summer was garnished with asparagus branches. On the mantel-shelf, 
stood the high brass candlesticks, and the accompanying tray-and-snuffers. There 
was no carpet, but the floor was sanded and marked off by the housewife in many 
a quaint design. Against the walls, hung the family paintings, fondly cherished 
not only as mementos of the departed, but, also, of the life beyond the seas. 
Here, too, was the library containing a few well-read books,— for books were scarce 
and costly, and reading was a serious matter, taken up for improvement and not 

♦ In the better houses, a brick oven was built in the chimney. This was heated by a Are of 
fine "kindlings" ; then swept clean, and the bread or beans set in to bake. The bricks 
retained the high temperature for a long time, and the "rye-and-Indiau " bread, for which our 
Itew England grandmothers were noted, was left in the oven all night. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 145 

for pastime. Among those few books were sure to be found the family Bible, 
Young's Night Thoughts, Watts' Improvement of the Mind, Fox's Lives of the 
Martyrs, Addison's Spectator, and Milton's Paradise Lost. 

As the tiny windows gave little light by day, so by night the home-made tallow 
candles, or the pine-knot on the hearth, shed but a faint or flickering illumination. 
In cold weather, the lire was heaped high— for wood was abundant— but through 
numerous chinks and crevices, the winter air poTired in, so that, as an old writer 
remarks, "while one side of the inmate was toasting, the other was freezing." 
To make matters still worse, the smoke escaping into the room by no means favored 
study, or any employment requiring the use of the eyes. 

The food was served generally on wooden platters. It was plentiful but coarse. 
Eresh meat was rarely seen, except when game was taken. Salt pork or beef, salt 
fish, vegetables, and " rye-and-Indian " bread or " bannocks " * composed the staple 
diet. The farmer's breakfast often consisted mainly of " bean porridge " seasoned 
with savory herbs. Tea and coffee were unknown during the 17th century. The 
minister, we are told, had white bread provided for him as a special favor. 

Friction matches had not been invented, and the fire was carefully kept over 
night in the ashes. If it unfortunately "went out", it was rehghted by sparks 
from the flint-and-steel, or by live coals brought from a neighbor's hearth. 

Several vegetables and fruits now common were then unknown, or were unused 
as food. Tomatoes, or, as they were called, " love apples ", were thought to be poi- 
sonous, and were cultivated only in the flower-garden for the beauty of the bright 
red fruit. Rhubarb, sweet corn, cantaloupes, head-lettuce, and aU the newer and 
finer varieties of pears, grapes, peaches, etc., have enriched the diet of a later 
generation. The fox-grape, which we consider a sour, iU-flavored fruit, was then 
a luxury to be attained only by the well-to-do. Ice in summer was unheard of, 
and the careful housekeeper cooled her butter for use by hanging it in a pail 
down the well. 

Geraniums and verbenas were not seen in the flower-gardens of our great-grand- 
mothers, who delighted their eyes with hollyhocks, sunflowers, lilacs, pinks, sweet- 
williams, peonies, etc. Narrow beds of these "posies" bordered the path leading 
from the front door, through the little front yard, which was carefully fenced off 
from the portion of the premises to which ordinary people had access. The front 
yard, the front door, and the best room were all considered too good for every- 
day use. 

There were no wheeled carriages or wagons until the middle of the 18th cen- 
tury, and few until after the Revolution. Everybody went on foot or rode on 
horseback, as his means permitted ; and the bridegroom, gentleman or workman 
alike, who sought a wife in a distant town, rode on horseback and brought home 
his bride on a piUion behind him. So little travel was there in those days, that 
a journey that now attracts no attention, then made one an object of public 
ciiriosity. So late as 1795, it is stated that a person who had been across the 
ocean was pointed out in the streets as a " man who had been to Europe ". 

* Bannocks were eoniewhat like the present " hoe-cake " of the South— merely flat cakes of 
Indian meal, or rye,"wet with water and baked over the hot coals on the hearth. 



146 EPOCH III. [1765. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1765. The Stamp Act passed, March 8 102 

1766. The Stamp Act repealed by Parliament, March 18 103 

1767. A tax imix)8ed on tea, etc., June 29 103 

1768. The British troops arrived at Boston, September 27 104 

1770. Boston Massacre, March 5 104 

All duties except on tea repealed, April 12 105 

1 773. The tea thrown overboard in Boston harbor, December 16 . . . . 105 

1 774. " Boston Port Bill " passed, March 31 105 

First Continental Congress met at Philadelphia, September 5 . . . 100 

1 775. Battle of Lexington, April 19 "... lOG 

Ticonderoga taken by Allen and Arnold, May 10 110 

Crown Point taken. May 12 -Ill 

Washington elected commander-in-chief, June 15 Ill 

Battle of Bunker Hill, Juno 17 108 

Washington took command before Boston, July 2-3 Ill 

Montreal surrendered to Montgomery, November 13 112 

Battle of Quebec— Montgomery killed, December 31 112 

1776. Boston evacuated by the British troops, March 17 112 

Attack on Fort Moultrie, June 28 . 113 

Declaration of Independence, July 4 114 

Battle of Long Island, August 27 114 

Battle of "\ATiite Plains, October 28 116 

Fort Washington taken, November 16 116 

AVashington's retreat through New Jersey -116 

Battle of Trenton, December 26 116 

1777. Battle of Princeton, January 3 118 

Murder of Miss McCrea, July 27 121 

Battle of Bennington, August 16 123 

Battle of Brandywine, September 11 119 

First battle of Saratoga, September 19 124 

Philadelphia captured by the British, September 26 120 

Battle of G-ermantown, October 4 120 

Second battle of Saratoga, October 7 124 

Surrender of Burgoync, October 17 125 

1778. American Independence acknowledged by France, February 6 . . 127 

Battle of Monmouth, June 28 127 

Massacre of Wyoming, July 3 128 

French fleet arrived in Narragansett Bay, July 29 128 

British captured Savannah, Ga., December 29 129 

1779. Stony Point captured by General Wayne, July 15 130 

Sullivan defeated the Indians near Elmira, August 29 131 

Paul Jones' victory, September 23 132 

D'Estaing and Lincoln repulsed at Savannah, October 9 . . . . 129 

1780. Charleston surrendered to the British, May 12 133 

Battle of Hanging Rock, S. C, August 6 134 

Battle of Camden, August 16 133 



1780.] 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 



147 



FAQB 

1780. Andre executed, October 2 136 

Battle of King's Mountain, October 7 134 

1781. Richmond burned by Arnold, January 5 

Battle of the Cowpens, January 17 137 

Greene's celebrated retreat, January and February 137 

Battle of Guilford Court-House, March 13 138 

Battle of Eutaw Springs, September 8 138 

Surrender of Cornwallis, October 19 140 

1782. Charleston, S. C, evacuated, December 14 143 

Savannah evacuated by the British, July 11 „ . 142 

1783. Treaty of Peace signed at Paris, September 3 142 

New York evacuated by the British, November 25 142 

Washington resigned his commission, December 23 142 

1787. Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts 143 

Constitution of the United States adopted, September 17 .... 143 

1788. Constitution adopted by nine States 143 



REFERENCES FOR READING. 



Lossing''s Field Book of the Revolution.— Garden's Anecdotes of the Revolution.— Grace 
Greenwood's Forest Tragedy.— Campbell'' s Gertrude of Wyoming (Poem). — Halleck's Wyoming 
(Poem).—Simms'' Life of Marion,- also his Series of Historical Tales.— BryanVs Song of Mar- 
urn's Men, and Seventy-six (Poems).— Magoon''s Orators of American Revolution.— Readley''s 
Washington and his Generals. — Wirfs Life of Patrick Henry. — G. W. Greene'' s Historical View 
of Ai?iencan Revolution, and Life of General Greene.— Parton''s Life of Benjamin Franklin. — 
Longfellow''s Paul Revere''s Ride, and PulaskVs Banner (Poems).— Headley'^s Life of La Fayette. 
— Haiothome''s Ticonderoga (Twice Told Tales). — Mrs. ElleVs Women of the American Revolu- 
tion.— Watson'' s Camp Fires of the Revolution. — Raymond''s Women of the South. — Sabine''s 
Loyalists of the American Revolution.— Lee'' s War in the Southern Department.— Drake's Amer- 
ican Flag (Poem). — Streefs Corvcord, Bennington, and American Independence (Poems). — 
DwighVs Columbia (Poem). — Washington'' s Farewell Address. — Sears'' History of the American 
Revolution. — Freneau''s Poems. — Life of General Joseph Reed, by Wm. B. Reed.— Cooper''s novels 
(The Spy, The Pilot, and Lionel Lincoln).— Motley'' s Mortem'' s Hope, and Paulding's Old Conti- 
nental (novel).— Winthrop Sargenfs Life of Andre', and Loyalist Poetry of the Revolution. — 
Moore's Songs and Ballads, and Diary of the Revolution.— Whittier's Rangers (Poem). — Haw- 
thome's Septimius Fdton (Fiction). — Winthrop's Edwin Brothertoft (Fiction).— Barnes'' Brief 
History of France.— Barnes' Popular History of United States.— Harper's Magazine, Vol. 50, 
The Concord Fight; Vol. 51, Echoes of Bunker Hill; Vol. 53, Virginia in the Revolution ; 
Vol. 55, Battle of Bennington ; Vol. 67, The Swamp Fox. — Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 37, Siege 
of Boston.— Martin's Civil Government.— Carrington's Battles of the Revolution.— Carrington's 
Battle Maps and Charts.— Lamb's History of the City of New Tork.—Lossing's Our Country. — 
Doyle's History of United States.— McMaster's History of tlie People of the United States,— 
Bryant and Gay's Popular History of United States. 



148 



BARNES' BlUEF HISTORY, 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



Causes of the 
American 
Revolution. 



1. Remote Causes. 



2. Direct Causes. 



Knulhh Trealmonl. 

Navigation Act.i. 

Laws of Trade aud MaDubotora. 
. Taxation. 

Writ« of Aseiatance. 

Stamp Act. 
. llatinj Act. 

Boston M&s.tacr«. 

Boston Tea Parly. 

Climax Kcachcd. 



2. First Continental Conprress (1774). 



3. Events of 177ri. 
(1st Year of War.) 



4. Events of 1776. 
(2d Year of War.) 



e. Events of 1777. 
(3d Year of War.) 



6. Events of 1778. 
(4th Year of War.) 



7. Events of 177i>. 
(5th Year of War.) 



r 1. Battle of Lexii 

2. Battle of Bunk 

3. Capture of Tic 



Battle of Lexington. ] I i-^^i^P"""- 

ikor Hill, 
apture of Ticonderoga. 

4. Socomi Continental Congress. 

5. Condition of Wiij-liingtou's Army. 

( a. Montnomery. 

6. Expedition agiiinst Can. •! b. Arnold. 

L c. Attac-k on Quebeo. 

1. Evacuation of Boston. 

2. Attack on Fort Moultrie. 

3. Declaration of Independence. 

o. Battle of Long Island. 
. _ -KT 1' J *. The EseaiH?. 

4. Campaign near N. ^ . -j c. WashinRtons Retreat. 
Flight through New Jersey. 

5. Condition of the Country. 

6. Battle of Trenton. \ f. JS"""' 
1. Battle of Princeton. 



2. Campaign in Penn. 



< 8. Campaign at the North. 



i b. 

C a.) 



1. Winter at Yalley Forge. 

2. Aiti from France. 

3. Battle of Monmouth. 

4. Campaign in Rhode Island. 

5. Wyoming Massacre. 



Howe and the "American Fabius". 
Battle of Brandywine. 
Battle of Germanuiwn. 
Conclusion. 
a. Condition of Affairs. 
6. Burgoyne's Invasion, 
c. Burgoyne's Difficulties. 

a. DfteriptUm. 
i b. BfftcU. 



. Battle of Saratoga. 



1. Campaign at the South. 

2. Campaign at the North. 
8. Naval Exploita 



8. Events of 1780. 
(6th Year of War.) 



!'■ 



Campaign at the South. 



a. Conquest of Georgia. 

h. Attack on Charleston, 

c. Death of Pula.s|[i aud Jasper. 

a. In Connecticut. 

b. Capture of Stony Point. 

c. Sullivan's Expeilltinn. 

o. Privateers. 
6. Paul Jones. 

a. Capture" of Charleston. 
6. Clinton and CornwalUs. 
c Battle of Camden. 

d. Partisan Warfare^Marion, Sumter, 

Pickens, Lee. etc. 



j 2. Continental Money. 
*" 3. Arnold's Treason. 



9. Events of 1781. 
(7th Year of War.) 



1. Campaign at the South. 

2. Campaign at the North. 

3. Siege of Yorktown. 

10. Difficulties of the Army and Country 

11. Peace (1783). 

12. Weakness of the Government. 



{! 
I' 

f a. D 
i h. Si 

I e. Kl 



Battle of the Cowpens. 
Greene's Retreat. 
Campaign Closetl. 
Arnold. La Fayette. CornwAlli' 
Clinton, 
iption. 
nder. 
ffeeta. 



13. 



Constitution 
Adoptetl. 



1. The Convention. 

2. Fedenilists and Anti Federalists. 

3. Katitlcntion. 

4. First Presidential Election. 



Wubington 

MAP TO illust: 
WARwiTuME 

SCALE Op MILES 




Z.Zumpanffo 

..r — -^-v y~\iaJt« Tezcuco 
~~^--'<KuruhH4n> 

Vol.rbi'oeatti.tll /I'ueVU 
ROUTE OF GEN.SCOTjT BETWEEN VERA CRUZ ANC 




jLS. iamet i Co. J/tui Tork^il, 



FOgH IV 



OFTHEST'ATES. 





^ f(\OM 1787. 
>^ TO 1861. 

Washington's Inauguration 

(April 30, 1789).— In the choice 
of the first President of the 
United States, all hearts turned 
instinctively to Washington. 
With deep regret, he left his 
b' it' quiet home at Mount Vernon for 
the tumults of political life. His journey to New York 
was a continual ovation. Crowds of gayly-dressed people 
bearing baskets and garlands of flowers, and hailing his 
appearance with shouts of joy, met him at every village. 

Questions on the Geography of the Fotirth Epoch. — Locate New York. Phila- 
delphia. Baltimore. Detroit. York. St. John's. Montreal. Plattsbnrg. Sackett's 
Harbor. Erenchtown. Chippewa. New Orleans. Sacramento. San Francisco. 
Santa Pe. Q ueenstown Heights. Chrysler's Field. Horseshoe Bend. Lundy'sLane. 

Locate Port Maiden. Fort Erie. Fort Meigs. Port Stephenson. PortMimms. 
CMims). Port McHenry. Fort Brown. Port Schlosser. 

Describe the Maumee River. Hudson River. Tippecanoe River. Niagara River. 
St. Lawrence River. Raisin River. Thames River. Rio Grande River. Nueces 
River. Locate Sandusky Bay. Lake Champlain. 

Locate Palo Alto. Point Isabel. Resaca de la Palma. Matamoras. Monterey. 
Buena Vista. Vera Cruz. Puebla. Cerro Gordo. The Cordilleras. Mexico. 

The following names of places can be found on map, Epoch VI. Locate Ston- 
ington, Conn. Palmyra, N. Y. Nauvoo, m. Moiuit Vernon. Port King. Coliunbia 
River. Tampa Bay. Cuba. Havana. 



150 EPOCH IV. [1789. 

On the balcony of old Federal Hall, New York City,* he 
took the oath to support the Constitution of the United 
States, t 

♦ New York was only temporarily the capital. At the second session of Congress, 
the seat of government was transferred to Philadelphia, where it was to i-emain for 
ten years, and then (1800) be removed to the District of Coliimbia, a tract of land ten 
miles square ceded for this pui-pose by Maryland and Virginia. Hero a city was laid 
out in the midst of a wilderness, containing only here and there a small cottage. 
The " Father of his Country" laid the corner-stone of the capitol (1793). The part of 
this District on the Virginia side of the Potomac was ceded back to that State (1840). 

t George Washington was born February 22, 1732 ; died December 1-t, 1 799. Left 
fatherless at eleven years of age, his education was directed by his mother, a woman 
of strong character, who kindly, but firmly, exacted implicit obedience. Of her, 
Washington learned his first lessons in self-conmiand. Although bashfid and hesi- 
tating in his speech, his language was clear and manly. Ha\ang compiled a code of 
morals and good manners for his o^vn use, he rigidly observed all its quaint and 
formal rules. Before his thirteenth year he had copied forms for all kinds of legal 
and mercantile papers. His manuscript school-books, which still e.xist, are models of 
neatness and accuracy. His favorite amusements were of a military character ; he 
made soldiers of his playmates, and officered all the mock parades. He inherited 
great wealth, and the antiquity of his family gave him high social rank. On his 
Potomac farms he had hundreds of slaves, and at his Mount Vernon home he 
was like the prince of a wide domain, free from dependence or restraint. He was 
fond of equipage and the appurtenances of high life, and although Tie always rode on 
horseback, his family had a " chariot and four ", -with " black postilions In scarlet and 
white livery". This generous style of li"ving, added perhaps to his native reserve, 
exposed him to the charge of aristocratic feeling. While at homa, he spent much 
of his time in riding and hunting. He rose early, ate his breakfast of corn-cake, 
honey, and tea, and then rode about his estates ; his evenings he ptisscd with his 
family around the blazing hearth, retiring between nine and ten. He loved to linger 
at the tiible, cracking nuts, and relating his adventures. In personal appearance, 
Washington was over six feet in height, robiist, graceful, and perfectly erect. His 
manner was formal and dignified. He was more solid than brilliant, and had more 
judgment than genius. He had great dread of public life, cared little for books, and 
possessed no librarj'. A consistent Christian, he was a vestryman and regular 
attendant of the Episcopal Church. A firm advocate of free institutions, he still 
believed in a strong government and strictly enforced laws. As Presideat, he care- 
fully weighed his decisions ; but, his jxilicy once settled, pursued it with steadiness 
and dignity, however great the opposition. As an officer, he was brave, enterprising, 
and cautious. His campaigns were rarely startling, but always judicious. He was 
capable of great endurance. Calm in defeat, sober in victorj^, commanding at all 
times, and irresistible when aroused, he exercised equal authority over Idmself and 
his army. His last illness was brief, and his closing hours were marked by his usual 
calmness and dignity. " I die hard ", said he, " but I am not afi-aid to go." Europe 
and America \ied in tributes to his memory. Said Ixird Brougham, " Until time shall 
be no more, a test of the progress which our race has made in wisdom and virtue will 
be derived from the veneration paid to the immortal name of Washington." Wash- 



1780.] 



WASUINOTON'S ADMINISTRATION, 



151 



Difficulties beset the new government on every hand. 
The treasury was empty, and the United States had no 
credit. The Indians were hostile. Pirates from the Bar- 
bary States attacked our ships, and American citizens were 
languishing in Algerine dungeons. Spain refused us the 
navigation of the Mississippi. England had not yet con- 




HAiIIL,TON. 



WASHINGTON. 



JEFFEKSON. 



descended to send a minister to our government, and had 
made no treaty of commerce with us. We shall see how 
wisely Washington and his cabinet* met these difficulties. 
Domestic Affairs. — Finances. — By the advice of Alexan- 
der Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Congress agreed to 
assume the debts contracted by the States during the Revolu- 

ington left no children. It has been beantlfully said, " Providence left him childless 
that his country might call him Father." 

* Three executive departments were now established— the Department of Foreign 
Affairs (now the Department of State), the Department of War, and the Department 
of the Treasurj^ The heads of these departments were called Secretaries, and, with 
the Attorney-General, formed the President's cabinet. 



152 EPOCH IV. [1790. 

tion, and to pay the national debt in full, including the Con- 
tinental money. To provide funds, taxes were levied on 
imported goods and the distillation of spirits. A mint and 
a national bank were established at Philadelphia. By these 
measures, the credit of the United States was put upon a 
firm basis.* 

Mliiskey Rebellioiv (1 794). — Great opposition was made to 
raising money by taxation. In western Pennsylvania, it was 
agreed that no tax should be paid on whiskey. The rioters 
were so numerous and so thoroughly organized that fifteen 
thousand of the militia were ordered out to subdue them. 
Finding the government in earnest, the malcontents laid 
down their arms. 

Indian Wars. — Two armies sent against the Indians 
of the north-west were defeated. At last, General Wayne 
— "Mad Anthony" — was put in command. Little Turtle, 
the Indian chief, now advised peace, declaring that the 
Americans had " a leader who never slept ". But his coun- 
sel was rejected, and a desperate battle was fought on 
the Maumee (Aug. 20, 1794). Wayne routed the Indians, 
chased them a great distance, laid waste their towns for 
fifty miles, and compelled them to make a treaty \ giving 
up about 25,000 square miles of land north of the Ohio. 

Foreign Affairs. — England. — Hardly had the war closed 
when complaints were made in England that debts could not 
be collected in America. On the other hand, the Americans 
charged that the British armies had carried off their negroes, 
that posts were still held on the frontier, and that our seamen 

♦ The credit of these plans belongs to Hamilton. Daniel Webster has eloquently 
said of him, " He smote the rock of the national resources, and abundant streams of 
revenue burst forth. He touched the dead corpse of public credit, and it sprung 
upon its feet." 

t He told them, it is said, that if they ever violated this agreement he would rise 
from his grave to fight them. He was long remembered by the western Indiana. 



1794.] WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 153 

were impressed. Chief Justice Jay was sent as envoy ex- 
traordinary to England. He negotiated a treaty, which was 
ratified by the Senate (1795), after a violent opposition.* 

Spain and Algiers. — The same year, a treaty was made 
with Spain, securing to the United States the free naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi, and fixing the boundary of Florida, 
still held by that nation. Just before this, a treaty had 
been concluded with Algiers, by which our captives were 
released and the Mediterranean commerce was opened to 
American vessels. 

France. — The Americans warmly sympathized with 
France, and when war broke out between that country and 
England, AVashington had great difficulty in preserving 
neutrality. He saw that the true American policy was 
to keep free from European alliances. Genet (zhSh na'), 
the French minister, relying on the popular feeling, went 
so far as to fit out, in the ports of the United States, 
privateers to prey on British commerce. He also tried to 
arouse the people against the government. At length, at 
Washington's request. Genet was recalled. But, as we 
shall see, the difficulty did not end. 

Political Parties. — During the discussion of these vari- 
ous questions, two parties had arisen. Jefferson, Madison, 
and Randolph! became leaders of the republican party, 
which opposed the United States Bank, the English treaty, 
and the assumption of the State debts. Hamilton and 
Adams were the leaders of the federalist party, which sup- 

* TMs treaty enforced the payment of the English debts, but did not in turn forbid 
the impressment of American seamen. Its advocates were threatened with violence 
by angry mobs. Hamilton was stoned at a public meeting. Insults were offered to 
the British rainister, and Jay was burned in eflBgy. 

+ John Randolph of Roanoke was not prominent in the republican (or demo- 
cratic-republican, as it was often called) party until a later administration, being 
elected representative in 1799. About 1806, however, he became estranged from 
Jefferson, and opposed the election of Madison. He was a descendant of Poca- 



15-4 EPOCH IV. [1796. 

ported the administration.* Washington having decUned to 
serve a thii-d terra, issued his famous Farewell Address. So 
close "was the contest between the rival parties that Adams, 
the federalist candidate, was elected President by a major- 
ity of only two electoral votes over Jefferson, the repub- 
lican nominee, who became Vice-I*resident. 



ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION, t 

(SECOND PRESIDENT: 1797-1801.) 

Domestic Affairs. — AJieii and Sedition Lnirs. — Owing to 
the violent denunciations of the government by the friends 
and emissaries of France, the alien and sedition laws were 

hontas, of which fact he often boasted, and was noted for his keen retorts, reck- 
less wit, and skill in debjite. His toll, slender, and cadaverous form, his shril) and 
piping voice, and his long skinny fingers -ix>inting towanl the object ol his 
invective— matle him a conspicuous speaker. Vov thirty years, says Benton, he was the 
"political meteor" of Congress (see "A Thirty Years' View," by Thomas Hart Bt>nt,on). 

* The federalists favored the granting of power to the general government, which 
they thought should be made strong. The repubhcans, fearing lest the republic 
should become a monarchy, and the President, a king, opposed this idea and advo- 
cated state rights. In this election, the republicans were accused of being friends 
of France, and the federalists of being attaclied to Great Britain and its institutions. 
This Republican ixirty was the forerunner of the present Democratic party (p. 1 TS), 
and must not be confounded with the present Republican ixirty. 

t John Adams w;is bom 1735 ; died 1826. He was a member of the first and the 
second Congress, and nominated Washington as commander-in<hief. JeflFerson 
wrote the Declai"ation of Independence, but Adams secui-ed its adoption in a three- 
daj-s debate. He was a tireless worker, and had the reputation of haNTng the clear- 
est head and firmest heart of any man in Congress. As President, he lost the reputa- 
tion he had gained as Congressman. His enemies accuseil him of being a bad 
judge of men, of clinging to old unpopulai notions, and of having little control over 
his temper. They also ridiculed his egotism, which they declared to be inordinate. 
He lived, however, to see the prejudice against his mlministi-ation give place to o 
juster estimate of his great worth and exaltod integrity. As a delegate to the Con 
stitutional Convention, he was honored as one of the fathers of the republic. 
Adams and Jefferson were firm friends during the Revolution, but political strife 
alienated them. On their return to private life they becmne reconciled. They died 
on the Siime day— the fiftieth anniversary" of American independence Adams' last 
words were, "Thomas Jefferson still surs-ives." Jefferson was, however, already 
Ij-ing dead in his Virginia home. Thus, b>- the passing away of these two remarkatle 
men, was made memorable the 4th of July, \&'ZQ. 



1798.] JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 155 

passed. Under the former, the President could expel from 
the country any foreigner whom he deemed injurious to the 
United States ; under the latter, any one libeling Congress, 
the President, or the government, could be fined or impris- 
oned. This was a most unpopular measure, excited the 
bitterest feeling, and was soon re^3aled. 

Foreign Affairs. — Fi-ancc. — French affairs early assumed 
a serious a spec t. Our flag was insulted, our vessels were capt- 
ured, and our envoys were refused audience by i\\Q French 
Directory unless a bribe should be paid.* The news of this 
insult aroused the nation, and the friends of France were 
silenced. Orders were issued to raise an army, of which 
Washington was appointed com luandor-in-cliief. Hostilities 
had commenced on the sea, when Napoleon became the First 
Consul of Franco, and the war was happily arrested. 

Political Parties. — An intense party feeling prevailed 
during the entire administration. The unpopularity of the 
ahon and sedition laws reduced the vote for Adams and 
Pinckney, the federal candidates. The republican nominees, 
Jefferson and Burr, received the majority of votes; but, as 
each had the same number, the election went to the House 
of Representatives, which chose Jefferson for President, 
antl Burr for Vice-President. 



JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.f 

(THIRD PRESIDENT— TWO TERMS: 1801-1800.-) 

Domestic Affairs. — Purchase of Louisiana (1803). — The 
most important event of Jefferson's administration was the 

* Charles C. Pinckney— our minister to France — is reported to have replied to 
this insulting demand, " Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute." 

+ Thomas Jefferson was born 1743 ; died 18'-i6. " Of all the public men who have 
figured in the United States," says Parton, " he was incomparably the best scholar 



15t> EPOCH IV. [1808. 

purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon. Over one niillion 
squai'e miles of land and the full possession of the Mississippi 
were obtained for $15,000,000 (see Map, Vlth Epoch). 

.lanm Burr, the \'ice-President, was Alexander Hamil- 
ton's bitter rival, both in law and in politics, and at laist chal- 
lenged him to a duel. c/Iamilton accepted. The affair took 
place at Weoha wken ( Jidy 11,18 04). I lamilton fell at the 
tii"st tire, on the very spot where his eldest son had been killed 
shortly befoi-e in the same manner. His death produced the 
most profound sensation. Burr afterward went west and or- 
ganized an expedition witli the avowed object of forming a 
settlement in northern ^Mexico. Being suspected, however, 
of a design to break up the Union and found a separate con- 
federacv bevond the Alleghanies, he was arrested and tried 



ami the iin>st variously aitx>niplished luan." Ho w;»s a bold horseman, a skillfiil 
himter, an eleinint penman, a fme violinist, a brilliant talker, a suj^erior classical 
schohu-, ami a pivticient in the nn.xlem l!Uisi"»^*J»^s. On account of his talents he was 
styKxl "The Sa^^ of Monticello". That immortal document, the Declsiration of In- 
deiiendence, was, with the exception of a few wonls, entirely his work. He w.i»s an 
arilent supix^rter o ' 'he divtrine of State rights, and lotl the opix>sition to the fetler- 
alists. After he became Pivsident, however, he found the difficulty of mlministeriug 
the j^>vernment ujxm that thixn-y. "The executive authority had to be stretched 
until it cracked, to c«.ivcr the piuvhase of Ix^uisiana ; " and he btx-ame con^nnced on 
other ixviksions that the fe^loral government, to use his own expiv«»ion, must "show 
its teeth ". Like Washin^on, he Wiis of tu-istoci-atic birth, but his principles were in- 
tensely demiH-ratic. He hateil ceremonies and titles ; even " Mr." wjjs distjisteful to 
him. These tmits weix» the more remarkable iii one of his stiperior birth and educa- 
tion, and peculiarly endeaiv*.! him to the comnion people. Coming into pnjwer on a 
wave of iKijnihu-ity, he stvidio\isly sOtight to i\>tain this favor. There were no more 
brilliant leroes or courtl.v ceremonies as in the daj-s of Washington and Adanis. On 
his inaugun»tion day, he divsseil in plain clothes, rode unattendoil down to Congress, 
dismounted, hitched his horse, and went into the chamber to resid his fifteen-minutes 
inaug\iR\l. Some of the sentences of that short but memorable juidress have passed 
into prv»verb8. The unostentatious example thus set by the nation's President w:vs 
wise in its effects. Soim, the iiubiic debt wsis diminished, the treasury was replen- 
ished, and the army and na\T were re*iuced. A man of such marked character neces- 
sarily m.'ule bitter enemit>s, b\it Jeflrers*m commanded the respect of even his oppo- 
nents, while the admiration of his fiiends wsis unU.iundtxi. The last seventeen years 
of his life were iias*^»«i at M«>nticelU>, neju- the pla«.f of his birth. By his prvifuse hos- 
pitality, he had, long K^foiv liis doatli. six>nt his vast estates. He died p«.x>r in money, 
but rich in honor. His last words weiv, " Tliis is the fourth day of July." 



1807.] JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION, 157 

(1807) on a charge of treason.* Although acquitted for 
want of proof, he yet remained an outcast. t 

FiiUoii's Steaui-hoat. — The year 180 7 was made memo- 
rable by the voyage from New York to Albany of Robert 
Fulton's steam-boat, the Clermont. For years, the Hudson 
could boast of having the only steam-boat in the world. 

Foreign Affairs. — War vdth, Tripoli. — The Barbary 
States, of which Tripoli is one, i'or many years sent out 
cruisers which captured vessels of all Christian nations, 
and held their crews as slaves until ransomed. The United 
States, like the European nations, was accustomed to pay 
annual tribute to these pirates to secure exemption from 
their attacks. The Bashaw (ba shaw') of Tripoli became so 
haughty that he declared war (1801) against the United 
States. Jefferson sent a fleet which blockaded J the port 
and repeatedly bombarded the city of Tripoli. The fright- 
ened Bashaw was at last glad to make peace. 

England aii<l France. — During this time, England and 
France were engaged in a desperate struggle. England tried 
to prevent trade with France, and, in turn, Napoleon forbade 
all commerce with England. As the United States was 
neutral, we did most of the carrying trade of Europe. Our 

* While awaiting his trial, Burr was committed to the common jail. There, 
among its wretched inmates, stripped of all his honors, lay the man who once lacked 
but a single vote to make him President of the United States. 

t Closely connected with Burr's conspiracy is the romantic story of Blennerhassett 
and his beautifiU wife. Having settled on an island in the Ohio lliver, they had 
transformed the wilderness into a garden of beauty, and had clustered about their 
home every luxury which wealth could procure. Into this paradise. Burr came, win- 
ning their confidence, and engaging thorn in his plans. On Burr's downfall, Blenner- 
hassett was arrested, and, before his release, every thing had been sold by his creditors, 
the grounds turned into a hemp-field, and the mansion converted into a store-house. 

X During this blockade, a valiant exploit was performed by Lieutenant Decatur. 
The frigate Philadelphia had unfortunately grounded and fallen into the enemy's 
hands. Concealing his men below, he entered the harbor with sr small vessel, which 
ho warped alongside the Philadelphia, in the character of a ship in distress. As the 
two vessels stnick, the pirates first suspected his design. Instantly he leaped aboard, 



158 EPOCU IV. [1807. 

vessels thiis became the prey of both the hostile nations. Be- 
sides, England claimed the right of stopping American ves- 
sels on the high seas, to search for seamen of English birth,* 
and press them into the British nav}'. The feeling, already- 
deep, was intensified when the British frigate Leopard fired 
into the American frigate Chesapeake, off the coast of Vir- 
ginia. The American vessel, being wholly unprepared for 
battle, soon struck her colors. Four of the crew, three being 
Americans by birth, were taken, on the pretense that they 
were deserters. Jefferson immediately ordered all British 
vessels of war to quit the waters of the United States. 
Though England disavowed the act, no reparation was made. 
Congress then passed an Embargo Act forbidding American 
vessels to leave port. This was so injurious to our com- 
merce that it was removed, but all intercourse with England 
or France was forbidden. 

Political Parties. — While the country was in this feverish 
state, Jefferson's second term expired. James Madison, the 
republican candidate, who was in sympathy with his views, 
was elected as his successor by a large majority. The repub- 
licans generally favored a war with England, f while the 
federalists bitterly opposed the war policy. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION, t 

(FOURTH PRESIDENT -TWO TERMS: 1809-1817. 

Domestic Affairs. — Battle of Tippecmioe (November 7, 
1811). — Britisli emissaries had been busy arousing the In- 

wlth his men, swept the tififrighted crew into the sea, set the ship on fire, and, amid a 
tremendous cannonade from the shore, escaped without losinj; a man. 

♦ The American doctrine wtis that a foi-eijjner natui-alized became an American 
citizen ; the British, " Once an Englishman, always an Englishman." 

+ Madison and Monroe both followed Jefferson's poliry; Josiah Quincy once 
called thcra James I. and James 11. 

t James Madison was born in Virginia in 1751 ; died 183G. In the Convention 



1811.] 



Madison's administration. 



159 



dians to war. Te cum'seh, a famous chief, seized the opportu- 
nity to form a confederacy of the north-western tribes. Gen- 
eral Harrison, who was sent against them with a strong force, 
was treacherously attacked by night near the Tippecanoe. 
The Indians, however, were routed with great slaughter. 




BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. 



of 1787, he was one of the strongest advocates of the Constitution, and did much to 
secure its adoption. I'rom his political principles he was obliged, though reluctantly, 
to oppose Washington's administration, which he did in a courteous and temperate 
manner. He led his party in Congress, where he remained till 1797. The next year 
he drafted the famous " 1798-'99 Resolutions ", enunciating the doctrine of State 
rights, which, with the accompanying " Report " in their defense, have heen the 
greai text-book of the democratic party. He was Secretary of State to Jefferson. 
After his Presidential services, he retired from public station. Madison's success 
was not so much the result of a great natural ability as of intense application and 
se vere ac curacy. His mind was strong, clear, and well-balanced, and his memory 
was wonderful. Like John Quincy Adams, he had laid up a great store of learning, 
which he used in the most skillful manner. He always exhausted the subject upon 
which he spoke. " When he had finished, nothing remained to be said." His private 
character was spotless. His manner was simple, modest, and uniformly courteous 
to his opponents. He enjoyed wit and humor, and told a story admirably. His 
sunny temper remained with him to the last. Some friends coming to visit him 
diiring his final illness, he sunk smilingly back on his couch, saying : " I always talk 
better when I /i«." It has been said of him : " It was bis r^re good fortune to have a 
whole nation for his friends." 



160 EPOCH IV. [1812. 

Foreign Affairs. — Ejiglaml. — This war aroused the people 
of the West against England. The impressment of our sea^- 
men and the capture of our ships continued. The British 
government went so far as to send war vessels into our waters 
to seize our ships as prizes. The American frigate President 
having hailed the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, received a 
cannon-shot in reply. The fire was returned, and the sloop 
soon disabled ; a civil answer was then returned. The British 
government refusing to relinquish its offensive course, all 
hope of peace was abandoned.* Finally (June 19, 1812), 
war was formally declared against Great Britain. 



SECOND WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN (1812-'14). 

Surrender of Detroit (August 16, 1812). — As in the pre- 
vious wars, it was determined to invade Canada. General 
William Hull accordingly crossed over from Detroit and en- 
camped on Canadian soil. While preparing to attack Fort 
Maiden (ma>A^i'den), he learned that the enemy were gather- 
ing in force, and had already captured Fort Mackinaw. He, 
therefore, retreated to Detroit. The British under General 
Brock and the Indians under Tecumseh followed thither, 
and, landing, advanced at once to assault the fort at that 
place. The garrison was in line, and the gunners were 
standing with lighted matches awaiting the order to fire, 
when Hull, apparently unnerved by the fear of bloodshed, 
ordered the white flag — a table-cloth — to be raised. Amid 
the tears of his men, it is said, and without even stipulating 
for the honors of war, he surrendered not only Detroit, with 
its garrison and stores, but the whole of Michigan. 

♦ Madison, whose disposition was very pacific, hesitated so long, that one of the 
federalists declared in Congress that " he could not be kicked into a light ". Thia 
expression passed into a proverb. 




VICINITY OF THE 

CITY OF MKXICO 



1812.] YTAR OF 1812-'14. 161 

Battle of Queenstown Heights (October 13).— Late in 
summer, another attempt was made to invade Canada. Gen- 
eral Van Rensselaer (ren'se ler), finding that his men were 
eager for a light, sent a small body across the Niagara River 
to attack the British at Queenstown Heights. The English 
were driven from their position, and General Brock was 
killed. General Van Rensselaer then returned to the Ameri- 
can shore to bring over the rest of the army ; but the militia, 
denying the constitutional right of their commander to take 
them out of the State, refused to embark. Meantime, their 
comrades on the Canadian shore, thus basely abandoned, 
after a desperate struggle, were compelled to surrender. 

Naval Victories. — These signal disgraces by land were 
in striking contrast to the successes on the sea. 

ConstltiitjoJh and Giicrricre (August 1 9). — The fight off the 
Banks of Newfoundland, between the American frigate Con- 
stitution (popularly called Old Ironsides) and the Guerriere 
(gare e areO is memorable. The latter vessel opened fire first. 
Captain Isaac Hull* refused to answer until he had brought 
his ship into the exact position he desired, when he poured 
broadside after broadside into his antagonist, sweeping her 
deck, shattering her hull, and cutting her masts and rigging 
to pieces. The Guerriere soon became unmanageable, and 
was forced to surrender.! She was so badly injured that she 

* Nephew of General Hull. His bravery retrieved the name from its disgrace. 

t "Captain Hull sent an officer to take possession of the Guerriere. When he 
arrived alongside, he demanded of the commander of the English frigate if he had 
struck. Dacres was extremely reluctant to make this concession in plain terms; 
but, vrith a shi-ewdness which would have done honor to a Yankee, endeavored to 
evade the question. ' I do not know that it would be prudent to continue the en- 
gagement any longer ', said he. ' Do I vmderstand yoti to say that you have struck? ' 
inquired the American lieutenant. ' Xot precisely- ', returned Dacres ; ' but I don't 
know that it will be worth while to fight any longer.' ' If yoti can not decide, I will 
return aboard', replied the Yankee, 'and we will resume the engagement.' 'Why, 
I am pretty much hors de combat ah-eady ', s;iid Dacres ; ' I have hardly men enough 
left to work a gun, and my ship is in a sinking condition.' 'I wish to know, sir', 



162 



EPOCH IV. 



[1813. 



could not be brought into port ; while the Old Ironsides, in 
a few hours, was ready for another fight. 

Frolic and Wasp (October 13). — The next noted 
achievement was the defeat of the English brig Frolic 
by the sloop-of-war Wasp, off the coast of North Carolina. 
When the former was boarded by her captors, her colors 




CAl'Tl KK OF THK OlKUKiKKE BY THE CONSTiTL I'lON. 

were still fl3ing, there being no one to haul them down. 
The man at the helm was the only sailor left on deck 
unharmed. 

Other victories followed. Privateers scoured every sea, 
inflicting untold injury on the British commerce. During 
the year, over three hundred prizes were captured. 

peremptorily demanded the American officer, ' whether I am to consider you as a 
prisoner of war or an enemy. T have no time for fiirther parley.' ' I believe there is 
now no alternative. If T could fight longer, I would with pleasure ; but I— must— 
surreoder— myself— a prisoner qf warT " 



1813.] WAR OF 1813-'14. 163 

The Effect of these J^aval Victories was to arouse enthu- 
siasm and inspire confidence. Volunteer corps were rapidly 
formed. Madison was re-elected, thus stamping his war 
policy with the popular approval. 

1813. 

Plan of the Campaign. — Three armies were raised: (1) 
the Army of the Center, under General Dearborn, on the 
Niagara River ; (2) the Army of the North, under General 
Hampton, along Lake Champlain ; and (3) the Army of the 
West, under General Harrison, of Tippecanoe fame. All three 
were ultimately to invade Canada. Proctor was the British 
general, and Tecumseh had command of his Indian allies. 

The Armies of the Center and North did but little. Gen- 
eral Dearborn * attacked York, General Pike gallantly lead- 
ing the assault. Unfortunately, in the moment of success 
the magazine blew up, making fearful havoc. Pike was 
mortally wounded, but lived to hear the shouts of his men as 
they hauled down the British ensign. At a sign from him, 
the captured flag was placed under his head, when he died, 
as he had wished, " like Wolfe, in the arms of victory ". Dear- 
born soon after resigned. Wilkinson, his successor, tried to 
descend the St. Lawrence, and join General Hampton in an 
attack on Montreal. A sharp action occurred at Chrysler's 
Field, but news coming that Hampton had gone back to 
Plattsburg, the expedition was abandoned. (Map opp. p. 1 6 0.) 
Thus ingloriously ended the campaign of these two armies. 

Army of the West. — A detachment of General Harrison's 
men was captured \ at Frenchtown, on the River Raisin, by 

♦ When the British heard that Dearborn had sailed away from Sackett's Harbor 
with the fleet, they immediately made an attack on that place. They were bravely 
repulsed by Gteneral Brown and a few regulars. 

+ This party was stationed on the Maumee, under General Winchester. Having 



164 EPOCH IV. [1813 

Proctor, who then besieged Harrison himself at Fort Meigs 
(mSQz). Repulsed here, Proctor stormed Fort Stephenson, 
garrisoned by only one hundred and sixty men, under Majo'' 
Croghan, a young man of twenty-one. Beaten again, h 
returned to Maiden. As yet, however, the British held 
Michigan ■ and threatened Ohio, and tlie Americans had 
been as unsuccessful this year as they were the preceding, 
when a glorious triumph on liake Erie gave a now aspect 
to the canipaign. 

Perry's Victory (September 10). — When Captain Perry, 
then only twenty-seven years old, was assigned the command 
of the flotilla on Lake Erie, the British were undisputed 
masters of the lake, while his lieet was to be, in part, made 
out of the trees in the forest. By indefatigable exertion he 
got nine vessels, carrying fifty-four guns, ready for action, 
when the British fleet of six vessels and sixty-three guns 
bore down upon his little squadron.* Perry's flag-ship, the 
Lawrence,! engaged two of the heaviest vessels of the enemy, 
and fought them till but eight of his men wore left. lie 

learned that the people of Frenohtown feared an attack fi-om the Indians, ho allowed 
hia niilit-siry jiidKnient to yield to his humanity, and maivhed to tlicir relief. lie de- 
feated the enemy, but wjis soon attacked by a body of llfteen hundred British and 
Indiana under PiYictor. Winchester, boinjj captured in tlio course of the battle, agreed 
to the surrender of his men under the solemn pivmise that their lives and property 
should be safe. Pix>ctor, however, immediately returned to Maiden with the British, 
lea\injr no puaixl over the American wounded. Thcrcuixm, the Indians, maddened 
by liquor and the desire for revenge, mei-cilessly tomah.awked many, set Are to the 
houses in which othera lay, and carried the survivoi-s to Dcti-oit, where they were 
dragged through the sti-eots and offered for solo at the dooi-s of the inliabitants. 
Afany of tlic women of that iilace gave for their ransom every ai-ticle of value which 
they possessed. The troops were Kentuckians, and the w;ir-cry of their sons was 
henceforth "Remember the lljiisiu".— The great object of the Indians in battle was 
to get scalps, Pix>ctor pa.sing a regular bounty for every one. They wore therefore 
loth to tjike prisoners. Proctor, brutiil and haughty, was a fit leader under a govern- 
ment that would employ savtvgos in a ci\ilized warfaiv. 

* Perry ha<l never .seen a naval battle, while Captain Barclay, the British com- 
mander, was one of Nelson's veterans, and had lost an arm in the service. 

t Prom its nuist^head lloatod a blue pennant, bearing the wonls of the dying liaw- 
rcnce, " Don't give up the ship". (See p. IGG.) 




MuN'n.iuiyii5H)i. 

UULL. 



American Leaders— Wars of the Revolution, and of 1812. 



1813.] WAR OF 1813-'14. 165 

helped these to fire the last gun, and then leaping into a boat 
bore his flag to the Niagara. He had to pass within pistol- 
shot of the British, who turned their guns directly upon him ; 
and though he was a fair mark for every shot, he escaped 
without injury. Breaking through the enemy's line, and 
firing right and left, within fifteen minutes after he mounted 
the deck of the Niagara the victory was won. Perry at once 
wrote to General Harrison, " We have met the enemy, and 
THEY ARE OURS." This lacouic dispatch produced intense ex- 
citement throughout the country. Upon the result of this 
battle depended, as we shall see, important issues. 

Battle of the Thames.— Proctor and Tecumseh were at 
Maiden with their motley array of British and Indians, two 
thousand strong, waiting to lay waste the frontier. Harrison, 
at Sandusky Bay, was nearly ready to invade Canada, and at 
the news of this victory pushed across the lake. Landing at 
Maiden, which he found deserted, Harrison hotly pursued the 
flying enemy and overtook them on the River Thames (temz). 
Having drawn up his troops, he ordered Colonel Johnson, 
with his Kentucky horsemen, to charge the English in front. 
Dashing through the forest, they broke the enemy's line, and 
forming in their rear, prepared to pour in a deadly fire. The 
British surrendered, but Proctor escaped by the swiftness 
of his horse. Johnson then pushed forward to attack the 
Indians. In the heat of the action, a bullet, fired by 
Johnson himself, struck Tecumseh. With his death, the 
savages lost all hope, and fled in confusion. 

Effect. — This victory, with Perry's, relieved Michigan, 
gave control of Lake Erie, and virtuallj^ decided the war. 
General Harrison returned amid the plaudits of the nation. 

Naval Battles. — The American navy achieved some 
brilliant successes, but was not uniformly victorious. 

Chesajjeahe and Shannon. — Captain Lawrence, of the 



166 KPOCH IV. [1813. 

Hornet, having captured the British brig Peacock, on his 
return was placed in command of the Chesapeake, the ill- 
starred frigate which struck her flag to the Leopard off the 
coast of Virginia. While refitting his vessel at Boston, a 
challenge was sent him to fight the Shannon, then lying off 
the harbor. Lawrence, although part of his crew were dis- 
charged, and the unpaid remainder were almost mutinous, 
consulted only his own heroic spirit, and put to sea. The 
action was brief. A hand-grenade bursting in the Chesa- 
peake's arm-chest, the enemy took advantage of the confu- 
sion, and boarded the vessel. A scene of carnage ensued. 
Lawrence, mortally wounded, was carried below. As he left 
the deck he exclaimed, " Don't give up the ship ". But the 
feeble crew were soon overpowered, and the colors hauled 
down. 

War with the Creeks. — Tecumseh had been (1811) 
among the Alabama Indians, and had aroused them to take 
up arms against the Americans. They accordingly formed a 
league (1813), and fell upon Fort Mimms, massacring the gar- 
rison and the defenseless women and children. (Map opp. p. 
160.) Volunteers flocked in from all sides to avenge this 
horrid deed. Under General Jackson, they drove the Indians 
from one place to another, until they took refuge on the 
Horseshoe Bend, where they fortified themselves for the last 
battle* (March 2 7,1814). The soldiers, with fixed bayonets, 
scaled their breastwork. The Creeks fought with the energy 
of despair, but six hundred of their number were killed, and 
those who escaped were glad to make peace on any terms. 



* An event occurred on Jackson's march which illustrates his iron will. For a 
long time his soldiers suffered extremely from famine, and at last they mutinied. 
General Jackson ix>de before the ranks. His left arm, shattered by a ball, was dis- 
abled, but in his right he held a m\isket. Sternly ordering the men back to their 
places, he declared he would shoot the first who advanced. No one stirred, and soon 
all returned to their duty. 



1814.] 



WAR OF 1812-'14. 



167 



Ravages on the Atlantic Coast. — Early in the spring the 
British commenced devastating the Southern coast.* Ad- 
miral Cockburn, especially, disgraced the British navy by 
conduct worse than that of Oornwallis in the Revolution. 
Along the Virginia and Carolina coast, he burned bridges, 
farm-houses, and villages ; robbed the inhabitants of their 
crops, stock, and slaves ; plundered churches of theii' com- 
munion services, and murdered the sick in their beds. 




'DON'T GIVE UP THE SHIP." DEATH OF LAWRENCE, 



1814. 

Battle of Lundy's Lane (July 25). — The American army, 
under General Brown, crossed the Niagara River once more, 
and for the last time invaded Canada. Fort Erie having 



fri 



d was spared because of a belief that the Northern States were un- 
ar, and would yet retiim to their allegiance to Great Britain. 



168 EPOCH IV. [1814. 

been taken, General Wirifield Scott, leading the advance, atr- 
tacked the British at Chip'pe wa (July 5), and gained a brill- 
iant victory. A second engagement was fought at Lundy's 
Lane, opposite Niagara Falls. (Map opp. p. 160.) Here, 
within sound of that mighty cataract, occurred one of the 
bloodiest battles of the war. General Scott had only one 
thousand men, but he maintained the unequal contest until 
dark. A battery, located on a height, was the key to the 
British position. Calling Colonel Miller to his side. General 
Brown, who had now arrived, asked him if he could take it. 
" I'll try, sir ", was the fearless reply. Heading his regiment, 
he steadily marched up the height and secured the coveted 
position. Three times the British rallied for its re-capture, 
but as many times were hurled back. At midnight they 
retired from the field. This victory, though glorious to 
the American army, was barren of direct results. 

Battle of Lake Champlain (September 11). — All but fif- 
teen hundred of the troops at Plattsburg had gone to rein- 
force General Brown. Prevost (pre vo'), the commander of 
the British army in Canada, learning this fact, took twelve 
thousand veteran soldiers, who had served under Welling- 
ton, and marched against that place. As he advanced to 
the attack, the British fleet on Lake Champlain assailed 
the American squadron under Commodore MacDonough 
(d6n'o).* The attacking squadron was nearly annihilated. 
The little army in Plattsburg, by their vigorous defense, pre- 
vented Prevost from crossing the Saranac River. When he 
found that his ships were lost, he fled precipitatelv^ leaving 
his sick and wounded, and large quantities of military stores. 

Ravages on the Atlantic Coast. — The British blockade 
extended this year to the north. Commerce was so com- 

♦ One of his vessels he had built in twenty days, from trees growing on the bank 
of the lake. 



1814.] WAR OF 1813-'14. 169 

pletely destroyed that the lamps in the light-houses were 
extinguished as being of use only to the English. Several 
towns in Maine were captured. Stonington, Conn., was 
bombarded. Cockburn continued his depredations along the 
Chesapeake. General Ross marched to "Washington (Aug. 24) 
and buriied the capitol, the Congressional library, and other 
public buildings and records, with private dwellings and 
store-houses. He then sailed around by sea, to attack Balti- 
more. The army having disembarked below the city (Sept. 
12), moved against it by land,* while the fleet bombarded 
Fort McHenry from the river. The troops, however, met 
with a determined resistance ; and, as the fleet had made no 
impression on the fort,t soon retired to their ships. 

G-reat excitement was produced by these events. Every 
sea-port was fortified ; the militia were organized, and citi- 
zens of all ranks labored with their own hands to throw up 
defenses. Bitter reproaches were cast upon the adminis- 
tration because of its mode of conducting the war. Delegates 
from New England States met at Hartford (December 1 5) to 
discuss this subject. The meeting was branded with odium 
by friends of the administration, and to be called a " Hartford 
Convention Federalist" was long a term of reproach. 

Peace, as afterward appeared, was made even before the 
convention adjourned. The treaty was signed at Ghent, 
December 24. Before, however, the news reached this 
country, a terrible and, as it proved, unnecessary battle 
had been fought in the South. 

Battle of New Orleans (January 8, 1815). — A powerful 
fleet and a force of twelve thousand men, under General Pak- 

* WMle the British troops were marching toward Baltimore, General Ross rode 
forward to reconnoiter. Two mechanics, who were in a tree watching the advance, 
fired, and Eoss fell mortally wounded. The two patriots were instantly shot. 

+ During the bombardment of Fort McHenry, Francis S. Key, an American de- 
tained on board an English vessel, wrote the song, " The Star Spangled Banner " 



170 



EPOCH 1 V. 



[181S. 



enliani, undertook the capture of New Orleans. General 
Jackson, anticipating this attempt, had thrown up intrench- 
ments* several miles below the city. The British advanced 

stoadily. in solid rolunms, heedless of the artillery tire 




which swept their ranks, until they came within range of 
the Kentucky and Tennessee ritlemen, when they wavered. 
Their officere rallied them again and again. General Pak- 
enham fell in the arms of the same othcer who had caught 
General Ross as he fell at Baltimore. Neither discipline, nor 

* Jaokson at tli-st luado his intronohnionts, in part, of ootton-lwlos, bxit a red-hot 
cannon-l>all havins; llitnl tlio ootton ami soatteitvl the buniinij frajrinents among the 
barivls of tninixnvdor, it was found nooi-'ssjvry to i-emovo the ft>tton cntiivly. The 
only defense of the Auiericans durins: tl>e luittlo w;k> a Iwmk of earth, five feet hinh, 
and a ditch in fivnt. The British werw tried and disoiplinetl tixwjis. wliile very few 
of the Anierieans had e%-er seen tlyhting. liosides, the Britisli wei-e i\eiU"ly double 
their iminber. But o\ir men weiv aocustonied to the use of the rifle, and were the 
bes* marksmen in the world. 



1815. J MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 171 

bravery could prevail. General Lambert, who succeeded to 
the command, drew off his men in the night, hopelessly 
defeated, after a loss of over two thousand ; while the 
American loss was but seven killed and six wounded. 

Results of the War. — The treaty left the question of im- 
pressment unsettled, yot it was tacitly understood, and was 
never revived. The national debt was $12 7,000,000, but 
within twenty years it was paid from the ordinary revenue. 
The United States had secured the respect of European 
nations,* since our navy had dared to meet, and often suc- 
cessfully, the greatest maritime power in the world. The 
impossibility of any foreign ruler gaining a permanent foot- 
hold on our territory was shown. The fruitless invasion 
of Canada by tlie militia, comjjixrcd witli tlie bravo dcifcmse 
of their own territory by the same men, proved that the 
strength of the United States lay in defensive warfare. Ex- 
tensive manufactories were established to supply the place 
of the English goods cut off by the l)lockade. This branch 
of industry continued to thrive? after peace, though for a 
time depressed by the quantity of English goods thrown (jn 
the market. The immediate evils of the war were apparent : 
trade ruined, commerce gone, no specie to be seen, and a 
general depression. Yet the wonderful resources of the 
country were shown by the rapidity with which it entered 
upon a new career of prosperity. During the next six years, 
a new State was added each year (p. 202). 

Political Parties.— When Madison's term of office ex- 
pired, the federalist party had been broken up by its opposi- 
tion to the war. James Monroe, the Presidential candidate of 

♦ The Algerines had taken advantage of the war with England to renew their 
depredations on American commerce. Decatur (1815) was sent with a squadron to 
Algiers, Tunis, and TripoU. He obtained the liberation of the American prisoners, 
and full indemnity for all losses, with pledges for the future. The United States was 
the flrst nation ellcctually to resist the demauda of the Barbaiy pirates for tribute. 



172 EPOCH IV. [1816. 

the republican party, was almost unanimously elected. He 
was generally beloved, and all parties united in his support. 



MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(FIFTH PRESIDENT— TWO TEHMS: 1817-1825.) 

Monroe's administration was one of general prosperitj^ 
It is known as " The era of good feeling ". After the ravages 
of war, the attention of all was turned to the development 
of the internal resources of the country and to the build- 
ing up of its industries. 

Domestic Affairs. — Tite Missouri Comjn'onilse. — When 
the admission of Missouri as a State was proposed, a violent 
discussion arose as to whether it should be free or slave. f 

♦ James Monroe was born 1758 ; died 1831. As a soldier under Greneral Washing- 
ton, he distinguished himself in the battles of Brandj-Avinc, Germantown, and Mon- 
mouth. Afterward, he studied law, and entered political life. Having been sent 
by Washington as Minister to France, he showed such marked sjnnpathy with that 
country as to displease the President and his cabinet, who were just concluding a 
treaty with England, and wished to preserve a strictly ijeutral policy ; he was there- 
fore recalled, lender .TetTcrson, who was liis warm f riend,.he was again sent to France 
(1803), when he secured the purchase of LiOiiisiana. He is said to have alwaj^ taken 
particular pride in tliis transaction, regarding his part in it as among the most im- 
portant of his public ser\nces. Soon after his inaugiiration as President, he visited 
all the military posts in the north and east, with a ^•icw to a thorough acquaintance 
with the capabilities of the country in the event of future hostilities. He wore a blue 
military coat of homespun, light-colored breeches, and a cocked hat, being the un- 
dress uniform of a Revolutionary olTicer. The nation was thus reminded of his for- 
mer militarj' scI■^iccs. This, with his plain and unassuming manners, completely won 
the hearts of the people, and brought an overwhelming majority to the support of the 
administration. !Monroe was a man more prudent than brilliant, who acted with a sin- 
gle ej-e to the welfare of his country. Jefferson said of him : " If his soul were turned 
inside oiit, not a spot would bo f oiind on it." Like that loved friend, ho died " poor in 
money, but rich in honor " , and like him also, he passed away on the anniversary of 
the independence of the countrj' he had served so faithfully. 

t The question of slavery was already one of vast importance. At first, slaves 
were owned in the Northern as well as the Southern States. But at the North, slave 
labor was unprofitable, and it had gradually died out ; while at the South, it wius a 
success, and hence had steadily increased. In 1793, Eli Whitney, of Massachusetts, 
invented the cotton-gin, a machine for cleaning cotton from the seed, an operation 



1831.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 173 

Through the efforts of Henry Clay, it was admitted as a slave 
State (1821), under the compromise that slavery should be 
prohibited in all other territories west of the Mississippi and 
north of parallel 36° 30', the southern boundary of Missouri. 

La Fayette's Visit to this country (1824) as " the nation's 
gTiest " was a joyous event. He traveled through each of the 
twenty-four States, and was every-where welcomed with de- 
light. His visit to the tomb of Washington was full of affec- 
tionate remembrance. He was carried home in a national 
vessel, the Brandy wine, named in honor of the battle in which 
La Fayette first drew his sword in behalf of the colonies. 

Foreign Affairs. — Florida. — By a treaty (1819), Spain 
now ceded Florida to the United States. (See p. 304.) 

Monroe Doctruie. — In one of President Monroe's messages 
he advocated a principle since famous as the Monroe Doc- 
trine, He declared that any attempt by a European nation 
to gain dominion in America would be considered by the 
United States as an unfriendly act. 

Political Parties. — Divisions now became apparent in the 
great party which had twice so triumphantly elected Monroe 
as President. The whig party, as it came to be called in Jack- 
son's time, was forming in opposition to the republican — 
thenceforth known as the democratic party.* The whigs 
were in favor of a protective tariff, and a general system of 
internal improvements ; f the democrats opposed these meas- 

before performed by hand, and very expensive. This gave a new impulse to cotton- 
raising. Sugar and tobacco, also great staples of the South, were cultivated ex- 
clusively by slave labor. 

* John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay were the champions of the whigs ; Andrew 
Jackson and John C. Calhoun, of the democrats. In 1835, the democrats began to be 
called " Locofocos ", because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall (Oct. 29), the lights hav- 
ing been put out, were relighted with locofoco matches, which several persons, 
expecting such an event, had carried in their pockets. 

t A protective tariff is a duty on imported goods for the purpose of encouraging 
homo manufactures. By the term internal improvements is meant the improving of 
tjie navigatioji of rivers, the building of railroads, the dredging of harbops, etc. 



174 EPOCH IV. [1825. 

ures. No one of the four candidates obtaining a majority, 
the election went to the House of Representatives, where 
John Quincy Adams, son of John Adams, was chosen. 



J. Q. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION.* 

(SIXTH PRESIDENT: 1825-1829.) 

This was a period of great national prosperity. During 
this term, the Erie Canal was opened (1825), and the first 
railroad in the United States was completed (1826). The 
debt was diminishing at the rate of over $6,000,000 a 
year. A protective tariff, known as the "American Sys- 
tem ", reached its height. It was popular at the East, but 
distasteful to the South.t | Adams was a candidate for re- 
election, but Andrew Jackson — the hero of New Orleans, 
and the democratic nominee — was chosen. The principle 
of a protective tariff was thus rejected by the people. 

* John Quincy Adams was born in Massachvisetts, 1767 ; died 1848. He was a hian 
of learning, blameless reputation, and unquestioned patriotism, yet as President he 
was hardly more successful than his father. This was, doubtless, owing greatly to 
the fierce opposition which assailed him from the friends of disappointed candidates, 
who at once combined to weaken his measures and prevent his re-election. Their 
candidate was Andrew Jackson, a man whose dashing boldness, energy, and decision 
attracted the common people, and hid the more quiet virtues of Adams. To add to 
his perplexities, a majority of the House, and nearly one half of the Senate, favored 
the new party, his own Vice-President, John C. Calhoun, being most active in the 
opposition. To stem such a tide was a hopele&s effort. In two years, Adams w;is re- 
turned to Congress, where he remained until his death, over sixteen ycare afterwai-d. 
Ten years of public service were thus rendered after he had passed his " three-score 
years and ten ", and so great was his ability in debate at this extreme age, that he 
was called "the old man eloquent". Like his father, he was a wonderful worker, 
and his mind w:>a a store-house of facts. He lived economically, and left a large estate. 
He was the congressional advocate of anti-slavery, and a bitter opponent of secret 
societies. His fame increased with his age, and he died a trusted and revered cham- 
pion of popular rights. He was seized with apoplexy while occupjing his seat in 
Congress, after which ho lingered two days in partial unconsciousness. His last 
words were—" This is the last of earth ; I am content." 

+ The Southern States, devoted to agricultural pursuits, desired t<i have foreign 
goods brought to them as cheaply as possible ; while the eastern States, engaged iu 
manufactures, wished to have foreign competition shut off by heavy duties. 



1829.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 175 

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(SEVENTH PRESIDENT — TWO TERMS: 1829-1837.) 

President Jackson commenced his administration with 
an inflexible honesty that dehghted all, but with a sturdi- 
ness of purpose that amazed both friends and foes. He sur- 
rounded himself at once by his political friends, thus estab- 
lishing the principle of " rotation in office ".f 

Domestic Affairs. — Jfullification (1832). — South Caro- 
lina passed a Nullification ordinance declaring the tariff 
law " null and void ", and that the State would secede from 
the Union if force should be employed to collect any revenue 
at Charleston. President Jackson acted with his accustomed 

* Andrew Jackson was born 1767 ; died 1845. He was of Scotch-Ii'ish descent. 
His father died before ho was bom, leaving his mother very poor. As a boy, Andrew 
was brave and impetuous, passionately fond of athletic sports, but not at all addicted 
to books. His life was crowded with excitement and adventure. At fourteen, being 
captured by the British, he was ordered to clean the commander's boots. Showing 
the true American spirit in his refusal, he was sent to prison with a wound on head 
and arm. Here he contracted the small-pox, which kept him ill for several months. 
Soon after his mother had effected his exchange, she died of ship-fever while caring 
for the imprisoned Americans at Charleston. Left destitute, young Jackson tried 
various employments, but finally settled down to the law, and in 1796 was elected to 
Congress. His imperious temper and inflexible will supplied him with frequent 
quarrels. He first distinguished himself as a military officer in the war against the 
Creek Indians. His dashing successes in the war of 1812 completed his reputation, 
and ultimately won him the Presidency. His nomination was at first received in 
many States with ridicule, as, whatever might be his military prowess, neither his 
temper nor his ability recommended him as a statesman. His re-election, however, 
proved his popular success as President. His chief intellectual gifts were energy and 
intuitive judgment. He was thoroughly honest, intensely warm-hearted, and had an 
instinctive horror of debt. His moral courage was as great as his physical, and his 
patriotism was undoubted. He died at the " Hermitage ", his home near Nashville, 
Tennessee. — .Tackson and Adams were born the same year, yet how different was 
their childhood 1 One bom to luxury and travel, a student from his earliest years, 
and brilliantly educated ; the other bom in poverty, of limited education, and forced 
to provide for himself. Yet they were destined twice to compete for the highest place 
in the nation. Adams, the first time barely successful, was unfortunate in his admin- 
istration ; Jackson, triumphing the second, was brilliant in his Presidential career. 

t " During the first year of his administration, there were nearly seven hundred 
removals from office, not including subordinate clerks. During the forty years pre- 
ceding, there had been but seventy-four." 




176 EPOCH IV. [1833. 

promptness. He issued a proclamation announcing his de- 
termination to execute the laws, and ordered troops, under 
General Scott, to Charleston.* In the meantime, Henry 
Clay's celebrated "Compromise Bill" was adopted by the 
Senate. This measure, offering a gradual reduction of the 
tariff, was accepted by both sides and quiet restored. f 

Baiih of th& United States. — 
During his first term, Jackson ve- 
toed a bill renewing the charter of 
the United States Bank. After his 
re-election by an overwhelming ma- 
ji)rity, considering his policy sus- 
tained by the people, he ordered 
(1833) the public money to be re- 
moved from its vaults. The bank 
thereupon contracted its loans, 
money became scarce, and, people being unable to pay 
their debts, commercial distress ensued. Jackson's meas- 
ure excited violent clamor, but he was sustained by the 
democratic majority in the House of Representatives. 

Speculations. — When the public money, which had been 

* Jolm C. Calhoun and Robert Y. Hayne were the prominent advocatos of the 
doctrine of " State rights ", wliich declared that a State could set aside an act of Con- 
gress. During this struggle, occurred the meinoi-able debate between Webster and 
Hayne, in which the former, opposing secession, pronounced those words familiar 
to every school-boy, " liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." 
Calhoun's public life extended over forty yeai-s. lie was one of the most celebrated 
statesmen of his time. As a speaker, ho was noted for forcible logic, clear demon- 
stration, and earnest manner. He rejected ornament, and rarely used illustration. 
Webster, his political antagonist, said of hira, " He had the indisputvble biisis of all 
high character— unspotted integrity and honor unimpeached. Nothing groveling, 
low, or meanly selfish came near his head or his heart." 

t Alexander H. Stephens saj^ : " To do this, Clay had to break froni his old polit- 
ical friends, while he was offering up the darling sj'stcm of his heart on the altar of 
his country. No one can deny that he was a patriot — every inch of him. When he 
was importuned not to tiiko the course he did, and assvux>d that it would lessen hia 
chances for th3 Presidency, he nobly replied, 'I would rather be right than Presi- 
dent '—a sentiment worthy to be the motto of every young patriot in our land." 



1833.] 



Jackson's administration. 



177 




withdrawn from the Bank of the United States, was deposited 
in the local banks, it became easy to borrow money. Specu- 
lation extended to every branch of trade, but especially to 
western lands. New cities were 
laid out in the wilderness. Fabu- 
lous prices were charged for 
building lots, which existed only 
on paper. Scarcely a man could 
be found who had not his pet 
project for realizing a fortune. 
The bitter fruits of these hot- 
house schemes were gathered in 
Van Buren's time. 

Indian Troubles. — 1. The 
Black Hawk War broke out in 

TAYLOR. 

the North-west Territory (1832). 

The Sacs and Foxes had some time before sold their 
lands to the United States, but when the settlers came to 
take possession, the Indians refused to leave. After some 
skirmishes, they were driven off, and their leader, the 
famous Black Hawk, was captured. 2. The Florida War 
(1835) with the Sem'inoles grew out of an attempt to 
remove them, in accordance with a treaty, to lands west 
of the Mississippi. Os ce o' la, the chief of the Seminoles, 
was so defiant,, that General Thompson, the government 
agent, put him in irons. Dissembling his wrath, Osceola 
consented to the treaty. But no sooner was he released 
than, burning with indignation, he plotted a general 
massacre of the whites. General Thompson was shot 
and scalped while sitting at dinner, under the very guns 
of Fort King. The same day, Major Dade, with over one 
hundred men, was waylaid near the Wa'hoo Swamp. 
All but four were killed, and these subsequently died of 



178 EPOCH IV. [1887. 

their wounds.* After several battles, the Indians retreated 
to the everglades of southern Florida, in whose tangled 
swamps they hoped to tind a safe retreat. They were, 
however, pursued into their hiding-places by Colonel 
Taylor, and beaten in a hard-fought battle (Okecho'bee, 
Dec. 25, 188 7), but were not fully subdued until 1842. 

Foreign Affairs. — France. — The French government had 
promised to pay $5,000,000 for damages to our commerce 
during Napoleon's wars. This agreement not being kept, 
Jackson urged Congress to make reprisals on French ships. 
The mediation of England secured the payment of the debt 
by France, and thus averted the threatened war. 

Political Parties. — The democratic candidate, Martin 
Van Bu'ren, was chosen President.f The people thus 
supported the policy of Jackson, — no United States Bank 
and no Protective Tariff. General Harrison was the whig 
candidate. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION, t 

(EIGHTH PRESIDENT: 1837-1841.) 

Domestic h^aits.— Crisis of 183 7. — The financial storm, 

which had boon gathering through the preceding administra- 

♦ Osceola, in October, 1837, \'isit«I the ciunp of General Jessnp, under a flag of 
tnice. He was thei-e seized and sent to Fort Moultrie, where he died the following year. 

+ No Vice-Pi-esident being chosen by the people, Colonel R. M. Johnson (p. 105) 
was selected by the Senate. 

X Martin Van Bnren was born 178C ; died 1862. He earlj- took an interest in 
politics, and in 1818 stai'ted a new organizatioii of the democratic pju-ty of New 
York, his native State, which hat! the power for over twentj- years. In 1831, he was 
apiwinted minister to England, whither he went in September, but when the nomi- 
nation came befoi-e the Senate in December, it was rejected, on the ground that he 
had sided with England against the Vnited State®, on certain matters, and had carried 
party contests and their results into foreign negotiations. His party regarded this as 
extreme political perstxnition, luul the next yejir electSl him to the Vice-Pi-esidency. 
He thus became the head of the Senate which a few months before condemned him, 
and where he now performed his duties with " dignity, courtesy, and impartiality ". 



1837.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 179 

tion, now burst with terrible fury. The banks contracted 
tlieir circulation.* Business men could not pay their debts. 
Failures were every-day occurrences, and the losses in 
New York city alone, during March and April, exceeded 
$100,000,000. Property of all kinds declined in value. 
Eight of the States failed, wholly or in part. Even the 
United States government could not pay its debts.f 
Consternation seized upon all classes. Confidence was 
destroyed, and trade stood still. 

Foreign Affairs.— 17«^. "Patriot War" (1837-38).— The 
Canadian rebellion against England, at this time, stirred the 
sympathies of the American people. Meetings were held, 
volunteers offered, and arms contributed. The President 
issued a proclamation refusing the protection of the United 
States government to any who should aid the Canadians, 
and sent General Scott to the frontier to preserve the 
peace.t 

As a President, Van Bxiren was the subject of much partisan censure. The country- 
was passing through a peculiar crisis, and his was a diffloiilt jxisition to fill with satis- 
faction to all. That he pleased his own party, is proved from the fact of his re-nomi- 
nation in 1840 against Harrison. In 1848, he bec^jne the candidate of the " free de- 
mocracy ", a new party advocating anti-slavery principles. After this, he retired to 
his estate in Kinderhook, ]Sr. Y., where he died. 

* The direct causes of this were (1) the specie curular, which was issued by Jack- 
son in 1836, jxist at the close of his last term, directing that payments for public lands 
shoiild be made in gold and silver. The gold and silver was soon gathered into the 
United States treasury. (2) The surplus public money, amoiinting to about $28,- 
000,000, which was ordered by Congi-ess to be withdrawn from the local banks and 
distributed among the States. The banks could not meet the demand. (3) Dimng 
the season of high prices and speculation, when fortunes were easily made, there had 
been heavy imjwrtations of European goods, which had to be paid for in gold and 
silver. Thus the country was drained of its specie. (4) A teri'ible fii-e in the city of 
New York on the night of Dec. 16, 1835, which had biu-ned 600 valuable stores, and 
property to the amount of $20,000,000. 

t At the present time, the public money is kept in the TJnited States treasury at 
Washington, and in sub-treasuries. This was Van Buren's favorite idea, and 
adopted by Congress only at the close of his term. It was called the Sub-Ti-easury 
Bill, and was used as a great' argument against Van Buren's re-election. It was 
rei)ealed during Tyler's administration, but re-enacted under Polk. 

% A body of American sympathizers having taken possession of Navy Island, in 



180 EPOCH IV, [1838. 

The Morth-east Boundary between Maine and New Bruns- 
wick had never been settled. The people of that region 
threatened to take up arms to support their respective claims. 
For some time, there was great peril of a war with England. 
During Tyler's administration, the difficulty was adjusted 
by what is known as the Ash 'bur ton treaty (1842), which 
was negotiated between the United States and Great 
Britain ; Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton acting as 
commissioners. 

Political Parties. — The financial difficulties caused a 
change in political feeling, and for the time weakened the 
confidence of the people in the wisdom of the democratic 
policy. Van Buren failed of a re-election, and General Har- 
rison, the hero of Tippecanoe, the whig nominee, was chosen 
President by an immense majority. 



HARRISON AND TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(NINTH AND TENTH PRESHJENTS: 1841-1845.) 

General Harrison had scarcely entered upon the duties 
of his office and selected his cabinet, when he died. John 
Tyler, the Vice-President, in accordance with the Consti- 
tution of the United States, became President. He was 
elected as a whig, but did not carry out the favorite meas- 
ures of his party. 

Niagara River, had hired a steamer, called the Caroline, to convey their provisions 
and war materials. On the night of December 29, 1837, a party of British troops 
attempted to seize this vessel at Schlosser. A desperate light ensued ; but the ship 
was, at last, set on Are and left to di-if t over the Falls. This event caused great 
excitement at the time. 

* William Henr>' Harrison was born in 1773 ; died 1841. He distinguished himself 
during the war of 1812, especially in the battle of the Thames. His military reputa- 
tion made him available as a Presidential candidate. His character was imini peach- 
able, and the chief slur cast upon him by his opponents was that he had lived in a " log 
cabin " with nothing to drink but " hard cider ". His friends turned this to good 



1841.] TYLERS ADMINISTRATION. 181 

Domestic Affairs. — United States Bank. — Under the 
lead of Clay, the whigs passed a charter for a " Bank of the 
United States." This Tyler vetoed. A second bill, for a 
similar purpose, met the same fate. These successive 
vetoes caused great anger and excitement among the whigs. 

The Suffrage Diffieulties, commonly known as "Dorr's 
Rebellion ", grew out of efforts to secure a more liberal con- 
stitution in the State of Rhode Island. The charter granted 
by Charles II. was still in force. It limited the right of suf- 
frage to those holding a certain amount of property, and 
fixed very unequally the number of deputies in the Assem- 
bly from the different towns. In 1841, a new constitution 
was adopted, the vote being taken in mass conventions, and 
not by the legal voters, according to the charter. Under 
this constitution, T. W. Dorr was elected governor. The 



account. The campaign was noted for immense mass-meetings, long processions, 
song-singing, and great enthusiasm. " Hard cider " became a party watch-word, and 
"log cabins" a regular feature in the popular parades. Harrison was elected by a 
large majority, and great hopes were entertained of his administration. Though ad- 
vanced in years, ho gave promise of endurance. But " he was beset by office-seeker-s ; 
he was anxious to gratify the numerous friends and supporters who flocked about 
him'; he gave himself incessantly to public business ; and at the close of the month 
he was on a sick-bed." The illness soon proved to be fatal. His last words 
were, " The principles of the government ; I wish them carried but. I ask nothing 
more." 

John Tyler was born in 1790 ; died 1862. He was in early hfe a great admirer of 
Henry Clay, and is said to have wept with sorrow when the whigs in convention 
rejected his favorite candidate for tlie Presidency, and selected Harrison. He was 
nominated Vice-President by a unanimous vote, and was a favorite with his party. 
In the popular refrain, " Tippecanoe and Tyler too ", the people sung praises to him 
as heartily as to Harrison himself. The death of Harrison and the succession of 
Tyler, was the first instance of the kind in ovx history. 

Tyler's administration was full of quarrel. Clay was determined to reduce the 
President to the ranks ; Tyler answered with vetoes. The whigs denounced him 
as a renegade, to which he replied, with truth, that he had never indorsed their 
measures, either before or during the presidential canvass. He was, however, nom- 
inated for the next Presidency, but, lacking popular support, he soon withdrew. 
In ]861, he became the presiding oflftcer of the peace convention in Washington. 
All efforts at reconciliation proving futile, he renounced his allegiance to the 
United States, and followed the Confederate fortunes. He died in Richmond, 
where he was in attendance as a member of the Confederate Congress. 



182 



EPOCH IV. 



[1842. 



old government still went on, treating his election as illegal 
He attempted to seize the State arsenal, but, finding it held 
by the militia, gave up the attempt. Dorr was afterward 
arrested, convicted of treason, and sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life ; but was finally pardoned. Meanwhile, a 
liberal constitution, which had been legally adopted, went 
into operation (1843). 

. in ti-Rent Difficulties ( 1844). — The tenants on some of the 
old "patroon estates" in New York refused to pay the rent 




VIEW OF SALT LAKK CITV. 



It was very light,* but was considered illegal. The anti- 
renters, as they were called, assumed the disguise of Indians, 
tarred and feathered those tenants who paid their rents, and 
even killed officers who served warrants upon them. The 
disturbances were suppressed only by a military force (1840). 
Hie Mormons. — A religious sect called Mor'mons had 
settled at Nauvoo', 111. (1840). Here they built a city of 
several thousand inhabitants, and laid the foundation of a 

* The rent consisted of only "a few bushels of wheat, thi-ee or four fat fowls, and 
a day's work with, horses and wjijjon, per yeiu- ". 



1844.] TYLER'S ADMINISTRATION. 188 

costly temple. Having incurred the enmity oi the people 
about them, their leader, Joseph Smith, was taken from the 
custody of the authorities, to whom he had intrusted him- 
self, and killed (1844).* The city was bombarded for three 
days, and finally the inhabitants fled to Iowa (1846). 

TJie Magnetic Telegraph was invented by Samuel F. B. 
Morse. The first line was built between Baltimore and 
Washington (1844), with $30,000 appropriated by Con- 
gress ; and the first public news sent was that concerning 
Polk's nomination (p. 184).t 

Foreign Affairs. — Annexation of Texas. — The Texans, 
under General Sam Houston (hu'ston), having won their 
independence from Mexico, applied (April, 1844) for 
admission into the Union. Their petition was at first 
rejected by Congress,! but, being indorsed by the people 
in the fall elections, was accepted before the close of 
Tyler's administration. 

J^ortlh-west Boundary. — The north-east boundary ques- 



* Joseph Smitli, while living at Palmyra, N. T., claimed to have had a supernatural 
revelation, by which he was directed to a spot where he found buried a series of 
golden plates covered with inscriptions, which he translated by means of two trans- 
parent stones (TJrim and Thummdm) found with them. The result was the Book of 
Mormon, said to be the history of a race favored by God, who occupied this continent 
at a remote period of antiquity. The Mormons accept the Holy Bible as received by 
all Christian people, but believe the Book of Monnon to be an additional revelation, 
and also that their chief or prophet receives direct inspiration from God. Until 
recently they practiced plui'al marriage, or polygamy, claiming that the Scrip- 
tui'es justify it. After the death of Smith and their expulsion from Nauvoo, 
a company under the leadership of Brigham Young crossed the Rocky Moun- 
tains, and settled near Great Salt Lake, in Utah. They were followed by others 
of their sect, and, after great sufferings, succeeded in subduing the barren soil, and 
establishing a prosperous colony. They founded Salt Lake City, where they erected 
a large temple for worship. Their prophet, Brigham Young, who died August 19, 
1877, is still remembered by his foUowere with the greatest reverence. 

t This was the grandest event of this administration, and it has largely influenced 
the civilization and prosperity of the country. The steamboat and the magnetic 
telegraph, both fruits of American liberty and indiistry, are among the most im- 
portant inventions of all time. 

t There were two reasons why this measiu-e was warmly discussed. 1. Mexico 



184 EPOCH IV. [1846. 

tion had scarcely been settled, when the north-west bound- 
ary came into dispute. It was settled, during Polk's admin- 
istration, by a compromise fixing the boundary line at 49° 
instead of 54° 40' as claimed by the Uniied States. 

Political Parties. — The question of the annexation of 
Texas went before the people for their decision. The whigs, 
who opposed its admission, nominated Henry Clay* for 
President. The democrats, who favored its admission nom- 
inated James K. Polk, who, after a close contest, was elected. 

claimed Texas, although that country had maintained its independence for nine 
years, and had been recognized by several European nations as well as by the 
United States. Besides, Texas claimed the Rio Grande (re' o gran da), while 
Mexico insisted upon the Nueces (nwa'ses) River as the boiindary line between 
Texas and Mexico. The section of country between these rivers was therefore 
disputed territory. Thus the annexation of Texas would bring on a war with 
Mexico. 2. Texas held slaves. Consequently, while the South urged its admis- 
sion, the North as strongly opposed it. 

* Heniy Clay was a man whom the nation loved, but signally failed to honor. Yet 
his fame and reputation remain far above any distinction which mere oflBce can give, 
and unite with them an affection which stands the test of time. Resi)ected by 
his opponents, he was almost idolized by his friends. In this he somewhat 
resembled Jefferson, but, unlike him, ho had not in his early years the advantages 
of a liberal education. His father, a Baptist minister of very limited means, 
died when Henry was five years old, and at fifteen he was left to support himself. 
Meantime, he had received what little tuition ho had, in a log-cabin school-house, 
from very indifferent teachere. With a rare tact for making friends, ready talent 
waiting to be instructed, and a strong determination seeking opportunities, he soon 
began to show the dawnings of the power which afterward distinguished him. He 
said : "I owe my success in life to a single fact, namely, that at an earlj- age I com- 
menced, and continued for some years, the practice of daily reading and speaking 
the contents of some historical or scientific book. These off-hand efforts were some- 
times made in a corn-field ; at others, in the forest ; and not unfrequently in some 
distant bam, with the horse and ox for my only auditors. It is to this that I am 
indebted for the impulses that have shai)ed and molded my entire destiny." Rising 
rapidly by the force of his genius, he soon made himself felt in his State and in the 
nation. He was peculiarly winning in his manners. An eminent and stern political 
antagonist once refused an introduction to him expressly on the ground of a determi- 
nation not to be magnetized by ijersonal contact, as he "had known other good 
haters " of Clay to be. United with this sua\-ity was a wonderful will and an inflex- 
ible honor. His political adversary, but personal admirer, John C. Breckinridge, 
in an oration pronounced at his death, uttered these words—" If T were to write his 
epitaph, I would inscribe as the highest eulogj' on the stone which shall mark his 
resting-place : ' Here lies a man who wtis in the public service (or fifty years, an4 
never ^tt«nipte4 to deceive his coimtrymeii '." 




Homes of Eminent Americans. 

MCKfiO.N. .. BIKTHPLACE OF LINCOLN, AND flS^^T^SttENcf " HERSUTAQfi ". RKaiDENCK OF 



1845.] THE MEXICAN WAR. 185 

JAMES K. POLK'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(ELEVENTH PRESIDENT: 1845-1849.) 

WAR WITH MEXICO (1846-'47). 

1. GENERAL TAYLOR'S ARMY. 

Campaign on the Rio Grande. — General Taylor having 
been ordered with his troops into the disputed territory, ad- 
vanced to the Rio Grande and built Fort Brown. Returning 
from Point Isabel, whither he had gone for supplies, on the 
plains of Palo Alto (pah'lo ahl'to) he met six thousand Mexi- 
cans, under General Arista (ah rees'tah), drawn up across the 
road. (Map opp. p. 161.) Though they outnumbered his 
little army three to one, he routed them with a loss of but 
nine men killed. The next afternoon, he met them again 
at ResACA DE la PalmA (ra sah'kah da lah pahl'mah), 
posted in a deep ravine through which the road ran, 
flanked by thickets. Their artillery held Taylor's men 
in check for a time, when Captain May, charging with 
his cavalry in the face of a murderous fire, captured the 
guns, and with them their commander. General La Vega 
(lah va'gah), just in the act of firing a gun. The infantry 
now rushed forward and drove the enemy, who fled across 
the Rio Grande in utter rout. 

* James K. Polk was bom 1795 ; died 1849. He was a conspicuous opposer of 
the administration of John Quincy Adams, and a warm supporter of Jackson. 
In 1839, having served fourteen years in Congress, he declined a re-election and was 
chosen governor of Tennessee. His Presidential nomination, in connection with 
that of Gteorge M. Dallas, of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President, had the effect of uniting 
the democratic party, which had been disturbed by dissensions between the friends 
and opponents of Martin Van Buren. The Mexican war, which was strongly opposed 
in many States, the enactment of a tariff based on a revenue principle instead of a 
protective one, and the agitation caused by the " Wilmot proviso " (p. 190), conspired 
to affect his popularity before the end of his term. He had, however, previously 
pledged himself not to be a candidate for re-election. He died about three months 
after his retirement from office. 



186 



EPOCH IV. 



[1846. 



Invasion of Mexico. — Capture of Monterey (Sept. 24).— 
General Taylor, with about six thousand men, advanced upon 
Monterey (,m6n ta ra'). This city, surrounded by mountains 
and almost impassable ravines, was strongly fortified, and its 
streets were barricaded and defended by a garrison of ten 
thousand men. A grand assault was made on the city. To 




OENF.KAL TATI.OR AT niEXA VISTA. 



avoid the deadly fire from the windows, roofs, and barricades, 
the troops entered the buildings and dug their way through 
the stone walls from house to house, or passed from roof to 
roof. They came at last within one square of the Grand 
Plaza, when the city was surrendered. The garrison was 
allowed to march out with the honors of war. 

Battle of Bueva Vista (tawa'nfih vees'tfih) (February 23, 
1847).— Santa Anna, the Mexican general, learning that the 
flower of Taylor's command had been withdrawn to aid 



1847.] THE MEXICAN "WAR. 187 

General Scott, determined to crush the remainder. The Uttle 
American army took post at Buena Vista, a narrow mount- 
ain pass with hiUs on one side and a ravine on the other,* 
Here it was attacked by Santa Anna with twenty thousand 
of the best troops of Mexico. The battle lasted from early 
morning till dark. In the final desperate encounter, our 
infantry being overwhelmed by numbers, Bragg's artillery 
was ordered to the rescue. Without any infantry support, 
they dashed up to within a few yards of the crowded masses 
of the enemy. A single discharge made them waver. " A 
little more grape, Captain Bragg ! " shouted Taylor. A sec- 
ond and a third discharge followed, and the Mexicans broke 
and fled in disorder. During the night, Santa Anna drew 
off his defeated army. 

General Taylor's work was now done. His army was 
intended only to hold the country' already gained, while 
General Scott penetrated to the capital from Vera Cruz 
(va rah krc5os), 

2. GENERAL KEARNEY'S ARMY. 

Conquest of New Mexico and California. — General Kear- 
ney (kar'ne) was directed to take the Mexican provinces of 
New Mexico and California. Starting from Fort Leaven- 

* Several anecdotes are told of General Taylor in connection with tMs battle. The 
day before the principal attack, the Mexicans fired heavily on our line. A Mexican 
officer, coming with a message from Santa Anna, found Taylor sitting on his white 
horae, with one leg over the pommel of his saddle. The officer asked him " what he 
was waiting for " ? He answered, " Por Santa Anna to surrender." After the officer's 
return, a battery opened on Taylor's position, but he remained coolly survejang the 
enemy with his spy-glass. Some one suggesting that " Whitey " was too conspicu- 
ous a horse for the battle, he rephed that the " old fellow had missed the fun at 
Monterey, and he should have his share this time ". Mr. Crittenden having gone to 
Santa Anna's head-quarters, was told if General Taylor would surrender, he should 
be protected. Mr. Crittenden rephed, "General Taylor never surrenders." Thif 
became a favorite motto during the election of 1848. The anecdote told concerning 
Capt. Bragg is disputed, but has become historical. 



188 EPOCH IV. [1846. 

worth (June, 1846), a journey of about a thousand miles . 
brought him to Santa Fe.* Unfurling there the United States 
flag, he continued his march toward California (map opp. 
p. 1 6 1). On his way, however, he learned from Kit Carson, 
the noted hunter, that he was too late. The winter before. 
Captain John C. Fremont, with a company of sixty men, 
had been engaged in surveying a new route to Oregon. 
Hearing that the Mexican commandant intended to expel ' 
the American settlers, he went to their rescue, although he 
was not aware that war had broken out between the United 
States and Mexico. With greatly inferior numbers, he was 
victor over the Mexicans in every conflict. By the help of 
Commodores Sloat and Stockton, and also General Kear- 
ney, who came in time to aid in the last battle, the entire 
country was conquered. 

3. GENERAL SCOTT'S ARMY. 

Capture of Vera Cruz (March 29, 1847). — General Win- 
field Scott landed an army twelve thousand strong, without 
opposition, and forthwith drew his siege-lines among the 
shifting sand-hills and chaparral thickets about Vera Cruz 
(map opp. p. 161). After a fierce bombardment of four 
days, the city and the strong castle of San Juan de Ulloa 
(sahn hoo ahn'da ool yo'ah) were surrendered. 

March to Mexico. — Battle of Cerro Gordo (April 18). — In 
about a week, the army took up its march for the capital. 
At the mountain pass of Cer'ro Gor'do, the enemy were 
strongly fortified. Our men cut a road around the base of 

♦ Colonel Doniphan, -nnth one thousand men, the main body of General Kearney's 
command, marched over a thousand miles tlirouKh a hostile country, from Santa Fe 
to Saltillo, having on the way fought two battles and conquered the province and 
city of Chihuahua (che wah' wah). At the end of their term of service, he marched 
his men back to New Orleans and discharged them. They had been enlisted, taken 
five thousand miles, and disbanded, all in a year. 



1847.] THE MEXICAN WAR. 189 

the mountain through the forest, and dragged cannon up 
the precipice by ropes, to the rear of the position. Thence a 
plunging fire was opened simultaneously with an assault in 
front. The Mexicans fled in such haste that Santa Anna 
with difficulty escaped on his wheel-mule, leaving behind 
him his wooden leg. 

The city of Puebla (pv/eb' lah), next to Mexico in impor- 
tance, surrendered without resistance. Here Scott waited 
nearly three months for re-inforcements. 

Battles before Mexico. — "With eleven thousand men, the 
march was resumed (August 7), and in three days the army 
reached the crest of the Cor dil'le ras, where the magnificent 
valley of Mexico lay stretched before them. In the valley, 
was the city, surrounded by fertile plains and cloud-capped 
mountains. But the way thither was guarded by thirty 
thousand men and strong fortifications. Turning to the 
south to avoid the strongest points, by a route considered 
impassable, the army came before the intrenched camp of ' 
CoNTRERAS (kon tra'ras), within fourteen miles of Mexico 
(Aug. 19). The next morning, this was taken, the troops 
having moved to their positions in darkness so intense that, 
to avoid being sejDarated, they had to touch each other as 
they marched. The same day, the height of Churubusco 
(choo roo boo'sko) was stormed, numerous batteries were 
captured, and the defenses laid bare to the causeways leading 
to the very gates of the city. An armistice and fruitless nego- 
tiations for peace delayed the advance until General Scott 
found that the Mexicans were only improving the time in 
strengthening their works. Once more (September 8), our 
army moved to the assault. The attack was irresistible. The 
formidable outworks were taken one by one. At last, the 
castle of Chapultepec (cha pool te pek'), situated on a high 
rock commanding the city, was stormed. The next day (Sep- 



190 EPOCH IV. [1848. 

tember 14), the army entered the city, and the stars and 
stripes waved in triumph over the palace of the Mon te zu'mas. 
Peace. — The fall of the capital virtually closed the war. 
A treaty was concluded, February 2, 18-18. The United 
States gained the vast territory reaching south to the Gila 
(h« Ian) and west to the Pacific (see maps of IVth and 
VTth Epochs). 

Domestic Affairs. — The ^J'ih)lot Promso. — The new terri- 
tory, the prize of the war, became at once the bone of con- 
tention. David Wilniot offered in Congress (August, 1816) 
an amendment to an appropriation bill forbidding slavery in 
any of this territory. This measure, though lost, excited vio- 
lent debate, and became the great feature of the fall election. 
Discovery of Gold in Californid. — A workman in digging 
a mill-race in the Sacramento valley (February, 1818) dis- 
covered shining particles of gold. A further search proved 
that the soil for miles around contained the precious metal. 
The news flew in every direction. Emigration began from 
all parts of America, and even from Europe and Asia. In 
eighteen months, one hundred thousand persons went from 
the United States to this El Do ra'do, where a fortune was to 
be picked up in a few days. Thousands made their way 
across the desert, amid privations which strewed the route 
with skeletons. The bay of San Francisco was quickly sur- 
rounded by an extemporized city of shanties and booths. 
All ordinary employments were laid aside. Ships were de- 
serted by their crews, who ran to the mines, sometimes, it is 
said, headed by their officers. Soon, streets were laid out, 
houses erected, and from this Babel, as if .by magic, grew up 
a beautiful city. For a time, lawlessness reigned supreme. 
But, driven by the necessity of events, the most respectable 
citizens took the law into their own hands, organized vigi- 



1848.] 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE -STATES. 



191 



lance conimittees, and administered a rude but prompt 
justioe which presently 
restored order. 

Political Parties. — 
Three parties now di- 
vided the suffrages of the 
people. The whigs nomi- 
nated General Taylor for 
President ; the demo- 
crats, Lewis Cass ; and 
the f ree-soilers, who were 
opposed to the extension 
of slavery, Martin Van 
Buren. The personal 
popularity of General 
Taylor, on ac(^ount of his 
many sterling qualities 
and his brilliant victo- 

WAfeillNU ULT GOU). 

ries in the Mexican 

war, made him the favorite candidate, and he was elected. 




TAYLOR AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTII PRESIDENTS: 1849-1853.) 

General Taylor, like General Harrison, died soon after his 
elevation to the Presidency. Millard Fillmore, Vice-Presi- 
dent, succeeded him. 

* Zachary Taylor was boru in Virginia in 1784. Soon after his birth, his parents 
removed to Kentucky. His means of education were extremely scanty, and until 
he was twenty-four years of age he worked on his father's plantation. Madison, who 
was a relative and at that time Secretary of State, then secured for him an appoint- 
ment in the army as lieutenant. From this, he rose by regular and rapid degrees to 
a major-generalship. Palo Alto, Eesaca de la Palma, I^Ionterey, and Buena Vista 
won him great applause. He was the hero of a successful war, and the soldiers ad- 
miringly called him "• Old Rough and Ready ". Many whig leaders violently opposed 



192 



Epocn IV. 



11850. 



Domestic Affairs. — Slavery questions were the great po- 
litical topic of this administration. When California applied 
for admission to the Union as a free State, all these sub- 
jects were brought to a focus. A hot debate ensued, and for 




JOHK 0. OAI^OTTir, 



IKNRV ( l.AV. 



I'AN III. \vi:i>Tr.K. 



awhile it seemed as if the Union would be rent asunder. 
At this terrible crisis, Henry Clay, the " Great Pacificator ", 
came forward, and, with his wonderful eloquence, urged the 

his nomination. Daniel Web'ster called him " an ignorant frontier colonel ", The 
fact that he was a slave-holder was warmly urged against him. He knew nothing of 
civil affairs, and had taken so little interest in politics that he had not voted in forty 
years. His nomination caused a secession from the whigs, resulting in the forma- 
tion of tho free-soil party; yet he maintained his popiilarity as Pi'csident, and was 
one of the most esteemed who have filled that office. He died July 9, 1850, at the 
Presidential mansion, after an illness of five days. 

Millard Pillmore was born in Caj-uga county, N. Y., 1800 ; died at Buffalo, 1874. 
He learned the trade of fuller, taught school, practiced law, served as Assemblyman 
for three terms and as Congressman for foiir terms, ran unsuccessfully for governor, 
and was comptroller of the State of New York when he was nominated for the Vice- 
Presidency. By his integrity, industrj-, and pi'actical ability, he won a place among 
the first statesmen of his day. Signing the Fugitive Slave Law, however, cost him 
much of his popularity at the North. 



1850.] FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 193 

necessity of mutual compromise and forbearance. Daniel 
Webster * warmly seconded this effort at conciliation. 

Tlie ComproDiise of 1850. — The Omnibus Bill, Clay's 
measure, proposed (1) that California should come in as a 
free State ; (2) that the Territories of Utah and New Mexico 
should be formed without any provision concerning slavery ; 
(3) that Texas should be paid $10,000,000 to give up its 
claim on the Territory of New Mexico ; (4) that the slave 
trade should be prohibited in the District of Columbia ; and 
(5) that a Fugitive Slave Law should be enacted providing 
for the return to their owners of slaves escaping to a free 
State. The various provisions of this bill were finally, though 
separately, adopted as the best solution of the problem. 

Foreign Affairs. — Invasion of Cuba. — About five hun- 
dred adventurers, "filibusters", undertook the annexation 
of Cuba to the United States. The attempt ended in defeat, 
and in the execution, at Havana, of Lopez, the leader (1851). 

Political Parties. — The democratic and whig parties both 
declared that they stood by the provisions of the Omnibus 
Bill. The free-soil party was outspoken against it. Frank- 

* When Daniel Webster, the gi'eat American statesman and jui'ist, was foui'teen 
years old, he first enjoyed the privilege of a few months schooling at an academy. 
The man whose eloquence was afterward to stir the nation, was then so shy that he 
could not muster courage to speak before the school. He says, " Many a piece did I 
commit and rehearse in my own room, over and over again ; yet when the day came, 
when my name was called, and I saw all eyes turned toward me, 1 could not raise 
myself from my seat." In other respects, however, he gavs decided promise of his 
future eminence. One year after, his father resolved to send him to college— a dream 
he had never dared to cherish. " I remember the very hill wo were ascending through 
deep snow, in a New England sleigh, when my father made kncwni this purpose to 
me. I could not speak. How could he, I thought, with so large a family, and in such 
narrow circumstances, think of incurring so great an expense for me f A warm 
glow ran all over me, and I laid my head on my father's shoulder and wept." Having 
finished his collegiate education and entered his profession , he at once rose to emi 
nence. By rapid strides, ho placed himself at the head of American orators. It 
was a disappointment to Webster's friends, as it was, pernaps, to himself, that he 
was never placed in the Presidential chair. But, like Clay, although he might have 
honored that jxDsition he needed it not to enhance his renown. His death, in 1852, 
called out more orations and sermons, than had any other except that of Washington. 



194 EPOCH IV. [1863. 

lin Pierce, the Presidential nominee of the democratic party, 
was elected by a large majority over General Scott, the whig 
candidate. 



PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1853-1857.) 

Domestic Affairs. — Kansas-Jiebrasha Bill. — The Compro- 
mise Bill of 1850 produced only a lull in the slavery excite- 
ment. It burst out anew when Stephen A. Douglas brought 
into Congress his famous bill organizing the Territories 
of Kansas and Nebraska, and advocating the doctrine of 
"squatter sovereignty"; i.e., the right of the inhabitants 
of each Territory to decide for themselves whether the 
State should come into the Union free or slave. f This bill 

* Franklin Pierce was Ixirn 1804 ; died 1869. He had barely attained thereqiiisite 
legal age when he was elected to the Senate. He there found such men as Clay, 
Webster, Calhoun, Seward, Benton, and Silas Wright. Nathaniel Ha\vthome says 
in his biography of Mr. Pierce : " With his usual tact and exquisite sense of pro- 
priety, he saw that it was not the time for him to step forward prominently on this 
highest theater in the land. He beheld these great combatants doing battle before 
the eyes of the nation, and engrossing its whole regards. There was hardly an avenue 
to reputation s;ivo what was occupied by one or another of those gigantic figures." 
D\iring Mr. Tyler's administration he resigned. When the Mexican war broke out, 
he enlisted ;vs a volunteer, but soon rose to the office of brigadier-general. He distin- 
guished himself under General Scott, agtiinst whom he af terwaixl successfully ran 
for the Presidency, and upion whom, during his administration, he conferred the 
title of lieutenant-genei-al. Pierce opposed anti-slavery measures in every shape. 
He, however, esiwused the national cause at the opening of the Civil War. 

t The public lands have often threatened the peace of the nation. 1. The ques- 
tion of their ownership was one of the greatest obstacles to the union of the States. 
In 1781, New York was the first to present her western territory to the general gov- 
ernment. Virginia followed her example in 1784, donating the great North-western 
Territory— a princely domain, which, if retained, would have made her the richest of 
the States ; she reserved only 3,709,848 acres in Ohio, which she subsequently' sold in 
small tracts to settlers. Massiichusetts, in 1785, relinquished her claim, retaining a 
proprietary right over large tracts in New York. Connecticut, in 1 786. did the same, 
and from the sale of her lands in Ohio (the "Western Reser\-e") laid the foundation 
of her school fund. Georgia and the Carolinas gave \\p their right to territory from 
which have been carved the States of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama, 3. After 
these lands became the property of the general government, a perplexing question 
was, Shall they be free? Upon it, for years, hinged largely the politics of the 



1854.] PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 195 

being a virtual repudiation of the Missouri Compromise, 
excited intense feeling.* It, however, became a law (1864). 

"Border Warfare." — The struggle was now taken from 
Congress to Kansas. A bitter contest arose between the pro- 
slavery and the anti-slavery men — the former anxious to 
secure the State for slavery ; the latter, for freedom. Each 
party sent armed emigrants to the Territory and civil war en- 
sued. Bands of armed men crossed over from Missouri, took 
possession of the polls, and controlled the elections. Houses 
were attacked and pillaged, and men murdered in cold blood. 
For several years, Kansas was a scene of lawless violence. 

Foreign Affairs. — Mexico. — Owing to the inaccuracy of 
the map used in the treaty between the United States and 
Mexico, a dispute arose with regard to the boundary line. 
General Gadsden negotiated a settlement whereby Mexico 
was paid $10, 00 0,0 00, and the United States secured the re- 
gion (map, Epoch VI.) known as the " Gadsden purchase ". 

Japan. — Commodore Perry's expedition to Japan (1854) 
excited great attention. He negotiated a treaty which gave 
to the merchants of the United States two ports of entry in 
that exclusive country. 

Political Parties. — The compromises of 1820 and 1850 
having been abolished, the slave question became the turning 
point of the election. New party lines were drawn to meet 

country. The admission of Missouri, Texas, California, and Kansas was each 
the signal for the re-openlng of this vexed question. Though the public lands have 
been the cause of intestine strife, they have been a great source of national wealth. 
Their sale has brought large sums into the treasury. They have been given to settlers 
as a stimulus to immigration. They have been granted to endow colleges and 
schools, to build railroads, to reward the soldiers and support their widows and 
orphans (see page 310). 

* The bitter discussion on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and the contest 
in Kansas, lasted for years. Senator Sumner, of Massachusetts, during a speech that 
occupied two days (May 19-20, 1856), having made some severe reflections upon Sen- 
ator Butler, of South Carolina, was assaulted by Preston S. Brooks, a nephew of Butler 
and a South Carolina representative. Mr. Brooks, having resigned his seat, was im- 
mediately returned. It was over three years before Mr. Sumner recovered his health. 



196 EPOCH IV. [1856. 

this issue.* The whig party ceased to exist. The republican 
party, absorbing all who opposed the extension of slavery, 
nominated John C. Fremont, who received the vote of eleven 
States. The democratic party, retaining its organization, 
nominated James Buchanan, who was elected President. 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION.! 

(FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1857-1861.) 

Domestic Affairs. — l)i'ed Scott % Decision. — The Supreme 
Court of the United States (185 7), through Chief-Justice 
Taney, declared that slave-owners might take then* slaves 
into any State in the Union without forfeiting their rights. 
At the North, this was considered as removing the last barrier 

• A third party, called the Know-Xothing or American party, was orsranized to 
resist the influence of foreigners. It carried the vote of only one State, Maryland. 
Its motto was " America for Americans ". The party aroused bitter feelings, but had 
a transient existence. 

+ James Buchanan was born 1791; died 1868. The first "bachelor-President" 
was sixty-six years old when called to the executive chsiir. He had just returned 
to his native country, after an absence of some years as minister to England. Pre- 
viously to that he had been well knowni in public life, ha%-ing been Representative, 
Senator, and Secivtaiy of State. As Senator in Jackson's time, he hetvrtilj- supported 
his administrat ion. With Van Bui-en, he warmlj- advix?ated the idea of an independ- 
ent treasury (p. 179), agiunst the opposition of Clay, Webster, and others. Under Tyler, 
he was urgently in favor of the annexation of Texiis, thus ag-ain coming into conflict 
with Clay and Webst<?r. He coixlially agi-eed with them, however, in the ci>mpromise 
of 1850 (p. 19:5), and urged the people to adopt it. Much was hoped from his election, 
as he avowed the object of liis administration to be " to destroy any sectional p;irt>-. 
whether North or South, and to restore, if jxissible, that national fraternal feeling be- 
tween the different States that hjul existed during the early days of the Republic ". 
But popular passion and sectional jealousy were too strong to jneld to ple;isant per- 
suijsion. We shall see in the text how the heatetl nation wjis drawn into the honvrs 
of civil war. When Mr. Buchanan's administration closed, the fearful conflict was 
close at hand. He retired to his estate in Pennsylvania, where he died. 

i Scott and his wife were slaves belonging to a surgeon in the United States army. 
They were taken into and resided in niinois and at Fort Snelling, in territory from 
which, by the onlinance of 1787, slavery was forever excluded. Afterward, they were 
carried Into Missiniri, where they and their children were held as slaves. They 
claimed fi-eedom on the grnund that, by the iM;t of their master, they had been carried 
into free territor>-. The decision of the court against their claims created an intense 
excitement thi\)ughout the country. , 



1857,] BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 197 

to the extension of slavery, and as changing it from a local 
to a national institution ; at the South, only as a right guar- 
anteed them by the Constitution, whereby they should be 
protected in the possession of their property in every State. 

TJi6 Fugitive Slave Law had intensified the already heated 
controversy, and the subject of slavery now absorbed all 
others. The provision which commanded every good citizen 
to aid in the arrest of fugitives was especially obnoxious to 
the North. Disturbances arose whenever attempts were 
made to restore runaways to their masters. Several of the 
Northern States passed " Personal Liberty " bills, securing 
to fugitive slaves, when arrested, the right of trial by jury. 

John Brown, a man who had brooded over the exciting 
scenes through which he had passed in Kansas until he 
thought himself called* upon to take the law into his own 
hands, seized upon the United States Arsenal at Harper's 
Ferry (1859), and proclaimed freedom to the slaves in the 
vicinity. His feeble band was soon overpowered by United 
States troops, and Brown himself was hanged as a traitor. 
Though it was soon known that in his wild design he had 
asked counsel of no one, yet at the time the Southern feel- 
ing was aroused to frenzy, his act being looked upon as sig- 
nificant of the sentiments of the North. 

Political Parties. — The election again turned on the 
question of slavery. The democratic party divided, and 
made two nominations for President : Stephen A. Douglas, 
who favored squatter sovereignt}^, and John C. Breckinridge, 
who claimed that slavery could be carried into any territory. 
The republican party nominated Abraham Lincoln, who held 
that while slavery must be protected where it was, it ought 
not to be carried into free territory.* Lincoln was elected. 

* The Union party put up John Bell, of Tennessee. Its motto was, " The Union, 
the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the Laws." 



198 



EPOCH IV. 



[1860. 



The South Secedes. — Throughout the fall campaign the 
Southern leaders had threatened to secede if Mr. Lincoln 

were elected.* They now 
declared it was time to 
leave a government which 
had fallen into the hands 
of their avowed enemies. 
Since the days of Calhoun 
they had been firm believ- 
ers in the doctrine of State 
rights, which taught that a 
State could leave the Union 
whenever it pleased. In 
December (1860), South 
Catolina led off, and, soon 
after, Mississippi, Florida, 
Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas passed ordinances 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



* This was not a siidden movement on their part. The sectional difference between 
the North and the South had its source in the difference of climate, which yreatly 
modified the character and habits of the i)eople ; also, while the ajxi"icultui-al pursuits 
and staple products of the South made slave labor profitable, the mechanical piu-suits 
and the more varied products of the Xorth made it unjiriifitable. These antagonisms, 
settled firet by the Missouri Conlpl^^mise of 1820, re-opened by the tariff of 1828, 
bursting forth in the nullification of 1832, pacified by Clay's compwmise tariff, in- 
creased through the annexation of Texas and the conseqiient war with Mexico, irri- 
tated by the Wilmot Proviso, lulled for a time by the compi-omise of 1850, awakened 
by the " squatter sovereigrntj* " policy of IXuiglas, roused to fur>- by the agitation in 
Kansas, spread bivadcast by the Dred Scott decision, the att<?mpted execution of the 
Fugitive Slave T^w, and the John Brown raid, had now reached a point where war 
was the only remedy. The election of Lincoln was the pivot on which the result 
turned. The cause ran back thi-ough thirty years of controversj- to the difference in 
climate, in occupation, and in the habit of life and thought. Strange to say, each 
section misunderstood the other. The Southern i>oople beheved the Xorth to bo so 
engrossed in money-making and so enfeebled by luxurj- that it could send to the field 
only mercenai-y soldiers, who would easily bo beaten by the patriotic Southerners. 
They said, " Cotton is King "; and believed that England and France were so depend- 
ent uxxtn them for that staple, that their republic would be recognized and defended 
by those Eviropean powers. On the other hand, the Northern people did not believe 
that the South would dai-e to fight for slavery when it h;ui 4,000,000 slaves exposed 
to the chances of war. They thought it to be all bluster, and hence paid little heed 



J861.] 



BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 



199 



of secession. In February (1861), delegates from these 
States met at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a govern- 
ment called the " Confederate States of America ", Jeffer- 
son Davis, of Missis- 
sippi, was chosen Pres- 
ident, and Alexander 
H. Stephens, of Geor- 
gia, Vice-President. 
United States forts, ar- 
senals, custom-houses, 
and ships were seized 
by the States in which 
they were situated. 
Buchanan did nothing- 
to prevent the catas- 
trophe. General Scott 
was iniii'm, while the 
regular army was 
small, and the troops were widely scattered. The navy had 
been sent to distant ports. The Cabinet largely sympathized 
with the secessionists. Numerous unsuccessful efforts were 
made to effect a compromise. It was the general expectation 
that there would be no war, and the cry, "No coercion ", was 
general.* Yet affairs steadily drifted on toward waro 

Fort Sumter. — All eyes were now turned on Fort Sumter. 
Here Major Anderson kept the United States flag fl.ying 
in Charleston harbor. He had been stationed in Fort Moul- 
trie, but, fearing an attack, had crossed over to Fort Sum- 
ter, a stronger position. The South Carolinians, looking 




JEFFERSON DAVIS. 



to the threat of secession or of war. Both sides sadly learned their mistake, only 
too late. 

* Even the New York Tribune declared — " "^^^lenever any considerable section of 
our Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shall resist all coercive measures 
to keep them in." 



200 EPOCH IV. [1861. 

upon this as a hostile act, took possession of the remaining 
forts, commenced erecting batteries, and prepared to reduce 
Fort Sumter. Major Anderson was coinpelled by his in- 
structions to remain a quiet spectator. The Star of the 
West, an unarmed steamer, bearing supphes to the fort, 
had been fired upon and driven back. The Southern leaders 
declared that any attempt to relieve Fort Sumter would be 
a declaration of war. The government seemed paralyzed 
with fear. All now waited for the new President. 

In the next Epoch, we shall learn about the terrible Civil 
War caused by this effort to secede. During its progress, 
slavery perished, and the issue of the conflict decided that 
the nation should be henceforth **one and inseparable". 



The States admitted during the Fourth Epoch increased 
the number in the Union, from thirteen to thirty-four. 

Vermont, the fourteenth State, and the first under the 
Constitution, was admitted to the Union, March 4,1791. It 
was so called from its principal range of mountains (verd, 
green, and mont, mountain). Champlain discovered and ex- 
plored much of it in 1609. The first settlement was made 
in 1 72-1, in the present town of Brattleborough, where Fort 
Dummer was erected. The region Avas claimed by both New 
Hampshire and New York (p. 111). In 1777, the inhabit- 
ants declared the " New Hampshire Grants " an independent 
State, under the title " New Connecticut, alias Vermont" : 
and, in 1790, New York consented to relinquish her claim 
on the payment of $30,000. 

Kentucky,* the fifteenth State, was admitted to the 
Union, June 1,1792. The name, " dark and bloody ground ", 

♦ It is a curious fact that the act for the admission of Kentiicky was approved 
February 4, 1791, but not to take effect until June 1, 1792; while that admitting 
Vermont was approved February 18, 1791, and to take effect March 4, 1791. 



1793.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 201 

had its origin in the fierce conflicts which took place between 
the whites and the Indians. Daniel Boone, a famous hunter, 
for two years rambled through the forests of this region, de- 
lighted with its scenery and the abundance of game. After 
many thrilling adventures and narrow escapes from the In- 
dians, he established a fort at Boonesborough, and removed 
his family thither in June, 1775. This was the first perma- 
nent settlement in the State, then a part of Virginia, from 
which it was not separated till 1790. 

Tennessee, the sixteenth State, was admitted to the 
Union, June 1, 1796. It was named from the river Ten- 
nessee, the "river with the great bend". It is thought that 
De Soto, in his wanderings, visited the spot where Memphis 
now stands. The first permanent settlement in the State * 
was at Fort Loudon (low' don), thirty miles from the pres- 
ent site of Knoxville, in 1756. In 1780, James Robertson 
crossed the mountains with a party, and located where 
Nashville now stands, but which was then a wilderness. 
In 1789, North Carolina gave up her claim on the region, 
and the next year it was joined with Kentucky to form an 
independent territory. It received a distinct territorial 
government two years before it became a State. 

Ohio, the seventeenth State, was admitted to the Union, 
February 19,1803. It was so called from the river of that 
name, signifying the " beautiful river". The first e^eplorations 
were made by the French, imder La Salle, about 1680. The 
first permanent settlement was at Marietta, in 1 7 8 8. It was 
the first State carved out of the North-western Territory.! 

Louisiana, the eighteenth State, was admitted to the 
Union, April 30, 1 81 2. The territory was named in honor of 

* This was the first permanent English settlement south of Pennsylvania and 
west of the Alleghanies. 

t This territory was created in 1787, and included aU the public land north of the 
Ohio. It embraced the present States of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, lUinois, Wiscon- 



202 EPOCH IV. [1682 

Louis XIV., King of France. The French explored the river 
Mississippi to the sea in 1682 (p. 34), but their first settle- 
ment was made by Iberville atBilox'i, near its mouth, in 
1699. New Orleans was founded in 1718.* The territory 
was ceded to Spain in 1763, but in 1800 was receded to 
France, When the United States purchased it (p. 155), 
Louisiana included all the region north and west between 
the Mississippi and the Pacific (except those portions then 
occupied by Spain : see California) and north to the British 
possessions. In 1804, this region was divided into two parts 
— the territory of Orleans, which included the present State 
of Louisiana, and the district of Louisiana, which comprised 
the remainder. The former was admitted to the Union as 
Louisiana, and the name of the latter changed to Missouri. 

Indiana, the nineteenth State, was admitted to the Union, 
December 11, 1816. The name is derived from the word 
Indian. When Ohio was taken from the North-western Ter- 
ritory, the remainder was called Indiana. It was reduced 
to its present limits in 1809, and was the second State ad- 
mitted from the North-western Territory. After the Indian 
difficulties which hindered its early development had sub- 
sided, its growth was very rapid. Between 1810 and 1820, 
its population increased five hundred per cent. 

Mississippi, the twentieth State, was admitted to the 
Union, December 10,1817. It is named from the Mississippi 
River, " the Great Father of Waters ". De Soto was the first 
European who traversed this region. In 1700, Chevalier de 
Tonty, with a party of Canadian French, ascended the river 

sin, and part of Minnesota. It was a part of New France before the French author- 
ity ceased in 1763. The British held possession for twenty years, when the coun- 
try was ceded to the "United States (see Map of \T:th Epoch, and p. 304). 

* The colony was granted to the great Mississippi Company, organized by John 
Law, at Paris, for the purpose of settling and deriving profit from the French posses- 
sions in North America. ^Vhen this bubble bui-st, the French crown resumed the 
ooxuitry. (See Brief History of France, p. 176.) 



1700.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 203 

to the Natchez country, where they selected a site for a fort 
and named it Rosalie. A settlement called St. Peter's was 
made in 1703, on the Yazoo. In 1728, the Indians swept 
every vestige of civilization from the present limits of the 
State. Under the French Governors who followed, fierce and 
bloody wars were waged with the Natch 'ez, Chick'a saw, and 
Choc'taw Indians. In 1 7 6 3 , Louisiana east of the Mississippi, 
including a part of what is now Mississippi and Alabama, 
was ceded to the British, and became a part of Georgia. 
The MississiiJpi Territory was created in 1798, and lands 
were afterward added until it embraced the present States of 
Mississippi and Alabama. The latter became a separate 
Territory in March, 1817. 

Illinois, the twenty-first State, was admitted to the Union, 
December 3, 1818. Its name is derived from its princijjal 
river, signifying '' River of men ". Its first settlements were 
made by La Salle.* After the States of Ohio and Indiana, 
and the Territory of Michigan had been taken from the 
North-western Territory, the remainder was styled the Illi- 
nois Territory, and comprised the present States of Illinois, 
Wisconsin, and a part of Minnesota. The settlement of this 
Territory was greatly impeded by Indian hostilities. The 
massacre at Fort Dearborn (Chicago), 1812, and the Black 
Hawk war are instances of the dangers and trials which beset 
the pioneer. The great prosperity of the State dates from 
the year 1850, when munificent grants of land were made to 
the Central Railroad. The prairie wilderness was rapidly 
settled, and towns and cities sprung up as by magic. 

Alabama, the twenty-second State, was admitted to the 
Union, December 14,1819. Its name is of Indian origin, and 

* That enterprising traveler, after exploring the niinois River, built a small fort 
which he called Creve Coeur (krave kur), and left it in command of the Chevalier 
de Tonty. Three yeai-s afterward, he returned with some Canadians and founded 
Kqs kas'ki a, Ca ho'ki a, and other towns, which early became prosperous. 



204 EPOCH IV, 



[1819. 



signifies " Here we rest ". It was originally a part of Georgia. 
(See Mississippi.) The fierce contests with the Creek Indians, 
ended by Jackson, gave to the State a vast and fertile region. 
The first settlement was made by Bienville (be ang veel') on 
Mo bile' Bay, in 1 7 02. Nine years afterward, the present site 
of Mobile was occupied. Mobile was the original seat of the 
French colonization in Louisiana, and for many years the cap- 
ital. Having been ceded to Great Britain and then to Spain, in 
1 8 1 3 it was surrendered to General Wilkinson, and has since 
remained in the possession of the United States (p. 305). 

Maine, the twenty-third State, was admitted to the Union, 
March 15,1820. (See p. G 0.) 

Missouri, the twenty-fourth State, was admitted to the 
Union, August 10,1821. Its name is derived from its prin- 
cipal river, and means " ]\Iuddy water ". Its oldest town, St. 
Gene^deve, was founded in 1 7 5 5. St. Louis was settled nine 
years after, but was not incorporated as a town until 1809 ; 
its first newspaper was published in 1 8 8, and the first steam- 
boat arrived at its wharf in 1 8 1 7. The District of Louisiana 
was organized as Louisiana Territory in 1805, with St. Louis 
as its capital, "\^^len Louisiana became a State, the name of 
the Territory was changed to Missouri. 

AvkaTisas, the twenty-fifth State, was admitted to the 
LTnion, June 15,1836. It took its name from a now extinct 
tribe of Indians. It was discovered and settled by the French 
under Chevalier de Tonty, as early as 1 6 85. It followed the 
fate of the other portions of Louisiana. On the admission of 
the State of Missouri, Arkansas was organized as a Territory, 
including the x^resent State and a part of Indian Territory. 

Michigan, the twenty-sixth State, was admitted to the 
Union, January 20,1837. Its name is of Indian origin, sig- 
nifying " Great Lake ". It was early visited by missionaries 
(p. 33) and fur traders. Detroit was founded in 1701 by 



1805.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 205 

Cadillac. This region, first a part of the North-western Ter- 
ritory, then of Indiana Territory, was organized as a separate 
Territory in 1 8 5. The country north of the present States 
of Indiana and Illinois was afterward annexed to Michigan. 
The act of admission gave the State its present boundaries. 

Florida, the twenty-seventh State, was admitted to the 
Union, March 3, 1845. The Spanish word "fiorida," means 
"blooming" (p. 2 7). Its early visitors — Ponce de Leon, 
De Narvaez, and De Soto — its first settlement at St. Augus- 
tine, its history under the Spaniards, and the Seminole war 
have been incidentally described. The Territories of East 
and West Florida were organized March 30, 1822. 

Texas, the twenty-eighth State, was admitted to the 
Union, December 2 9, 1845. It was explored by De Leon, 
and La Salle. The latter, intending to found a French set- 
tlement at the mouth of the Mississippi, sailed by it un- 
awares, and, landing at Matagor'da Bay, built Fort St. LOuis 
on the Lavaca. The Spaniards afterward explored and par- 
tially settled the country, establishing missions at various 
points. These did not prosper, however, and the region was 
populated mainly by roving bands of Indians. Civil war had 
impoverished the few settlers who were unable to flee from 
the country, and Galveston was nearly deserted, when, in 
1820, Moses Austin, a native of Connecticut, obtained from 
the Spanish authorities in Mexico a grant of land. Emigra- 
tion from the United States was encouraged, and, in 1830, 
there were twenty thousand Americans in Texas. The jeal- 
ousy of Mexico being excited, acts of oppression followed, 
and, in 1835, the Texans were driven to declare their inde- 
pendence. After a year of severe fighting * and alternating 

* Santa Anna, with four thousand men, having attacked the A la'mo, a fort garri- 
soned by only one hundred and seventy-two men, every one of that gallant few died 
at his post except seven, who were killed while asking for quarter. Here David 
CFOClsett, the famous hunter, who had volmiteered to fight with the Texans for their 



206 EPOCH IV. [1837. 

victories, Santa Anna was conquered. The next year, 
(1837), Texas sought admission into the Union. In 1844, 
the question was revived. The close of Tyler's adminis- 
tration was marked by the signing of an act for its admis- 
sion. This bill was ratified by a convention of the State 
in July of the same year. 

Iowa, the twenty-ninth State, was admitted to the Union, 
December 28, 1846. Its name is of Indian origin, signifying 
"Drowsy ones". Julien Dubuque', a Canadian Frenchman, 
obtained, in 1 788, a large tract of land, including the present 
site of Dubuque. He there built a fort and traded with the 
Indians till 1810. The first permanent settlement was made 
at Burlington in 1833, by emigrants from Illinois. The 
same year, Dubuque was founded. This Territory belonged 
to the Louisiana tract and partook of its fortunes. It was 
successively a part of Missouri, Michigan, and Wisconsin 
Territories, but was organized separately in 1838. It then 
included all of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, but 
when admitted as a State was reduced to its present limits. 

Wisconsin, the thirtieth State, was admitted to the 
Union, May 29, 1848. Its name is derived from its prin- 
cipal river, and signifies "The gathering of the waters". 
It was explored by French missionaries and traders as 
early as 1639. Green Bay was founded in 1745. This 
region was also a part of the North-western Territory. It 
was comprised in the Territory of Illinois, then of Mich- 
igan, and in 1836 became a separate Territory. 

California , the thirty-first State, was admitted to the 
Union, September 9, 1850 (p. 190). Sir Francis Drake, in 
1579, sailed along its coast, naming it New Albion (p. 35). 

liberty, fell, pierced with wounds, but surrounded by the corpses of those whom he 
had cut down ore he was overpowered. In the battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna, 
with fifteen hundred men, was defeated by eight hundred, under General Sam Hous- 
ton. 



1776.] 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES, 



207 



In 1 769, the Spaniards established the mission of San Diego 
(dea'go), and in 1776, one at San Francisco.* In 1803, 
they had eighteen missions with over 15,000 converts, 
and the government of the country was in the hands of 




SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND CITY. (See note.) 

Franciscan monks. The Mexican revolution, in 1822, over- 
threw the Spanish powei hi California, and, soon after, the 

* In 1835, a shanty owned by one Bichardson was the only human habitation, 
and the vast bay was a solitude. The first survey of streets and town lots was in 
1839. The principal trade was in exporting hides, and that was small. In 1846, 
an American man-of-war entered the harbor, and took possession in the name of 
the United States. The town was known as Yerba Buena {good herb) until 1847, 
when it was changed to its present name. About that time, it had a population of 
459. The discovery of gold in 1848 gave the city its fii'st start. Within eighteen 
months following December, 1849, the city lost by fire $16,000,000 of property, 
though its population did not exceed 30,000. Such, however, was the enterprise of 
its citizens, that these tremendous losses scarcely interrupted its growth or pros- 
perity. Its magnificent harbor and its railroad communications give it an extensive 
commerce on the Pacific coast. 



208 EPOCH IV. [1831. 

Franciscans were stripped of their wealth and influence. In 
1881, the white population did not exceed five thousand. 
From 1 8-1 o to 1 8-ll5, many emijjjrants from the United States 
settled in California, and, under the leadei"ship of Fremont 
and others, ^v^ested the country from Mexico (p. 188). By 
the treaty at the close of the Mexican war, Upper Cali- 
fornia was ceded to the Unit(?d States. It embraced what 
is now known as California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and 
parts of Kansas, "Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. 
(Maps of IVth and Vlth Epochs.) 

.Minncsofft, the thirty-second State, was admitted to the 
Union, May 11,1858. It is so called from the river of that 
name, and signifies " Cloudy water ". In 1 G 80, La Salle and 
Hennepin penetrated this region. Other travelers followed, 
Init only within this century has the whole country been 
thoroughly explored. Fort Snelling was established in 1 8 1 9. 
The fii*st building in St. Paul was erected about 1838. 
The Territory of Minnesota was organized in 18-19, with the 
^Missoiu'i and "White rivers for its western boundary, thus 
embracing nearly twice the area of the present State. At 
this time, its population was less than five thousand, consist- 
ing of whites and half-breeds settled about the various mis- 
sions and trading-posts. In 1851, the Sioux iscjo) ceded a 
large tract of land to the United Statea After this, the 
population increased so rapidly that in six yeai*s Minne- 
sota applied for admission into the Union. 

Orcgoji, the thirty-third State, was admitted to the Union, 
February 14, 1859. It is said to derive its name from the 
Spanish oregano, wild marjoram, abundant on its coast. It 
was claimed as pirt of the Louisiana Purchase (Vlth Epoch 
map), though little was known of this vast region. In 
1792, Captain Gray, of Boston, entered the river to which 
he gave tlie name of his ship — Columbia. On his return, he 



I 



1804.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 209 

made such a flattering report that there was a general desire 
to know more of the country. In 180-1, the year after the 
Louisiana purchase, Jefferson sent an exploring party, under 
the command of Lewis and Clark (see page 801), which 
followed the Missouri to its source and descended the Colum- 
bia to the Pacific, The history of their adventures is one of 
the most romantic of the century. An extensive fur-trade 
soon began. Fort Astoria was built in 1 8 1 1 by the American 
Fur Company, of which John Jacob Astor was a prominent 
member. Hunters and trappers in the employ of American 
and British companies roamed over the whole region. Fort 
Vancouver was occupied by the Hudson Bay Company, a 
British organization, till 1 8 G 0. In 183 6-39, American em- 
igration set overland to this region. The danger of war which 
had seriously threatened its dawning prosperity was averted 
when the north-west boundary was settled by the treaty of 
1846. In 1 8 1 8 , it was organized as a Territory, and included 
all the land west of the Rocky ]\Iountains, between 42° 
and 49°. In 1850, Congress granted three hundred and 
twenty acres to every man, and the same to his wife, on condi- 
tion of residence on the land for four years. Eight thousand 
claims were 7nade for farms. In 1 8 5 3, Washington Territory 
was organized north of Columbia River. When Oregon was 
admitted as a State, it was reduced to its present limits. 

Kansas, the thirty-fourth State, was admitted to the 
Union, January 2 9, 1861. The name is of Indian origin, and 
is said to mean " Smoky water ". This region was also a part 
of the Louisiana purchase. After the States of Louisiana, 
Arkansas, jMissouri, Iowa, and Minnesota had been carved 
from it, there was left a vast, unoccupied tract at the west, 
which was organized by the Kansas and Nebraska Act of 
1854. The history of the strife which decided whether it 
should be slave or free has been narrated (p. 195). 



210 EPOC HIV. 



CIVILIZATION. 

The free air of the new world, the independent thought upon every question, 
and the political equality of all men conduced to break down the distinctions of 
rank and dress that were at first established (p. 93). This tendency early became a 
source of anxiety to the colonial legislator. In 1640, it was ordered that as "divers 
Persons of severall Ranks are obsearved still to exceede " in their apparel, " the Con- 
stables of every towne within their Ijibcrtyes shall observe and take notice of any 
particular Peraon or Persons within their severall Lymits, and all such as they 
judge to exceede their condition and Kank therein, they shall present and warn to 
appear at the particular Court ". 

These " sumptuary laws " were not a dead letter, for we read of one " Alice 
riynt " who was cited before the court and required to show that she was worth the 
two hundred pounds required to entitle lier to wear a silk hood. After Independ- 
ence, social changes went on rapidly. The title "Master" came to be confined 
to holdera of slaves, while "Mr.", once a sure sign of rank, was applied to every 
male in the land, and to omit it, when speaking of great men, became a mark of 
distinction. So rapidly did the new ideiis spread, that when La Fayette visitcnl 
America the second time, he asked with astonishment, "Where are the common 
people?" He saw only crowds of well-dressed citizens, but no yeomen, mechanics, 
merchants, and servants— the four ranks below that of gentleman that were to be 
distinctly observed at the time of his first visit. 

The Laborer, though he had secured social and political privileges a hun- 
dred years ago, could obtain far fewer comforts than he can to-day. His house 
had neither paint nor glass windows. Within, it was low and dingy. The floor 
knew no carpets. The kitchen had no stove, or lamp, or coal, or matches. 
There was no glass or crockery ware on his table, but he ate his homely fare 
from a wooden platter. Fresh meat was a rarity. All the staples of life were 
expensive to one who received only two shillings per day. Leather breeches and 
apron, a coarse flannel jacket, and heavy cow-hide shoes wei-e the best his ward- 
robe could afford. 

Imprisonment for debt was common. The poor man, just recovering from a long 
sickneas, was liable to bo arrested for the iKiyment of the little bills incurred during 
his illness, and thrust into prison among the vilest off'enders. 

Tlie Schools, even within the memory of many persons now living, were far 
inferior in equipment and methods to those of our day. The text-books were few 
and coarsely executed. In early times, the only reading-books were the Bible, the 
Psalter, and the New England Spoiler. After the Revolution, the Columbian 
Orator— filled with patriotic selections- attained a great celebrity. When Webster's 
American Spelling Book was issued about 1784, it gradually came into general 
Tise. Murray's Grammar and DaboU's Arithmetic were the standaixls for half a 
century. The ordinary geography was in two volumes— one containing the maps 
and the other the text. Morse invented (1839) a pi-ocoss of engraving whercby 
the maps could he struck- off -with the text, on a common printing press. In a 
single year, 100,000 copies of his New Geography went into use. Writing-books 
were usually home-made from foolscap, and ruled by the pupil with lead plum- 
mets of his (nvn manufacture. Slate pencils were, also, whittled out by the bojra 
from soft clay-stones. Quill-pens were used, and their making constituted no 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 



211 



small part of a teacher's task. Wall-maps, charts, blackboards, globes, etc., came In 
only slowly as education advanced. 

The development of tlie country was especially marked about the middle of 
this century. The immigration from Ireland, probably induced chiefly by the famine 
of 1847 in that island, then began, and crowds of foreign workmen aided in building 
railroads and digging canals, while they flocked into the mills and manufactories. 
The native operatives thrown out of emplojrment, turned to the West. The discovery 
of gold in California, also, led thither a vast number from the Eastern States. The 
multiplication of railroads, afl'ording a better market and higher prices, rendered 
farming profitable in the great Mississippi valley, and new States were settled with 
unexampled rapidity. Commerce flourished, and American clippers were famous 
for their speed. With increasing prosperity, knowledge spread apace. Books and 
papers multiplied. Schools and colleges were founded. The lyceums, through which 
courses of lectures by distinguished men were given in almost every town and 
village, became an important factor in imparting to the people valuable instruction 
upon political, scientific, and literary topics. * 



1789. 
1791. 
179^. 

1793. 
1794. 

1795. 
1796. 
1797. 
1799. 
1800. 

1801. 

180.3. 



1804. 



1805. 
1807. 



1809. 
1811. 



1812. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

PAOB 

Washington inaugurated, April 30 149 

Vermont admitted to the Union, March 4 200 

Kentucky admitted to the Union, June 1 200 

Discovery of Columbia River by Captain Gray, May 11 .... 208 

Difiiculties with Genet 153 

The Indians defeated by Wayne, August 20 152 

Whiskey insurrection 152 

Jay's treaty ratified, June 24 153 

Tennessee admitted to the Union, June 1 201 

John Adams inaugurated, March 4 154 

Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14 150 

Capitol removed to Washington 150 

Treaty with France, September 30 155 

Thomas Jefl'erson inaugi>rated, March 4 155 

War declared by the United States against Tripoli, June 10 . . . 157 

Ohio admitted to the Union, February 19 201 

Louisiana purchased from France, April 30 ...... . 156 

Fleet sent against Tripoli 157 

Lieutenant Decatur destroyed frigate Philadelphia, February 15 . . 157 

Hamilton killed by Burr, July 11 156 

Treaty of peace with Tripoli, June 3 . . . , 157 

The Chesapeake flred into by the Leopard, June 22 158 

Embargo on American ships, December 22 158 

Fulton first ascended the Hudson 157 

James Madison inaugurated, March 4 . . , . ... 159 

Action between the President and the Little Belt, May 16 . , . 160 

Battle of Tippecanoe, November 7 , . 159 

Louisiana admitted to the Union, April 30 - ..... . 201 

War declared against England, June 19 ......* . 160 

Hull invaded Canada, July 12 160 



212 



EPOCH IV. 



[1812. 



1812. 



1813. 



1814. 



1815. 

1816. 
1817. 

1818. 
1819. 

1820. 

1821. 
1824. 
1825. 
1826. 
1829. 
1832. 

1835. 
1838. 
1837. 



1837-'38. 
1841. 



PAGE 

Mackinaw surrendered, July 17 160 

Detroit surrendered, August 16 • 160 

The Constitution captured the Querriere, August 19 ... . 161 

Battle of Queenstown, October 13 161 

The Wasp captured the Frolic, October 13 162 

Battle of Frenchtown, January 22 163 

Captiire of York, April 27 163 

Siege of Fort Meigs, May 1 164 

Sackett's Harbor attacked. May 29 163 

The Chesapeake captured by the Shannon, June 1 166 

Battle of Fort Stephenson, Ohio, August 2 164 

Massacre of Fort Mimnis, August 30 160 

Perry's victory on Lake Erie, September 10 164 

Battle of the Thames, October 5 165 

Battleof Chrysler's Field, November 11 163 

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Tohopeka), March 27 166 

Battle of Chippewa, July 5 168 

Battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25 168 

"Washington captured by the British, August 24 169 

Battle of Plattsburg and Lake Champlain, September 11 . . . 168 

Bombardment of Fort Mc Henry, September 13 169 

Hartford Convention, December 15 169 

Treaty of Peace, December 24 169 

Battle of New Orleans, January 8 169 

"War with Algiers 171 

Indiana admitted to the "Onion, December 11 202 

James Monroe inaugurated, March 4 172 

Mississippi admitted to the Union, December 10 202 

Illinois admitted to the Union, December 3 ..... . 203 

Alabama admitted to the Union, December 14 203 

Florida purchased of Spain, February 22 173 

Missouri Compromise passed, March 3 172 

Maine admitted to the Union, March 15 60, 204 

Missouri admitted to the Union, August 10 204 

Visit of La Fayette 173 

John Quincy Adams inaugurated, March 4 174 

Adams and Jefferson died, July 4 ...."... . 154 

Jackson inaugurated, March 4 175 

Black Hawk "War 177 

Nullification in South Carolina 175 

Dade's massacre by the Seminoles, December 28 177 

Arkansfus admitted to the Union, June 15 204 

Michigan admitted to the Union, January 20 204 

Martin Van Buren inaugurated, March 4 . . ., . . . . 178 

Battle of Okechobee, Seminoles routed by Taylor, December 25 . . 178 

The "Patriot "War"— Canada 179 

"William H. Harrison inaugurated, March 4 180 

President Harrison died, April 4 180 

John Tyler inaugurated, April 180 



1842.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES. 213 

PAGE 

1842. Dorr's Rebellion 181 

1845. Florida admitted to the Union, March 3 . 205 

James K. Polk inaugurated, March i ........ . 185 

Texas admitted to the Union, December 29 205 

1846. Battle of Palo Alto, May 8 . . . 185 

Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May . . 185 

Congress declared war against Mexico, May 11 

Monterey captured, September 24 186 

Iowa admitted to the Union, December 28 206 

1847. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23 . 186 

Vera Cruz captured, March 29 188 

Battle of Cerro Gordo, April 18 188 

Battle of Contreras, August 20 189 

Capture of Chaptiltepec, September 13 189 

Mexico surrendered, September 14 190 

1848. Treaty of Peace with Mexico, February 2 ....... . 190 

Gold discovered in California, February 190 

Wisconsin admitted to the Union, May 29 206 

1849. General Taylor inaugurated, March 5 191 

1850. General Taylor died, July 9 192 

Millard Fillmore inaugurated, July 10 191 

California admitted to the Union, September 9 206 

1853. Franklin Pierce inaugurated, March 4 194 

1854. Commodore Perry's treaty with Japan, March 195 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill passed. May 31 - . . . 195 

1857. James Buchanan inaugurated, March 4 196 

1858. Minnesota admitted to the Union, May 11 , . 208 

1859. Oregon admitted to the Union, February 14 208 

1860. South Carolina seceded from the Union, December 20 198 

1861. Steamer Star of the West fired upon, January 9 200 

Kansas admitted into the Union as a State, January 29 ... . 209 

Southern Confederacy formed at Montgomery, February 4. . . . 199 



REFERENCES FOR READING. 

Lo8!iing''8 Field Book of the War of 1S12.— Lewis and Clark's .Journal.— Mackenzie's Life 
of Paul Jones.— Partm:s Life of .Jachfon ; also of Aaron Burr.— Cooper'' s History of the Amer- 
ican Nariy.—Irmng''s Astoria.— PoweWs Life of Taylor.— FremonVs Exploratimw.— Benton's 30 
Years View of PuUic Affairs.— Street and Reed's Osceola {Poem).— Ripley's War with Mexico.— 
HuWs Military and Civil Life.— Parker's Historic Americans.— Lossing's Eminent Americans.— 
McPherson's Political History of the United States.— Tome's Battles of America by Sea and 
Land.— Lowell's Bigelow Papers.— Giddings' Exiles of Florida.— Jay's Mexican War.— Daw- 
son's American Battle-fields. —'■'■ The Mississippi Scheme " in Mackay's Popular Delmiom.—Mrs. 
John Adams' Correspondence.— HeadUys Second War with England.— Whittier's Angels of Buena 
Vista {Poetry).— Randall's and Tucker's Lives of Jefferson.— Griswold's Court of Washington.— 
Clarke's Campaign of 1812.— IngersolPs Second War with Great Britain.— Wilson's Sketches 
of Bl'ustrims Soldiers.— The " American Statesmen " Series (a Political Library of great value). 



214 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



"Washington's Admln- 
istratiou. (1789-'y7.) 



John Adams' Adminis- 
tration. (1797-1801.) 



Jefferson's Administra- 
tion. (180i-'9.) 



Madison's Admiiiistra- 
tion. (180'.J-'17.) 



Monroe's Administra- 
tion. (1817-'25.) 



4. 
2. 



Inauguration. 

Difficulties of the New Government. 

C 1. Finauceii. 

DomeBtic ASailS. < 2. Whl»kcy Rebellion. 

Is. Indian Warn. 

C I. EnKlanil 

Foreign AlTairB. •[ ?• Spain and Algicr 

Politicul Parties. 
Domestic Ailairs. 
Foreign AtTairs. 
Political Parties. 
Character of Jefferson. 



3. France. 



Domestic Affairs. 



■ 1. Purcha'^e of Louisiana. 
Burr. 
I's Steamboat. 



(■ 1. Pu 
i 2. Aa 

L 3. Fu 

(- 1. War with 
< 2, F^nirlauii 

L 3. Emlmrgo 



h Tripoli. 
I and France. 
Emimrgo Act. 



John Quincy Adams 
Administration 
(1825-'29.) 



■{I 



Jackson's Administra- 
tion. (1829-';i7.) 



3. Foreign Affairs. 

4. Political Parties. 
1. Domestic Affairs. 

(1. Evcnt,sof 1812. 
4: Pe^'e 
5. Battle of New Orleans. 
6. ResulLs of War. 

.3. Political Parties. 

1. " Era of Good Feeling." 

rt T^ ^ *• K rc • ^1. Missouri Compromise. 

2. Domestic Affairs. J 2. La Faycttcs visit. 

3. Foreign Affairs. { J'. MonrocDoctrine. 

4. Political Parties. 
Character of Adams. 
Prosperity of Country. 
Protective Tariff— " American Sj-stem." 

1. Character of Jackson. 

I. Nullification. 

2. Domestic Affairs. 



Van Bti 
t ration 



3. Foreign Affairs. 

4. Political Parties. 
Domestic Affairs. 



2. Bank of United States. 

3. Speculations. 

4. Indian Troubles. 



, , f 1. Domestic Affaii 

*''^'Al:./•^S^'V\""*" S 2. Foreign Affairs 
• ( 1 8.3 < - 4 I . ) l^ 3. PoliUcal Part ie 



Ilai-rison and Tyler's 
Administration. 
{1841-'4.'j.) 



10. Polk's Administra- 
tion. (1845-'49.) 



Tayltir and Fillmore's 
Administration. 
(184y-'o3.) 



12. Pierce's Administra- 
tion. (18ria-'.'i7.) 



les. 

1. narrison's Death. 

2. Domestic Affairs. 

3. Foreign Affairs. 
^ 4. Political Parties. 

C 1. Foreign Affairs — ( }■ 

War with Mexico. { 3 

I (181G-M7.) 1 4: 



u 



United State.'! Bank. 
.■!uffrai!e Dimeultles. 
Anil Rent Diniculties. 
The Mormons. 
Magnetic Telcgrapb. 

1. Annexation of Tesa.'i. 

2. North-west Boundarj. 

General Taylor'.s Army. 
General Kearney's Army. 
General Scott's Army. 
Peace. 



2. Domestic Affairs. 

3. Political Parties. 

1. Taylor's Death. 

2. Domestic Affairs. 

3. ForciLrn Affairs. 

4. Political Parties. 

1. Domestic Affairs. | J; 

2. Foreign .-Vffairs. 
, 3. Political Parties. 

• 1. Domestic .\ffairs. 



1. Wllmot Proviso. 

2. Discovery of Gold in California 



1. Slavery. 

2. Compromise of 18S0. 



1.3. 



Buchanan's Adminis 
tration. (1857-'61.) 



II: 

r 1. Dred 
^ 2. Fugil 
I. 3. John 



Kansa.s.Nebraska Bill. 
Border Warfare. 
Mexico. 
Japan. 



• 1. Dred-Scott Deciaton. 
ugitivc Slave Lair. 
I Brown. 



■^ 



2. Political Parties. 

3. South Secedes. 

^ 4. Attack on Fort Sumter. 
Names of States admitted durlny tno Fourth Epoch. 



6» Loneitude 15" West from 65 



T 

pR,NGr,ELb- MAP TO ILLUSTRATE | 

THE CIVIL WAR j 

^ SCALE OF MILES ^ 




tQuiucy 



Jlason 






MXouis 






^ 



^ XSSfcanuu 



nfiocUiiia 
lie J\ /Lfuiivint^V *P»"s 



^>'^t^KS 



Bninflenl)ure 



■/nir.1-. 



Jruiifor 
ling .GlaspoJTjJJlJj/''"**' 






^/4<, 

■X JSmiil, l^Sj*. 

H / A ft K ASi^;^ 

ITTLE? 
>rio({?t^ rock: 

i 

I ArkadelphU 




tdiLAlJ<.^,„T.- 3'ittsVunf ifJSdiii? Txi 1- Shelljville a"-.*/ Athtnflr 

Tutcumbla ^^ 

"ada/ 






- f 

•Gulf ^ i-i ir"'ai»n/ 

I'UGibsofi , _ 

1 

i 



OiX'lika* 

GirarjfColuinbu* i 

"MONTGOMERY 

■^ITnioD Sprints 
^ i £ulaula^ 

GlveQTflle 



Pjllard 

PorlHui^n H .>■ . xi v-, ^ 1 c^** 

JsiBATOM rouqe\\-' ^ ! T ( jt^i 



31 ^ 



Apalacli^ 



FuGa 
■M 
^. ■*/ 
-g\ ^S Baintridf 

_ThoBis 

■ijO TALLAM 

rS( 'suMaila'»<if 

J^ Say 



o 



LoDeitude 10 



■VVashii 



CopyriglU, Iaa^ A.SSaT- 




igton, 




^-■^^m}s» 



LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRA- 
TION.* 

(SIXTEENTH PRESIDENT : 1861-1865.) 

TNAUGURATION.— Rumors of 
J- a plan to assassinate Lincoln 
impelled him to come to Washing- ,^ - " 

ton secretly. He was inaugurated, March 4, 1861, sur- 
rounded by troops, under General Scott. 

Condition of the Country. — ^All was now uncertainty. 
Southern officers in the army and navy of the United 
States were daily resigning, and linking their fortunes 
with the Confederate cause. There was still, however, a 

Questions on the Geography of the Fifth Epoch.— Tiocate the following places 
noted as battle-fields. (Maps of the Richmond campaigns are on pages 236 and 261.) 
Phllippi. Big Bethel. Boonvllle (Booneville). Carthage. Rich Mountain. BuU 
Run. Wilson's Creek. Hatteras Inlet. Lexington, Mo. Ball's Bluff. Belmont. 
Port Royal. TVTin Spring. Port Henry. Roanoke Island. Port Donelson. Pea 
Ridge. New Bern (Newberne). Winchester. Pittsburg Landing. Island No. 10. 
Port Pulaski. Port Jackson. Port Macon. Beaufort. Torktown. Williamsburg. 
Corinth. Mechanicsvllle. Cedar Mountain. South Moiintain. Antietam. Preder- 
icksburg. Holly Springs. Murfreesboro. Galveston. Port Sumter. Chancellors- 
vllle. Vicksburg. Gettysbvirg. Port Hudson. Chickamauga. Chattanooga. Knox- 
ville. Port de Russy. Sabine Cross Roads. Port Pillow. Wilderness. Spottsylvania 
Court House. Resaca. Dallas. Lost Mountain. Petersburg. Atlanta. Mobile. 
Port Gaines. Port Morgan. Cedar Creek. Port Mc A lister. Nashville. PortPisher, 
Columbia. Goldsboro. Port Steadman. Pive Porks. Appomattox Court House. 



* Abi'aham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, February 18,1809; died in Washington, 



216 EPOCH V. [1861. 

strong Union sentiment at the South. Many prominent 
men in both sections hoped that war inight be averted. 
The Federal authorities feared to act, lest they should 
precipitate civil strife. In striking contrast to this inde- 
cision, was the marked energy of the new Confederate 
government. It v is gathering troops, voting money and 
supplies, and rapidly preparing for the issue. 

Capture of Fort Sumter (April 1-1). — Finding that sup- 
plies were to be sent to Fort Sumter, General Peter G. T. 
Beauregard (bo' re gard), who had command of the Confed- 
erate troops at Charleston, called upon Major Anderson to 
surrender. Upon his refusal, fire was opened from all the 
Confederate forts and batteries.* This " strange contest be- 
tween seventy men and seven thousand", lasted for thirty- 
April 15, 1865. His father was unable to read or write, ami his own education con- 
sisted of one-year's schooliniur. Hoping to better his fortune, his father moved to 
Indiana, the family floating down the Ohio on a raft. "When nineteen years of age, 
the future Pi-esid^nt hired out at §10 per month as a hand on a flat-boat, and made a 
trip to New Orleans. On his return, he accompanied the family to Illinois, driving 
the cattle on the journey. Having reached their destination, he helped them to build 
a cabin, and to split rails to inclose the farm. He was now, in succession, a flat-boat 
hand, clei-k, captain of a company of volunteers in the Black Hawk War, country 
store-keeper, postmaster, and surveyor, yet he managed to get a knowledge of law by 
boiTowing books at an ofllce before it closed at night, returning them at its opening 
in the morniiag. On being admitted to the bar, he rapidly rose to distinction. At 
twenty-flve, he was sent to the Legislature, and was thrice re-elected. In 184(5, he 
was elected to Congress, and served one term j\s Representative. In 1858, he was 
candidate for Senator, a second time, against Stephen A. Douglas. The two rivals 
stumped the State together, discussing great national questions. The debate, 
unrivaled for its statesmanship, logic, and wit, won for Lincoln a national reputation, 
but he lost the election in the Legislature. After his accession to the Presidency, 
his history, like Washington's, is identified with that of his country. He was a tall, 
ungainly man, little versed in the refinements of society, but gifted by nature with 
great common sense, and every-whero known as "Honest Abe". Kind, earnest, 
sjTupathetic, faithful, democratic, ho was anxious only to serve his country. His 
wan, fatigued face, and his bent form, told of the cares he bore, and the grief he felt. 
His only relief was when, tossing aside for a moment the heavy load of responsi- 
bility, his face would light \ip with a humorsome smile, while he narrated some 
incident whose irresistible wit and aptness to the subject at hand, convulsed his 
hearers, and rendered " Jjincoln'ft stories " household wonls thmughout the nation. 

♦ The fii-st gun of the wjir was fired at half-past four o'clock Fi'iday morning, 
April 13, 1861. 



li 



1861.] THE CIVIL WAR. 217 

four hours, no one being hurt on either side. The barracks 
having been set on fire by the shells, the garrison, worn 
out, suffocated, and half-blinded, was forced to capitulate. 
They were allowed to retire with the honors of war, saluting 
their flag before hauling it down. 

TJic Effect of this event was electrical. It unified the North 
and also the South. The war spirit swept over the country 
like wild-fire. Party lines vanished. The Union men at 
the South were borno into secession, while the republicans 
and the democrats at the North combined to support the 
government. Lincoln issued a requisition for 75,000 
troops. It was responded to by 300,000 volunteers, the 
American flag, the symbol of Revolutionary glory and 
of national unity, being unfurled throughout the North. 
The military enthusiasm at the South was equally ardent. 
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, which 
had before hesitated, joined the Confederacy. Virginia 
troops seized the United States armory at Harper's Ferry, 
and the Navy-yard near Norfolk. Richmond, Va., was 
made the Confederate capital. Troops from the extreme 
South were rapidly pushed into Virginia, and threatened 
Washington. The Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, hurrying 
to the defense of the national capital, was attacked in the 
streets of Baltimore, and several men were killed.* Thus 
the first bloodshed in the civil war was on April 19, the 
anniversary of Lexington and Concord. 

THE "WAR IN VIRGINIA. 

Arlington Heights and Alexandriaf were seized (May 24) 
by the national troops. This protected Washington from 

♦ A Union soldier who was sliot in this affray, turned about, saluted the flag, and 
exclaiming, " All hail the stars and stripes I " fell lifeless. 

t Alexandria was occuprted by Colonel Elmer B. Ellsworth and his Zouaves. After 



218 EPOCH V. [1861. 

immediate danger of attack.* Fort Monroef was now gar- 
risoned by a heavy force under General B. F. Butler.J An 
expedition made, soon after, against Big Bethel was singu- 
larly mismanaged. On the route, the troops fired into each 
other by mistake, and, when they came to attack the Confed- 
erate defenses, were repulsed with loss. 

Western Virginia adhered to the Union, and was ulti- 
mately formed into a separate State. The Confederates, 
however, occupied it in force. The Federals, under General 
George B. McClellan, afterward commander of the Potomac 
army, defeated them at Philippi, Rich Mountain, and Cak- 
rick's Ford, thus wresting the entire State from their control. 
Shortly afterward, Governor Wise and General Floyd (Presi- 
dent Buchanan's Secretary of War) led a Confederate force 
into that region ; but Floyd was suddenly attacked by General 
Rosecrans at Carnifex Ferry, and, Wise failing to support 
him, was compelled to retreat. General Robert E. Lee, Mc- 
Clellan's future antagonist on the Potomac, having been re- 
pulsed at Cheat Mountain, came to the rescue. But nothing 
decisive being effected, the Confederate government recalled 
its troops. The only Union victories of this year were 
achieved in this region (map opp. p. 223). 

Battle of Bull Run (July 21). — The Northern people, see- 
ing so many regiments pushed forward to AVashington, were 
impatient for an advance. The cry, " On to Richmond ! " be- 

the capture, seeing the Confoderato flag still flying from the roof of a hotel, he went 
up and took it down. As he descended, he was shot at the foot of the stairs, by the 
landlord, Jackson, who in turn fell at the hands of private Brownell. 

* Alexandria is on the southern side of the Potomac, seven miles below Washing- 
ton. Arlington Heights arc directly opposite the capital. 

+ This is located at the entrance of the Chesapeake, and is the most formidable 
fortification in the United States. It covers nearly seventy acres of ground. The 
walls are built of granite. 

t At Hampton, which had been occupied by the Confederates, some negroes were 
captured who had been employed in building fortifications. Butler declared them 
" contraband of war ", and this gave rise to the popular term " Contraband ". 



1861.] 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



219 



came too strong to be resisted. General Irvin McDowell, in 
coniinand of the Army of the Potomac, moved to attack the 
main body of the Confederates, who were strongly posted, 
under Beauregard, at Bull Run.* After a sharp conflict, the 
Confederates were driven from the held. They were rallied. 




• STONEWALL ■■ .l.-.iK.M,,\ AT r.l 



however, by General T. J. Jackson f and others, on a plateau 
in the rear. While the Federal troops were struggling to 
drive them from this new position, at the crisis of the battle, 
two brigades, under Kirby Smith and Early, rushing across 
the fields from Ma nas'sas Station, J each, successively, 
struck the Union flank and poured in a cross-flre. The effect 

* This is near Manassas Jimction, about twenty-seven miles from Alexandria. 

t General Bee, as lie rallied his men, shouted, " There's Jackson standing like a 
stone wall." " Prom that time," says Draper, " the name he had received in a bap- 
tism of firo displaced that he had received in a baptism of water, and he was known 
as ' Stonewall Jackson '. " 

t These troops composed a part of General Johnston's command at Winchester ; 



220 EPOCH V. [1861 

was irresistible. McDowell's men fled. As the fugitives con- 
verged toward the bridge in the rear, a shell burst among the 
teamsters' wagons, a caisson was overturned, and the passage 
choked. The retreat became a panic-stricken rout. Traces 
were cut, cannon abandoned, horsemen plunged through 
the struggling mass, and soldiers threw away their guns 
and ran streaming over the country, many never stop- 
ping till they were safe across the Long Bridge at Wash- 
ington. 

Tlie Effect of this defeat was momentous. At first, the 
Northern people were chagrined and disheartened. Then 
came a renewed determination. They saw the real character 
of the Avar, and no longer dreamed that the South could be 
subdued by a mere display of military force. They were to 
fight a brave people — Americans, who were to be conquered 
only by a desperate struggle. Congress voted $500,000,000 
and five hundred thousand men. General McClellan,* upon 
whom all eyes were turned, on account of his brilliant cam- 
paign in Western Virginia, was appointed to the command 
of the Army of the Potomac. 

Ball's Bluff (October 21).— About 2,000 Federals, who 
had crossed the Potomac at Ball's Bluff on a reconnoitering 
expedition, were attacked by the Confederates, and forced 
down the slippery, clayey bluff to the river, fifty to one hun- 
dred and fifty feet below. The few old boats in which they 
came were soon sunk, and, in trying to escape, inany were 
drowned, some were shot, and only about half their num- 

Gteneral Patterson, with 20,000 men, had been left to watch him, and prevent his 
joining Beauregard. Johnston was too shrewd for his antagonist, and, shpping 
out of his hands, reached Bull Run just in time to take part in and, as we have 
already seen, to decide the battle. Johnston's troops being included, the Union . 
and Confederate armies at Bull Run were almost exactly equal, each about 
18,000 Strong. 

* Soon after, General Scott, weighed down by age, retired from active service, and 
General McClellan became G«neral-in-Cliief of all the armies of the United States. 



1861.] THE CIVIL WAR 221 

ber reached the other bank. Colonel Baker > United States 
Senator from Oregon, was among the killed.* 

THE 'WAR IN MISSOURI. 

This State was largely Union. The Convention had de- 
clined to pass an ordinance of secession ; yet there was a 
strong effort made by Governor Jackson to preserve, at least, 
an armed neutrality. Captain Lyon foiled this attempt He 
broke up Camp Jackson, saved the United States arsenal at 
St. Louis, and defeated Colonel Marmaduke at Boonville. 
General Sigel (se'gei), however, having been defeated by the 
Confederates in an engagement at Carthage (July 5), Lyon, 
now General, found that he must either fight the superior 
forces of Generals McCuUoch and Price, or else abandon 
that part of the State. He chose the former course. At 
the head of about five thousand, he attacked more than 
twice that number at Wilson's Creek (August lO). He 
fell, gallantly leading a charge. His men were defeated. 
Colonel Mulligan was forced to surrender Lexington f after 
a brave defense. General John C. Fremont then assumed 
charge, and drove Price as far south as Springfield. Just 
as he was preparing for battle, he was replaced by General 
Hunter, who took the Union army back to St. Louis. Hun- 
ter was soon superseded by General Halleck, who crowded 
Price south to Arkansas. Later in the fall, General Grant 
made an attack upon a Confederate force which had 
crossed over from Kentucky I and taken post at Belmont. 

* December 20, General E. O. 0. Ord, having gone out on a foraging excursion to 
Dranesville, in a severe skirmish routed the Confederates. This little victory 
greatly encouraged the people at the North, who had been disheartened by the 
disastrous affair of Ball's Bluff. 

1 The Confederates, in their final assault, fought behind a movable breastwork, 
composed of hemp-bales, which they rolled toward the fort as they advanced. 

t Kentucky, like Missouri, tried to remain neutral, but was unsuccessful. Soon, 
both Confederate and Union troops were encamped on her soil, and the State was 



222 EPOCH V. [1861. 



THE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST. 

Early in the war, Davis issued a proclamation offering to 
commission privateers.* In reply, Lincoln declared a block- 
ade of the Southern ports. At that time, there was but one 
efficient vessel on the Northern coast, while the entire 
navy comprised only forty-two ships ; but at the close of 
the year, the navy numbered two hundred and sixty-four. 

Two joint naval and military expeditions were made dur- 
ing the year. The first captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet, 
N. C The second, under Commodore Dupont and General 
Thomas W. Sherman, took the forts at Port Royal Entrance, 
S. C.,t and Tybee Island, at the mouth of the Savannah. 
Port Royal became the great depot for the Union fleet. 

The Trent Affair. — England and France had acknowl- 
edged the Confederate States as belligerents, thus placing 
them on the same footing with the United States. The 
Southern people having, therefore, great hopes of foreign 
aid, appointed Messrs. Mason and Sli dell' commissioners to 
those countries. Escap'ng through the blockading squad- 
ron, they took passage at Havana on the British steamer 
Trent. Captain Wilkes, of the United States steamer 

ravaged by hostile armies. In all the border States, affairs were in a most lament- 
able condition. The people were divnded in opinion, and enlisted in boch armies. 
As the tide of war surged to and fro, armed bands swept through the cotintry, 
plundering and murdering those who favored the opposite party. 

♦ The Savannah was the first privateer which got to sea, but this vessel was capt- 
ured after having taken only a single prize. The Petrel, also from Charleston, bore 
down upon the United States frigivte St. Lawrence, which the captain mistook for a 
merchant ship ; his vessel was sunk by the first broadside of his formidable antag- 
onist. The Sumter, under Captain Semmes, captured and burned a large number 
of Federal ships, but, at last, it was blockaded in the Bay of Gibraltar by a Union 
gun-boat, and, being unable to escape, was sold. 

t During this engagement, the ships described an ellipse between the forts, each 
vessel deUvering its fire as it slowly sfuled by, then pKvssing on, and another taking 
its place. The line of this ellipse was constantly changed to prevent the Confed- 
erates from getting the range of the vessels. 



1861.] THE CIVIL WAR. 228 

San Jacinto, followed the Trent, took off the Confederate 
envoys, and brought them back to the United States. 
This produced intense excitement in England. The United 
States government, however, promptly disavowed the act 
and returned the prisoners. 

General Review of the First Year of the War. — The 
Confederates had captured the large arsenals at Harper's 
Ferry and near Norfolk. They had been successful in the 
two great battles of the year — Bull Run and Wilson's 
Creek ; also in the minor engagements at Big Bethel, Car- 
thage, Lexington, Belmont, and Ball's Bluff. The Federals 
had saved Fort Pickens* and Fort Monroe, and captured 
the forts at Hatteras Inlet and Port Royal. They had 
gained the victories of Philippi, Rich Mountain, Boon- 
ville, Carrick's Ford, Cheat Mountain, Carnifex Ferry, and 
Dranesville. They had saved to the Union, Missouri, Mary- 
land, and West Virginia. Principally, however, they had 
thrown the whole South into a state of siege, — -the armies 
on the north and the west by land, and the navy in the 
east by sea maintaining a vigilant blockade. 



1862. 

The Situation. — The National army now numbered 
500,000 ; the Confederate, about 350,000. During the first 
year, there had been random fighting ; the war henceforth 
assumed a general plan. The year's campaign on the part 
of the North had three main objects: (1) the opening of 
the Mississippi ; (2) the blockade of the Southern ports ; 
and (3) the capture of Richmond. 

♦ This fort was situated near Pensacola. Liieutenant Slemmer, seeing that an 
attack was about to be made upon him, transferred his men from Fort McRae, an 
untenable position, to Port Pickens, an almost impregnable fortification, which he 
held until re-inforcements arrived. 



224 



EPOCH V. 



[1862, 



THE W^AR IN THE TVEST. 

The Confederates here held a hue of defense with strongly 
fortilied posts at Columbus, Fort Henry, Fort Don'elson, 
Bowling Green, MiU Spring, and Cumberland Gap. It was 
determined to pierce this line near the center, along the 



,.!<._ 




rUE ATTACK va KOUT i>0>tLSON. 



Tennessee River. This would compel the evacuation of 
Columbus, which was deenied impregnable, and open the 
way to ISTaslivillo (map opp. p. 222). 

Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. — Accordingly, 
General Grant with his army, and CommcMore Foote with 
his gim-boats, moved from Cairo (ka'ro) upon Fort Henry.* 
A boTubardment (Feb. 6) from the gun-boats reduced the 
place in about an hour. The land troops were to cut otT 

• Ag a part of the general movement, in .Tan\iar>'i Oenervl Thomas had advanced 
a^rainst Af i i.i. Spkino, an<l, on the 10th. driven out the Ooufe«iei-jito force at that plat-e. 
with the li>sa of Oenenil /oUieotTer, a favorite 8<>uthern leader. 



1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 225 

the retreat ; but as they did not arrive in time, the garri- 
son escaped to Fort Donelson. The fleet now went back 
to the Ohio, and ascended the Cumberland, while Grant 
crossed to co-operate in an attack on Fort Donelson. The 
fight lasted three days.* The fleet was repulsed by the fire 
from the fort, and Commodore Foote seriously wounded. 
Grant, having been re-inforced till he had nearly thirty 
thousand men, defeated the Confederates in a desperate 
attempt to cut their way out, and captured a part of their 
intrenchments. As he was about to make the final as- 
sault, the fort was surrendered f (Feb. 16), with about 
fifteen thousand men. 

Effect of these Victories. — As was expected, Columbus 
and Bowling Green were evacuated, while General Buell 
at once occupied Nashville. The Confederates fell back 
to Corinth, the great railroad center for Mississippi and 
Tennessee, where their forces were gradually collected 
under the command of Generals Albert Sidney Johnston, 
and Beauregard. The Union army ascended the Tennes- 
see to Pittsburg Landing. Grant was placed in command, 
and General Buell ordered to re-inforce him. 

The next movement was to capture the Memphis and 
Charleston railroad, thus cutting off Memphis, and secur- 
ing another section of the Mississippi River. 

Battle of Shiloh (April 6, 7).— The Confederates deter- 
mined to rout Grant's army before the arrival of Buell. 



* For four nights of inclement winter weather, amid snow and sleet, with no 
tents, shelter, fire, and many with no blankets, these hardy western troops main- 
tained their position. The wounded suffered intensely, and numbers of them froze 
to death as they lay on the icy ground. 

t When General Buckner, commander of the fort, wrote to General Grant, offer- 
ing capitulation. Grant replied that no terms would be received except an " uncon- 
ditional surrender ", and that ho " proposed to move immediately upon their works ". 
These expressions have been much quoted, and U. S. Grant has often been said to 
signify " Unconditional Surrender Grant". 



226 EPOCH V. [1862. 

On Sunday morning, at daylight, moving out of the woods 
in hne of battle, they suddenly fell on the Union camps.* 
On the one side were the Southern dash, daring, and vigor ; 
on the other, the Northern firmness and determination. 
The Federals slowly yielded, but for twelve hours obsti- 
nately disputed every inch of the way. At last, pushed to 
the very brink of the river, Grant massed his artillery, and 
gathered about it the fragments of regiments for the final 
stand. The Confederates, to meet them, had to cross a 
deep ravine, where, struggling through the mud and water, 
they melted away under the fire of cannon and musketry 
from above, and the shells from the gun-boats below. Few 
reached the slippery bank beyond. At the same time, 
Buell's advance came shouting on the field. The tide of 
battle was already stayed. The Confederates fell back. 
They possessed, however, the substantial fruits of victory. 
They had taken the Union camps, three thousand prisoners, 
thirty flags, and immense stores; but they had lost their 
commander. General Albert Sidney Johnston, who fell in 
the heat of the action (map opp. p. 222). 

The next morning, the tide turned. Buell's army had 
con-e, and fresh troops were poured on the wearied Confed- 
erates. Beauregard, obstinately resisting, was driven from 
the field. He retreated, however, in good order, and, un- 
molested, returned to Corinth. 

* Whether or not this attack was a surprise, has been one of the mooted questions 
of the war. !Le Comte de Paris says, " The surprise was complete and unquestion- 
able ; the Union commanders souyht in vain to excuse themselves " ; and it was 
currently stated at the time that so unexpected was the attack that many of the 
" men were bayoneted in their beds ". On the other hand, G«nei*al Sherman asserts 
that his "troops were in lino of battle and ready" before the engagement began, 
and he personally assures the wr-ter that after the battle he offered in vain a 
reward for the body of any person kill.d by a bayonet- wound. General Grant, also, 
denies that the attack was a surprise to nim, and declares that so well satisfied was 
he with the result of the flret day's struggle, that at night he gave orders for a for- 
ward movement early in the morning. 



1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 227 

General Halleck now assumed command, and by slow 
stages followed the Confederates. Beauregard, finding 
himself outnumbered, evacuated Corinth, and Halleck 
took possession (May 30). 

Island No. lO. — The Confederates, on retreating from 
Columbus, fell back to Island No. 10.* There they were 
bombarded by Commodore Foote for three weeks with 
little effect. General Pope, crossing the Mississippi f in 
the midst of a fearful rain-storm, took the batteries on the 
opposite bank, and prepared to attack the fortifications in 
the rear. The garrison, seven thousand strong, surren- 
dered (April 7) the very day of the conflict at Shiloh. 

Tli6 Effects of the desperate battle at Shiloh were now 
fully apparent, t The Union gun-boats moved down the 
river and (May 10) defeated the Confederate iron-clad fleet. 
On the evacuation of Corinth, Fort Pillow was abandoned. 
The gun-boats, proceeding, destroyed the Confederate flo- 
tilla in front of Memphis, took possession of that city, and 
secured the Memphis and Charleston railroad. Kentucky 
and Western Tennessee had been wrenched from the Con- 
federacy. The Union army § now held a line running from 

* The islands in the Mississippi are mimTbered in order from the mouth of the 
Ohio to New Orleans. 

t Pope, with his army, was on the Missouri side of the river. He could not cross, 
as the Confederate batteries were planted on the opposite shore. 
A canal was therefore dug through Donaldson's Point. It was 
twelve miles long and fifty feet wide. Part of the distance was 
among heavy timber, where the trees had to be cut off four feet 
below the surface of the water. Tet the work was accomplished 
in nineteen days. Through this canal, steam-boats and barges 
were safely transferred below the newly-made island, while the bonaxdson''s i'oint, 
two largest gun-boats ran the batteries. Under their protection, and islaiid no. 10. 
Pope crossed the river. 

X Besides the results here named, the concentration of troops at Corinth had 
absorbed the troops from the South. Thus New Orleans, as we shall see hereafter, 
fell an easy prey to Parragut (p. 231). 

§ Gten. Halleck having been called to Washingcon as General-in-Chief of the armies 
of the United States, General Grant was appointed to the command of this army. 




228 EPOCH V. [1862. 

Memphis through Corinth, nearly to Chattanoo'ga, toward 
which point General Buell was steadily pushing his troops. 

We shall next consider the efforts made by the Confed- 
erates to break through this line of investment. At this 
time, they were concentrated under Bragg at Chattanooga, 
Price at I u'ka, and Van Dorn at Holly Springs. 

Bragg's Expedition. — The first movement was made by 
General Bragg, who, by rapid marches, hastened toward 
Louisville. General Buell fell back to Nashville, where he 
found out his enemy's plan. Now commenced a race be- 
tween them to reach the Ohio River. Buell came out one 
day ahead. He was heavily re-inforced to the number of 
one hundred thousand men. Bragg * then fell back, Buell 
slowly following. At Perryville (October 8), Bragg 
fiercely turned upon Buell, and a desperate battle was 
fought. In the darkness, however, Bragg retreated, and 
finally escaped, though his wagon train extended a dis- 
tance of forty miles. At this juncture (October 30), Gen- 
eral Buell was superseded by General Rosecrans. 

Battles of luka and Corinth (September 19, October 4). — 
Every one of Grant's veterans who could possibly be spared 
had been sent north to help Buell. Price and Van Dorn, 
taking advantage of the opportunity, were maneuvering to 
get possession of Corinth. Grant, thinking that he could 
capture Price and then get back to Corinth before Van 
Dorn could reach it from liolly Springs, ordered Rosecrans 
to move upon luka. Through some mistake, Rosecrans 
failed to occupy Price's line of retreat, and, after a severe 
conflict (September 19), the latter escaped. Thereupon, 

♦ At Frankfort, Bragg was joined by the part of his army under Kirby Smith, 
who had marched from Knoxville, routed a Uuion foreo under General Manson at 
Richmond, Ky., inflicting a heavy loss, and had then moved north as fjvr as Cyn- 
thiana. There he threatened to attack Cincinnati, but was repelled by the exten- 
sive preparation made by Gtoneral Lew Wallace. 



1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 229 

the two Confederate generals joined their forces, and at- 
tacked Rosecrans in his intrenchments at Corinth. The 
Confederates exhibited brilliant courage,* but were de- 
feated and pursued forty miles with heavy loss. 

Battle of Murfreesboro (December 31, January 2). — 
Rosecrans, on assuming command of Buell's army, concen- 
trated his forces at Nashville. Thence he marched to meet 
Bragg, who, with a heavy column moving north on a second 
grand expedition, had already reached Murfreesboro (map 
opp. p. 222). Both generals had formed the same plan f for 
the approaching contest. As the Union left was crossing 
Stone River to attack the Confederate right, the strong Con- 
federate left fell heavily on the weak Union right. At first, 
the onset was irresistible. But General Sheridan was there, 
and by his consummate valor held the ground until Rose- 
crans could recall his left, replant his batteries, and establish 
a new line. Upon this fresh front, the Confederates charged 
four times, but were driven back. Two days after, Bragg 
renewed the attack, but, being unsuccessful, retreated. 
This was one of the bloodiest contests of the war, the loss 
being about one fourth of the number engaged. 

The Effect of this Battle. — The attempt of the Confederates 
to recover Kentucky was now abandoned. The way was 

* The Texas and Missouri troops made a heroic charge upon Port Eobinett. 
They advanced to within fifty yards of the intrenchments, received a shower of 
grape and canister without flinching, and were driven back only when the Ohio 
brigade poured a volley of musketry into their ranks. They were then raUied by 
Colonel Rogers, of the Second Texas, who led them up through the abattis, when, 
with the colors in his hand, he sprung upon the embankment and cheered on his 
men. An instant more and he fell, with five brave fellows who had dared to leap 
to his side. The Union troops admiringly buried his remains, and neatly rounded 
off the little mound where they laid the hero to rest. 

t This coincidence reminds one of the battle of Camden (p. 133). The plan was 
to mass the strength on the left, and with that to fall upon and crush the enemy's 
right. The advantage clearly lay with the army which struck first. Bragg secured 
the initiative, and Rosecrans' only course was to give up all thought of an attack 
and endeavor to save his right and center from a rout. 



230 EPOCH V. [1862. 

open for another Union advance on Chattanooga. Bragg's 
force was reduced from an offensive to a defensive attitude. 

First Vicksburg Expedition. — While Rosecrans was re- 
pelHng this advance of Bragg, an expedition against Vicks- 
burg had been planned by Grant. He was to move along the 
Mississippi Central Railroad, while Sherman was to descend 
the river from Memphis with the gun-boats under Porter, 
In the meantime, however, by a brilliant cavalry dash. Van 
Dorn destroyed Grant's depot of supplies at Holly Springs. 
This spoiled the whole plan. Sherman, ignorant of what 
had happened, pushed on, landed up the Ya zoo' River, and 
made an attack at Chickasaw Bayou (br oo), north of Vicks- 
burg. After suffering a bloody repulse, and learning of 
Grant's misfortune, he fell back. The capture of Arkansas 
Post (Jan. 11, 1863), by a combined army and naval force, 
closed the campaign of 1862 on the Mississippi River. 

The War in Missouri. — In February, General Curtis 
pushed General Price out of Missouri into Arkansas. The 
Confederates, by great exertion, increased their army to 
twenty thousand, — General Van Dorn now taking com- 
mand. General Curtis, in a desperate battle, totally de- 
feated him at Pea Ridge* (March 7, 8). During the rest of 
the war, no important battles were fought in this State. f 

THE "WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST. 

Capture of New Orleans (April 25).— The effort to open 
the Mississippi was not confined to the north. Early in 

* Some four or five thousand Indians had joined the Confederate army, and took 
part in this battle. " They were difHcult to manage ", says Pollard, " in the deafening 
roar of the artillery, which drowned their loudest war-whoops. They were amazed 
at the sight of guns which ran around on wheels ; annoyed by the falling of the trees 
behind which they took shelter ; and, in a word, their main service was in consuming 
rations. ' 

+ The next year, Quantrell, a noted guerrilla, with three hundred men, entered 
Lawrence, Kansas, plundered the bank, burned houses, and murdered one hundred 
and forty persons. Before a sufficient force could be gathered, he escaped. 



1862.] THECIVILWAR. 231 

the spring, Captain Far' ra gut, with a fleet of over forty 
vessels, carrying a land force under General Butler, at- 
tempted the capture of New Orleans, which commands the 
mouth of the river. The mortar-boats,* anchored along the 
bank under the shelter of the woods, threw thirteen-inch 
shells into Forts Jackson and St. Philip for six days and 
nights ; in all, 16,800 shells. Farragut then boldly resolved 
to carry the fleet past the defenses of New Orleans. A chain 
supported on hulks and stretched across the river closed the 
channel. An opening to admit the passage of the gun- 
boats f having been cut through this obstruction, at about 
three o'clock in the morning (April 24) they advanced, and 
poured grape and canister into the forts at short range, re- 
ceiving in return heavy volleys from the forts and batteries 
on shore. After running a fearful gauntlet of shot, shell, and 
the flames of fire-rafts, they next encountered the Confed- 
erate fleet of twelve armed steamers, including the steam- 
battery Louisiana and the iron-plated ram Manassas. In the 
desperate struggle, nearly all the Confederate flotilla were 
destroyed. The fleet then steamed up to New Orleans,| 

* To conceal the vessels, they were dressed out with leafy branches, which, except 
by close observation, rendered them undistinguishable from the green woods. The 
direction had been accxirately calciilated, so that the gunners did not need to see 
tie points toward which they were to aim. So severe was the bombardment, that 
" windows at the Balize (ba leezO, thirty miles distant, were broken. Ksh, stunned 
by the explosion, lay floating on the surface of the water." 

t The vessels were made partly iron-clad by looping chain cables in two layers 
over their sides, and their engines were protected by bags of sand, coal, etc. 

t Steamers, ships, vast quantities of cotton, etc., were now burned to prevent 
their falling into the Federal hands. Pollard says: "No sooner had the Ped- 
ei-al fleet turned the point and come within sight of the city, than the work of 
destruction commenced. Vast columns of smoke darkened the face of heaven and 
obscured the noon-day sun ; for flve miles along the levee (lev'ee) fierce flames darted 
tlirough the lurid atmosphere. Great ships and steamers wrapped in fire floated 
down the river, threatening the Federal vessels with destruction. Fifteen thou- 
Sind bales of cotton, worth one million and a half of dollars, were consumed, 
iv-bout a dozen large river steam-boats, twelve or fifteen ships, a great floating bat- 
tery, several unfinished gun -boats, the immense ram Mississippi, and the docks on 
\ih.e other side of the river were aU embraced in the fiery sacrifice." 



282 



EPOCH V. 



[1863. 



whii'li lay helpless under the Union prims. The forts, being 
now threatened in the rear by the army, soon sm-rendered. 
Captain Farragut afterward ascended the river, took pos- 
session of Bat'on Rouge (rcJbzh) and Natchez, and, running 
the batteries at Vicksbiu'g, joined the Union fleet above. 




AMI MKi;i:r 



Burnside's Expedition against Roanoke Island* was 

an important step toward the enforcement of the block- 
ade. The Confederate forts were captured, and the ships 
destroyed. Newbern — an excellent sea-port, Elizabeth 
City, and, finally, Fort ]Macon, at the entrance to Beau- 
fort (bo'furt) harbor, were taken. Thus the coast of upper 
North Carolina, with its intricate network of water com- 
munication, fell into the Union hands. 



• Roanoke Island, the scene of Raleigh's colonization scheme, •was the key to 
the rear defenses of Norfolk. " It unkx>ked two sounds, ei^ht rivers, four canals, 
and two railroads." It controlled larpelj' the transmission of supplies to that 
region, afforded an excellent harbor and a convenient rendezvous for ships, and 
exposed u large countrj- to attack. 



1362.] THE CIVIL WAR. 233 

Florida and Georgia Expeditions. — After its capture in 
the autumn of 1861, Port Royal became the base of opera- 
tions against Florida and Georgia. Fernandina, Fort Clinch, 
Jacksonville, Darien, and St. Augustine were taken. Fort 
Pulaski, also, was reduced after a severe bombardment, 
and thus the port of Savannah was closed. At the end 
of the year, every city of the Atlantic sea-coast, except 
Savannah, Charleston, and Wilmington, was held by the 
Federal armies. 

The Merrimac and the Monitor. — About noon, March 8, 
the long-dreaded iron-clad Merrimac,* convoyed by a fleet 
of small vessels, steamed into Hampton Roads. Steering 
directly for the sloop-of-war Cumberland, whose terrific 
broadsides glanced harmlessly "like so many peas" from 
the Merrimac's iron roof, she struck her squarely with 
her iron beak, making a hole large enough for a man 
to enter. The Cumberland, with all on board, went down.f 
Warned by the fate of the Cumberland, the captain of the 
frigate Congress ran his vessel ashore, but the Merrimac, 
taking a position astern, fired shells into the frigate till 
the helpless crew were forced to surrender. At sunset, 
the Merrimac returned to Norfolk, awaiting, the next 
day, an easy victory over the rest of the Union fleet. All 
was delight and anticipation among the Confederates ; all 
was dismay and dismal foreboding among the Federals. 

♦ When tlie United States navy-yard at Portsmouth, near Norfolk, Va., was 
given up, the steam-frigate Merrimac, the finest in the service, was scuttled. 
The Confederates afterward raised this vessel, razeed the deck, and added an 
iron prow and a sloping iron-plated roof. To deflect hostile balls, and also to 
prevent boarding, the iron roof was thickly coated with tallow and plumbago. 
The ship was commanded by Commodore Franklin Buchanan, a siiperior naval 
officer. (See " Confederate Leaders," opposite p. 238.) The Federals knew that 
the Merrimac was fitting for battle, and her coming was eagerly expected. 

+ As the Cumberland sunk, the crew continued to work their guns until the 
vessel plunged beneath the sea. Her flag was never struck, but floated above the 
water from the mast-head after she had gone down.— A curious fact is told con- 



234 EPOCH V. [1863. 

That night, the Monitor* arrived in harbor, and immedi- 
ately prepared to meet her giant adversary. Early in the 
morning, the Merriraac appeared, moving toward the 
steam-frigate Minnesota. Suddenly, from under her lee, 
the little Monitor darted out, and hurled at the monster 
two one hundred and sixty-six pound balls. Startled by 
the appearance of this unexpected and queer-looking an- 
tagonist, the Merrimac poured in a broadside, such as 
the night before had destroyed the Congress, but the 
balls rattled harmlessly off the Monitor's turret, or broke 
and fell in pieces on the deck. Then began the battle 
of the iron ships. It was the first of the kind in the 
world. Close against each other, iron rasping on iron, 
they exchanged their heaviest volleys. Five times the 
Merrimac tried to run down the Monitor, but her huge 
beak only grated over the iron deck, while the Monitor 
glided out unharmed. Despairing of doing any thing 
with her doughty little antagonist, the Merrimac now. 
steamed back to Norfolk, f 

TJie Effect of this contest can hardl}^ be overestimated. 
Had the Merrimac triumphed, aided by other iron vessels 

ceming this engagement. A large number of Confederates collected on the shore 
opposite Newport News, in order to witness the hattle ; but, to their amazement, 
they could not hear a sound of it. They could see the flash and smoke of each dis- 
charge, but the strong wind bore off entirely the noise of the cannonade. It was 
as if the spectators were gazing at the picture of a battle instead of the reaUty. Read 
articles on the " First Fight of the Iron-clads", in the Century, March, 1885. 

* This "Yankee cheese-box", as it was nicknamed at the time, wtis the inven- 
tion of Captain Ericsson. It was a hull, with the deck a few inches above the water, 
and in the center a curious round tower made to revolve slowly by steam-power, 
thus turning in any direction the two guns it contained. The upper part of the 
hull, which was exposed to the enemy's fire, projected several feet beyond the lower 
part, and was made of thick white oak, covered with iron plating five inches thick 
on the sides and one inch on deck. 

t As the Merrimac drew off, she hurled a last shot, which, striking the Monitor's 
pilot-house, broke a bar of iron nine by twelve inches, seriously injuring tlie eyes of 
the gallant commander, Liieutenant Worden, who was at that moment looking out 
through a narrow slit and directing the movements of his ship. 



1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 235 

then being prepared by the Confederacy, she might have 
destroyed the rest of the Union fleet in Hampton Roads, 
reduced Fort Monroe, prevented the Peninsular Cam- 
paign (see below), sailed along the coast and broken up 
the blockade, swept through the shipping at New York, 
opened the way for foreign supplies, made an egress for 
cotton, and perhaps secured the acknowledgment of the 
Confederacy by European nations. On this battle hinged 
the fate of the war. 



THE WAR IN THE EAST. 

The Peninsular Campaign.— Richmond was here the 
objective point. It having been decided to make the 
advance by way of the Peninsula, the Army of the Po- 
tomac was carried in transports down* the river from 
Washington. Landmg at Fort Monroe about one hun- 
dred thousand strong (April 4), they slowly marched 
toward Yorktown. 

Siege of Yorhtoivn. — At this place. General Magruder, 
with only five thousand men (exclusive of the garrison of 
eight thousand at Yorktown), by his masterly skill, main- 
tained so bold a front along a line thirteen miles in length, 
that McClellan was brought to a stop. Heavy guns were 
ordered from Washington, and a siege was begun. The gar- 
rison had been re-inforced, but, having delayed McClellan 
a month, it withdrew just as he was ready to open fire.f 

* Previous to this (Marcli 10), McClellan made an advance toward Manassas, where 
the Confederates had remained intrenched since McDowell's defeat. The fortifica- 
tions, which were evacuated on his approach, were found to be quite insignificant, 
and to be mounted partly with "Quaker guns", i.e., logs shaped and painted to 
imitate artillery. 

+ On the evacuation of Yorktown— the Confederate forces being concentrated for 
the defense of Richmond— Norfolk was abandoned, the Navy-yard burned, and 
the Merrimac, the pride of the South, blown up. United States troops from Fort 



236 



EPOCH V. 



[1863. 



When the Confederate movement was discovered, a vig- 
orous pursuit was commenced. 

Battle of Williamsburg (May 6). — General Johnston, who 
commanded the Confederate army, having left a strong 
rear-guard in the forts at Williamsburg, to 
gain time for the baggage train, a fierce battle 

ensued. General 
Hooker, "Fighting 
Joe ", with his divi- 
sion, maintained 
the contest for 
nine hours. Other 
troops at last ar- 
rived on the bloody 
field, and, Will- 
iamsburg, having 
been evacuated in the night, the pursuit was continued 
to within seven miles of Richmond. 

Richvioiid Tlireatened. — There was a great panic in that 
city, and the Confederate Congress hastily adjourned. 
Every thing looked like an immediate attack, when Mc- 
Clellan discovered that a Confederate force was at Han- 
over Court House. This threatened his communications 
by rail with White House Landing, and also with Gen- 
eral McDowell, who, with thirty thousand men, was march- 
ing from Fredericksburg to join him. General Fitz John 
Porter, after a sharp skirniish, captured Hanover Court 
House. The army looked now hoiirly for McDowell's aid 




MAP OF THE PENINSULA. 



Monroe took possession of the city, and g\in-boats sailed up James River as far as 
Fort Darling. Here a plunging Are from the bluflP forbade further advance. 

* This was General Joseph E. Johnston, who so unexpectedly brought his men to 
take part in the battle of Bull Run (p. Ii20). He was wounded in the battle of Seven 
Pines, but appeared again in two campaigns against Sherman (pp. 256,272). Qea< 
eral Albert Sidney Johnston was killed in the battle of Shiloh (p. 226), 



1862.] THE CIVIL WAR. 237 

in the approaching great contest. " McClellan's last orders 
at night were that McDowell's signals were to be watched 
for and without delay reported to him." But General 
Johnston was too shrewd to permit this junction. He 
accordingly ordered General Jackson to move along the 
Shen an do' ah Valley and threaten Washington. 

Jackson in the Shenandoah. — Stonewall Jackson having 
been re-inf orced by General Ewell's division of ten thousand 
men, hurried down the valley after Banks at Strasburg. 
The Union troops fell back, and by tremendous exertion — 
"marching thirty-five miles in a single day" — succeeded in 
escaping across the Potomac. Great was the consternation 
in Washington. The President took military possession of 
the railroads. The governors of the Northern States were 
called upon to send militia for the defense of the capital. 
Fremont at Franklin, Banks at Harper's Ferry, and Mc- 
Dowell at Fredericksburg were ordered to capture Jackson. 
It was high time for this dashing leader to be alarmed. He 
rapidly retreated, burning the bridges as he passed. Fre- 
mont brought him to bay at Cross Keys (June 8), but was 
hurled off. Shields struck at him at Port Republic, the 
next day, but was driven back five miles, while Jackson 
made good his escape from the Shenandoah Valley, hav- 
ing burned the bridges behind him.* 

live Effect of this adroit movement was evident. With 
fifteen thousand men, Jackson had absorbed the attention 
-of three major-generals and sixty thousand men, prevented 

* WTien the Federal forces took possession of the bridge over the Shenandoah, 
Jackson and his staff were on the south side, his army being on the north side. It 
is said that " he rode toward the bridge, and rising in his stirrups, called sternly to 
the Federal ofiicer commanding the artillery placed to sweep it : ' Who ordered you 
to post that gun there, sir? Bring it over here I' The bewildered officer bowed, 
limbered up his piece, and prepared to move. Jackson and his staff seized the 
lucky moment and dashed across the bridge before the gun could be brought to 
bear upon them." 



238 EPOCH V. [1863. 

McDowell's junction with McClellau, alarmed Washington, 
and saved Richmond. 

Battle of Fair Oaks (May 31, June 1).— While these 
stirring events were going on in the Shenandoah Valley, 
McCleUan had pushed his left wing across the Chicta- 
hominy. But a terrible storm flooded the swamps, turned 
the roads to nuid, and converted the Chickahominy Creek 
into a broad river. Johnston seized the opportunity to fall 
with tremendous force upon the exposed wing. At fii'st, 
the Confederates swept all before them; but General Sum- 
ner, throwing his men across the tottering bridges over the 
Chickahominy, checked the column which was trying to 
seize the bridges and thus separate the two portions of the 
army. General Johnston was severely wounded. Night 
put an end to the contest. In the morning, the Confed- 
erates renewed the attack ; but the loss of their general 
was fatal, and they were repulsed in great disorder. 

TJie Union .innrj Checked. — General Lee,* who now took 
command of the Confederate army, Avas anxious to assume 
the offensive. General Stuart led off (June 12) with a bold 
cavalry raid, in which he seized and burned supplies along 
the railroad leadiuir to AMiite House, made the entire chcuit 



• Robert Edward l>e \N'as born in Stratford, Virginia, 1807 ; died in Lexington, 
1870. His father, Ilonry Lee, was the celebn»ted " Liirht-horse Tlarry" of Revohi- 
tionary fame. Kobert early evinced a love for a military life, and durinji liis West 
l\>int com-so was devoted to his studies. In the Mexican wiu-, he wsis Scott's chief 
onjiineer and was thrico biwetted for liis services. When A'iivinia seceded, he 
thi-ew in his fortunes with his native State, tUthongh Sci->tt had intimated his inten- 
tion of nominating him as his successor. Lee was immediately' appointed major- 
jronenil of the Virginia forces, and was soon after designated to fortif>- Richmond. 
His wonderf lU success in the Seven-Da>-s fight made " Uncle Robert ", as he was 
famili;vrly calletl, the most trusteti of the Confederate leaders. For tliree years, he 
Iwvffled every attempt to t«ke Richmond, wliich fell only with the government 
of which it wivs the capit^d, luid the lUTiiy suid genend that were its defense. 
Oeneral Ta^c was handsome in face aiid figure, a gracefvd rider, grave and silent in 
deiHirtjnent— just the bearing to captivate a soldier; while his deep piety, truth, 
sincerity, and honesty won the hearts of all. 



1863.J THE CIVIL WAR. 239 

of the Union army, and returned to Richmond in safety. 
McClellan, also, meditated an advance, and Hooker pushed 
his pickets within sight of the Richmond steeples. At 
this moment, there came news of the "same apparition 
which had frightened Banks " in the Shenandoali. Stone- 
wall Jackson had appeared near Hanover Court House, and 
threatened the Union communications with Wliite House. 
There was no longer any thought of moving on Richmond. 
Hooker was recalled. McClellan resolved to " change his 
base" of supply from the York River to the James. 

TJie Seven -Days Battles. — The very morning McClellan 
came to this decision, and before the flank movement 
began, Lee, massing his strength on his left, fell upon the 
Union right at Mechaihcsville (June 26). Having repulsed 
this attack, at dawn the troops retired to Gaines' Mill, 
where, by the most desperate exertions, Porter held the 
bridges across the Chickahominy until night, and then, 
bm-ning them, withdrew to the south bank. That night 
(June 28), Lee detected McClellan's movement, and in- 
stantly started columns along the roads that intersected 
the line of retreat. Magruder struck the Federal rear 
(June 29) at Savage's Station. The Union troops main- 
tained their position till night and then continued the 
movement. Longstreet and Hill encountered the line of 
march as it was passing Frayser's Farm (June 30), but 
could not break it. During the darkness, the Union troops, 
worn out by the constant marching or fighting and the 
terrible heat and dust, collected at Malvern Hill. On an 
elevated plateau rising in the form of an amphitheatre, on 
whose sloping sides was arranged tier upon tier of bat- 
teries, with gun-boats protecting the left, the broken frag- 
ments of the splendid Army of the Potomac made their 
last stand (July 1). Here Lee received so bloody a check 



240 EPOCH V. [1863. 

that he pressed the pursuit no farther. The Union troops 
retked undisturbed to Harrison's Landing. 

Hie Effect of this campaign was a triumph for the Con- 
federates. The Union retreat had been conducted with 
skill, the troops had shown great bravery and steadiness, 
the repulse at Malvern Hill was decided, and Lee had 
lost fully 20,000 men ; yet the siege of Richmond had 
been raised, 16,000 men killed, wounded, or captiired, im- 
mense stores taken or destroyed, and the LTnion army was 
now cooped up on James River, under the protection of 
the gun-boats. The discouragement at the North was as 
great as after the battle of Bull Run. Lincoln called for 
a levy of three hundred thousand troops. 

Campaign against Pope. — Richmond being relieved 
from present peril, Lee threatened to march his victorious 
army against Washington. General Pope, who commanded 
the troops for the defense of that city, was stationed at the 
Rapidan. General ^IcClellan was directed to transfer his 
army to Ac qui'a Creek (map, p. 261), and put it under the 
command of General Pope. Lee, now relieved from all fear 
for Richmond, immediately massed his troops against Pope 
to crush him before the Army of the Potomac could arrive.* 

Pope being held in check by the main army in front, Gen- 
eral Jackson was sent around Pope's right wing, to flank him. 
Passing through Thoroughfare Gap, he reached the railroad 
at Bristoe's Station, in the rear of Pope's army (August 26). 
General Pope, seeing an opportunity while Lee's army was 
thus divided to cut it up in detail, turned upon Jackson. But 
the Army of the Potomac not promptly re-inforcing him, his 
plans failed, and instead of "bagging" Jackson's division, he 

• In the meantime, Jackson attaokeii Banks at Cedar Mountain (AuK^ist 9) and 
■lefeated him after a bkxxly buttle ; but, iinaV>le to maintain liis position, fell back 
on Tree's mlvanoing army. Pojw, seeing the fearful odds against wliioh ho was to 
contend, to<ik jx>st behind the Kappahannock. 



1863.1 THE CIVIL WAR. 241 

was compelled, with his slowly-gathering troops, to fight the 
entire Confederate army on the old battle-field of Bull Run. 
Exhausted, cut off from supplies, and overwhelmed by num- 
bers, the shattered remains of the Union forces were glad to 
take refuge within the fortifications of Washington.* 

TJie Effect. — In this brief campaign, the Union army lost 
heavily in men, munitions, and supplies, while the way to 
Washington was opened to the Confederates. The Capital 
had not been in such peril since the war began. Without, 
was a victorious army ; within, were broken battalions and 
no general. 

Invasion of Maryland. — Flushed with success, Lee now 
crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland,! hoping to secure 
volunteers and excite an insurrection. McClellan, who had 
been restored to the command of the Army of the Potomac, 
reorganized the shapeless mass and set out in pursuit. On 
the way, he found a copy of Lee's order of march. Learning 
from this that Lee had divided his forces,J and that but a 
portion remained in his front, he hastened in pursuit. Over- 
taking the Confederate rear at South Mountain, and forcing 
the passes, the Union army poured into the valley beyond 
(map opp. p. 223). 

Battle of Antietaiiv (September 17). — Lee, perceiving his 
mistake, fell back across Antietam (ante'tam) Creek and 
hurried off couriers to hasten the return of his scattered corps. 
Fortunately for him, McClellan delayed his attack a day, and, 

* During the pursuit by Lee's forces, an engagement took place at Chantilly (Sep- 
tember 1). It cost the Union army two able ofHcers— Q-enerals Stevens and Kearney. 
The latter, especially, was devotedly loved by his soldiers. On the battle-field, bran- 
dishing his sword in his only hand, and taking the reins in his teeth, he had often 
led them in the most desperate and irresistible charges. 

t This was Sept. 5, the very day that Bragg entered Kentucky on his great raid. 

X Lee had sent Jackson with twenty-five thousand men against Harper's Ferry. 
That redoubtable leader quickly carried the heights which overlook the village, forced 
Colonel Miles, with eleven thousand men, to siirrender, and then hastened back to 
take part in the approaching contest. 



242 EPOCH V. [1862. 

in the meantime, Jackson returned. At early dawn, Hooker 
fell upon the Confederate left, while Burnside, as soon as 
affairs looked favorable there, was to carry the bridge and at- 
tack their right. The Union army was over eighty thousand 
strong, and the Confederate but half that number. The 
Union advance was impetuous, but the Confederate defense 
was no less obstinate. Hooker was wounded, and his corps 
swept from the field. Both sides were re-inforced. Burnside 
advanced, but too late to relieve the pressure on the Union 
right. Night ended this bloody fight. The morning found 
neither commander ready to assail his opponent. That 
night, Lee retired unmolested across the Potomac* Six 
weeks after, the Union army crossed into Virginia. 

TJie Ejfcct of this indecisive battle was that of a Union 
victory. The North was saved from invasion, and Washing- 
ton from any danger of attack. Lincoln now determined to 
issue the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring freedom to 
all the slaves in the seceded States.f 

Battle of Fredericksburg. — General dissatisfaction being 
expressed at the slowness with which McClellan pursued the 
retreating army, General Burnside was appointed his suc- 
cessor. Crossing the Rap pa hnn 'nock on pontoon bridges 
at Fredericksburg, he attempted (December 13) to stonn 

♦ During this invasion, the Confederate soldiers endured every privation ; one half 
wei-e in r.igs, and thous;inds barefoot<?d marked their pj^th with crimson. Tet, shoe- 
less, hatless, and ragged, they luarehed and fought with a heroism like that of the 
Revolutionary times. But they met their equals at Antietara. Jackson's and Hook- 
er's men fought until both sides weiv neai-ly exterminated, and when the broken 
fragments fell back, the windmws of dead showed where their ranks had st<xxl. 

+ Lincoln prepjired the original draft in the July preceding, when theTnion forces 
were in the midst of reverses. Can^Mitor repeats President Lincoln's words thus : '" I 
put the draft of the proclamation aside, waiting for a \'ictory. Well, the next news 
we had was of Pope's disaster at Bull Run. Things lookeii darker than ever. Finally 
cjune the week of the battle of Antietam. I determined to wait no longer. The news 
ciune, I think, on Weilnes<lay, that the advantaire wjis on our side. I was then stay- 
ing at the Soldiers' Home. Hen^ I flnishtnl writing the second draft of the proclama- 
tion ; came up on Siiturday ; called the Cabinet together to heju- it, and it wjis pub 



1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 243 

the works in the rear of the town. The Confederates, in- 
trenched behind a long stone wall, and on heights crowned 
with artillery, easily repulsed the repeated assaults of the 
Union troops. Night mercifully put an end to the fruitless 
massacre. The Federal loss was over twelve thousand, 
nearly half of whom fell before the fatal stone wall.* The 
sur^'ivors drew back into the city, and the next night passed 
quietly across the bridges to their old camping-ground. 

General Review of the Second Year of the War. — The 
Confederates had gained the victories of Jackson in the 
Shenandoah ; of Lee in the Peninsular campaign and those 
against Pope ; Bragg's great raid in Kentucky ; and the 
battles of Cedar JMountain, Chickasaw Bluff, and Freder- 
icksburg. 

The Federals had taken Forts Henry, Donelson, Pu- 
laski, Macon, Jackson, St. Philip, and Island No. 10 ; had 
opened the Mississippi to Vicksburg ; occupied New Orleans, 
Roanoke Island, New Bern, Yorktown, Norfolk, and Mem- 
phis ; gained the battles of Pea Ridge, Williamsburg, Fair 
Oaks, South JMountain, Antietam, luka, Corinth, and Mur- 
freesboro, and had checked the career of the Merrimac. 
The marked successes were mainly at the West and along 
the coast; while in Virginia, as yet, defeats had followed 
victories so soon as to hide their memory, 

Ushed tho following Mondaj*. / made a solemn void btfore God, that {f General Lee was 
driven back from Maryland I icould civwn the result by the declaration qf freedom to the 
slaves." 

* Sheltered behind this stone wall at the base of Marye's Heights, the Confeder- 
ates poured a withering fire on their assailants. Six brigades of Federals, Hancock's 
and Pi'ench's divisions, made the assault with heroic valor, winning much gloiy 
even in defeat. Under Hancock, the brigades of Zook, Meagher, and Caldwell 
achieved equal distinction ^\ath cruel losses. Of the charge of Meagher's Ii-ish 
brigade, the London Times correspondent, an eye-witness, wrote : " Never at Fon- 
tonoy, at Albuera, or at Waterloo was more undoubted courage displayed by the sons 
of Erin than during those six frantic dashes which they directed against tho almost 
impregnable position of their foe. That any mortal men could have carried the posi- 
tion, defended as it was, it seems idle to believe. But the bodies which lie in dense 



244 Erocu v. [1862. 

The Sioux War. — In the midst of this civil strife, the 
Sioux (soo) Indians became dissatisfied with the Indian 
traders, and the non-payment of the money due them. 
Bands of warriors under Little Crow and other chiefs per- 
petrated horrible massacres in Minnesota, Iowa, and Dakota. 
Over seven hundred whites were slain, and many thousands 
driven from their homes. Colonel Sibley routed the sav- 
ages, and took five hundred prisoners. Thirty-nine were 
hanged on one scaffold at Mankato, Minn. 

1863. 

The Situation. — The plan of the war was the same as 
in the preceding year, but included also the occupation of 
Tennessee. The Federal army was about seven hundred 
thousand strong ; the Confederate, not more than half that 
number. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued at 
the opening of the year. 

THE "WAR IN THE WnST. 

The Second Expedition against Vicksburg. — Grant 
continued his great task of opening the Mississippi. After 
several weeks of fruitless effort against Vicksburg upon the 
north, he marched down the west side of the river, while the 
gun-boats, running the batteries,* passed below the city and 

masses within forty yards of the muzzles of Colonel Walton's guns are the best evi- 
dence ■what manner of men thoy were who pressed on to death, ■vs'ilh the dauntless- 
ness of a race which has gained glory on a thousand battlefields, and never more 
richly desen-od it than at the foot of ^raryo's Heights, December 13th, 1862." 

♦ The running of tl o batteries with transports was considered so hazaixlous that 
the officers would not oinlor their crows to take the risk, but called for volunteers. 
So many privates offered that they were compelled to draw lots. One boy, drawing 
a lucky number, was offered SlOO for his chance, but refused it, and lived to tell the 
story. The gauntlet of batteries extended eight miles. The first gun-bojit ci-ept 
silently down in the shadow of tlie trees which lined the bank. The Confederates 
at Vicksburg discovering the movement, kindled a l>onfire which lighted up the 
whole scene, and made the other veasels a fair target for their gunners. 



1863.] 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



245 




VICINITY OF VICKSBURG. 



ferried the army across. Hastening forward, he defeated 
the Confederate advance under Pemberton, at Port Gibson 
(May 1). Learning that Gen. 
Jos. E. Johnston was coming 
to Pemberton's assistance, he 
rapidly pushed between them 
to Jackson, that, while hold- 
ing back Johnston with his 
right hand, with his left he 
might drive Pemberton into 
Vicksburg, and thus capture 

his whole army. Pursuing this design, he defeated John- 
ston at Jackson (May l-l), and then, turning to the west, 
drove Pemberton from his position at Champion Hills 
(May 16) ; next, at Big Black River (May 17) ; and in 
seventeen days after crossing the Mississippi, shut up 
Pemberton's army within the works at Vicksburg. Two 
desperate assaults upon these having failed, the Union 
troops began to throw up intrenchments. Mines and 
countermines were now, dug. Not one of the garrison 
could show his head above the works without being picked 
off by the watchful riflemen. A hat, held above a port- 
hole, in two minutes was pierced with fifteen balls. Shells 
reached all parts of the city, and the inhabitants burrowed 
in caves to escape the iron storm. The garrison, worn out 
by forty-seven days of toil in the trenches, surrendered 
on the 4th of July.* 

The Effect. — This campaign cost the Confederates five 
battles, the cities of Vicksburg and Jackson, thirty-seven 
thousand prisoners, ten thousand killed and wounded, and 
immense stores. On the fall of Vicksburg, Port Hudson, 
which had been besieged by General Banks for many 

♦ This was the day after the* fight at Gettysburg (p. 354, note). 



246 EPOCH V. [1863. 

weeks, surrendered.* The Mississippi was now open to the 
Gulf, and^the Confederacy cut in twain. One great object 
of the North was accomplished. 



THE WAR IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA. 

Rosecrans, after the battle of Murfreesboro, made no 
forward movement until June.f With sixty thousand men, 
he then marched against Bragg, and, by threatening his 
communications, compelled him to evacuate Chattanooga I 
(Sept. 8). Rosecrans pushed on in pursuit of Bragg, whom 
he supposed to be in full retreat. Bragg, however, having 
received powerful re-inf orcements, turned upon his pursuers 
so suddenly that they narrowly escaped being cut up in 
detail, while scattered along a line forty miles in length. 
The Union forces rapidly concentrated, and the two armies 
met on the Chickamauga.§ 

Battle of Chickamauga (Sept. 19, 20).— The first-day's 
fight was indecisive. About noon of the second day, the 
Federal line became broken from the movement of troops to 

♦ To escape the fleiy tenii)est which, constantly swept over Port Hudson, and to 
provide for the safety of their magazines, the garrison dug deep recesses in the 
bluffs, approached by steps cut out of the earth. An eye-witness saj's : " As we rode 
along the earth-works inside, after the siege, it was cvirious to mark the ingenious 
ways in wliich they had bunx>wed holes to shelter themselves from shell and from 
the intolerable rays of the sun ; while at work, they must have looked like so many 
rabbits popping in and out of their warrens." 

t One objection which Rosecrans opposed to a forward movement was his inferi- 
ority" in cavalry. Tliis was removed in July, when General John H. Morgan, with 
about four thousand Confederate cavalry, crossed the Ohio at Brandenburg, swept 
aroimd Cincinnati, and struck the river again near Parkersburg. Dming his entire 
route, he was harassed by militia. At this point, he was overtaken by his pursuers, 
while gun-boats in the river prevented his crossing. Xearly the entire force was capt- 
tired. Morgan escaped, but was finally taken and confined in the penitentiarj- at 
Columbus. ro\ir months afterward, he broke jail and reached Richmond in safety. 

J Q«neral Bragg had here an opportunity to be shut up in Chattanooga, as Pem- 
berton had been in Vicksbm-g ; but, a more acute strategist, he knew the value of an 
army in the field to be greater than that of any fortified city. 

$ In the Indian language, the " River of Death "—an ominous name I 



1863.] 



THE CIVIL WAK. 



247 



help the left wing, then hard pressed, Longstreet seized the 
opportunity, pushed a brigade into the gap, and swept the 
Federal right and center from the field. The rushing crowd 
of fugitives bore Rosecrans himself away. In this crisis of 
the battle, all depended on the left, under Thomas. If that 
yielded, the army would be utterly routed. All through the 
long afternoon, the entire Confederate army surged against 
it. But Thomas held fast.* At night, he deliberately with- 
drew to Chattanooga, picking up five hundred prisoners on 
the way. The Union army, however, 
defeated in the field, was now shut up 
in its intrenchments. Bragg occupied 
the hills commanding the city, and cut 
off its communications. The garrison 
was threatened with starvation.! 

Battle of Chattanooga J (Nov. 24, 
26 f. — Grant, having been appointed 
to command the Mississippi Division, 
hurried to Chattanooga.§ Affairs soon wore a different 
look. Hooker came with two corps from the Army of the 
Potomac ; | and Sherman hastened by forced marches from 




VICINITY OF CHATTANOOGA. 



* Thomas was thencef orfh styled the " Eock of Chickamauga ". He was in com- 
mand of men as brave as himself. Col: Q-eorge, of the Second Minnesota, being asked, 
" How long can you hold this pass ? " replied, " Until the regiment is mustered out of 
service." 

+ " Starvation had destroyed so many of the animals that there were not artillery 
horses enough to take a battery into action. The number of mules that perished 
was graphically indicated by one of the soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee : 'The 
mud was so deep that we could not travel by the road, but we got along pretty well 
by stepping from mtde to mide as they lay dead by the way.' "—Draper. 

t In the Cherokee language, "The Hawk's Nest ". 

§ Rosecrans was now relieved, and Thomas put in his place. Grant, afraid that 
Thomas might surrender before he could arrive, telegraphed him to hold fast. 
The characteristic reply was, " We will hold the town till we starve ". 

II Twenty-three thousand strong, they were carried by rail from the Eapidan, in 
Virginia, to Stevenson, in Alabama, eleven hundred and ninety-two miles, in seven 
days. The Confederates did not know of the change of base untU Hooker appeared 
in front. 



248 EPOCH V. [1868. 

luka, two hundred miles away. Communications were re- 
established. Thomas made a dash* and seized Orchard 
Knob (Nov. 23). The following day, liooker charged the 
fortifications on Lookout Mountain.! His troops had been 
ordered to stop on the high ground ; but, carried away by the 
ardor of the attack, they swept over the crest, driving the 
enemy before them. Through the mist that filled the valley, 
the anxious watchers below caught only glimpses of this 
far-famed " battle above the clouds ". The next morning, 
Hooker advanced on the south of Missionary Ridge. Sher- 
man, during the whole time, had been heavily pounding away 
on the northern flank. Grant, from his position on Orchard 
' Knob, perceiving that the Confederate line in front of him 
was being weakened to repel these attacks on the flanks, 
saw that the critical moment had come,t and launched 
Thomas' corps on its center. The orders were to take 
the rifle-pits at the foot of Missionary Ridge, then halt and 
re-form ; but the men forgot them all, carried the works at 



♦ It was a beautiful day. The men had on their best uniforms, and the bands dis- 
coursed the liveliest music. The hills were crowded with spectators. The Confeder- 
ates on Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge could see every movement. Bragg's 
pickets stood leaning on their muskets watching Thomas' columns drawn up as if 
on parade. Suddenly, the Union line broke into a double-quick, and the review was 
turned into a battle. 

t The first day, the Confederate left rested on Liookout Mountain, there two thou- 
sand four hundred feet high ; the right, along Missionary Ridge — so called because, 
many years ago. Catholic missionaries had Indian schools upon it ; and the center, in 
the valley between. The second day their army simply occupied Missionaiy Ridge, 
in the center of their former line, in front of Grant at Orchard Knob.— On Lookout 
Mountain, Hooker met with so feeble a resistance, that Grant is reported to have 
declared the so-called " battle above the clouds " to be " all poetry, there having been 
no action there worthy the name of battle ". 

t The signals for the attack had been arranged : six cannon-shots, fired at intervals 
of two seconds. The moment arrived. "Strong and steady the order rang out : 
' Number one, fire I Number two, fire I Number three, fire I ' It seemed to me 
like the tolling of the clock of destiny. And when at ' Number six, fire ! ' the roar 
throbbed out with the flash, you should have seen the dead line, that had been lying 
behind the works all day, come to resurrection in the twinkling of tin eye, and leap 
like a blade from its scabbard." J?. F. Taylor. 



1863.] 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



249 



the base, and then swept on up the ascent. Grant caught 
the inspkation, and ordered a grand charge along the whole 
front. Up they went, over rocks and chasms, all lines 
broken, the flags far ahead, each surrounded by a group of 
the bravest. Without firing' a sliot, and heedless of the 




BATTLE OF MISSIONAKY EIDGE. 



tempest hurled upon them, they surmounted the crest, 
captured the guns, and turned them on the retreating foe. 
That night, the Union camp-fires, glistening along the 
heights about Chattanooga, proclaimed the success of this 
the most brilliant of Grant's achievements, and the most 
picturesque of the battles of the war. 

Ttie Effects of this campaign were the rout of Bragg's 
army, the resignation of that general, and the possession 
of Chattanooga by the Union forces. This post gave con- 
trol of East Tennessee, and opened the way to the heart 
of the Confederacy. It became the door-way by which 



250 Kl'OOll V. [18G3. 

tlie Uuioii army y:aiiKHl easy access to Virj^iuia, Korth 
and South CiU'oliiiu, Georgia, and Alabiuna. 

THE "WAR IN EAST TENNESSEE. 

^^'hilo Rosecrans was moving on Ohattanoi^ga, Rnrnside, 
having boon ivheved of the command of the .\rmy of the 
Potomac, was sent into Kast Tennessee, where he met witli 
great success. In the meant ime, t he Confederate President, 
Havis, visited Bragg, and, thinking Chattanooga was sui*e to 
be captured, sent Tjongstreet with his corps to tlie defense 
of Tennessee. His men were in a deplorable state — hungry, 
ragged, and tent less ; but, under this indefatigable leader, 
they shut up Burnside s force in the works at Knoxville. 
Meanwhile, Grant, in the moment of his splendid triumph 
at Chattanooga, ordered Sherman's torn, bleeding, barefoot 
troops over terrible roads one hmidred miles to Burnside's 
rt^lief. Longstreet, in order to anticipate the an-ival of 
these re-inforcements made a desperate assaidt upon Burn- 
side (November 20), but it was as heroically repulsed. As 
Shennan's advani'i^guard reaclunl Knoxville (December 4), 
Longstreet's troops tiled out o^ their works in ri^treat. 

THE -WAR IN THE EAST 

Battle of Chancellorsville (,May "J. o). — Burnside, after 
the defeat at Fredericksbui-g, was succeeded by General 
Hooker (January 'J<»). The departure of I^ngstivet from 
his force, leaving Lee only sixty thousiind to oppose to the 
Poton\ac army of over one himdred thousiind, otfered a 
favorable opportunity for an attack. Accoixlingly, Sedg- 
wick was left \o carry the intrenchment^s at Pi*edericksbui^, 
while the main boily crossed the Bappahannock some miles 
above, and took position in the Wiklerness, near Chancel- 



f 



1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 251 

lorsville (map 4, opp. p. 228). Lee, relying on the dense 
woods to conceal his nitn'enients, risked the perilous chance 
of dividing his anuy in the presence of a superior enemy. 
While he kept up a show of tight in front, Jackson, by a 
detour of fifteen niiles. got to the rear with twenty thousand 
men, and, suddenly bursting out of the dense woods, routed 
the Union right. That night. Hooker took a new position ; 
but, by constant attacks through the next day, Lee gradually 
forced the Union line from the tield of battle, and captured 
Chancellor House.* As he was preparing for a linal grand 
charge,word was received that Sedgwick liad crossed the Rap- 
pahannock, taken Fredericksburg, and had fallen on his rear. 
Drawing back, he turned against this new antagonist, and, by 
severe fighting that night and the following day, compelled 
him to recross the river. Lee then went to seek Hooker, but 
he was already gone. The Army of the Potomac was soon 
back on its oUl camping-ground opp*>8ite Fredericksburg. f 

Lee's Second Invasion of the North. — Lee, encour- 
aged by his success, now determined to carry the war into 
the Northern Strifes, and dictate terms of peace in Philadel- 
phia or New York.| AVith the finest army the South had 

• A pillar on the veranda of tliis honse, against wliioh Hooker was leaning, being 
struck by a oannon-ball, that general was stnnned, and for an hoiir, in the heat of 
the fight, the I'nion army was deprived of its ooniniander. 

+ In tlvis battle, the Soiith was called to mourn the death of Stonewall Jackson, 
whose magical name was worth to its cause moi-e than an army. In the evening 
after liis successful onslaught upon the flank of the Union line, while riding l^ack to 
camii fi-om a i"ecounaissaiice (i^e con'nais sauce) at the fi"ont, he was fii'ed iipon by his 
own men, who mistook his escort for Federal cavalry. 

t The Union disasters wliich had haxiixnied since the Iwginning of the year en- 
couraged this hope. Galveston, Texas, had been retaken by General Magiiider, 
whei-eby not only valuable stoi"es had been acquired, but a sea-port had been opened, 
and the Union caiise in that State depressed. Burnside had been checked in his nhc- 
torious career in Tennessee (p. 250). Tlie naval attack on Charleston had piwed a 
faihu-e (p. 254). An attempt to capture Fort McAlist^r had met with no success. 
Rosecrans hail made no pivgress against Bragg. Banks hml not then tjiken Port 
Hudson. Vicksburg still kept Grant at liay. Tlie Arinj' of tlio Potomac had been 
checked at Fredericksbui-g ftud ChancellorsvJUe, and at one time two humlred sol- 



252 



EPOCH V, 



[1863. 



ever sent forth, the flower of her troops, carefully equipped 
aud confident of success, he rapidly moved down the Shenan- 
doah, crossed the Potomac, and advanced to Chambersburg. 
The Union army followed along the east side of the Blue 
Ridge and South JMountains. Lee, fearing that Meade, who 
now conunanded the Federals, would strike through some of 
the passes and cut off his communications with Richmond, 
turned east to threaten Baltimore, and thus draw off Meade 
for its defense. 

Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3). 
First Day. — The Confederate ad- 
vance iniexpectedly met the Union 
cavalry just westward from Gettys- 
burg, on the Chambersburg road.* 
Re-inforcements came up on both 
sides ; but the Federal troops were 
finally forced back, and, becoming 
entangled in the streets of the vil- 
lage, lost many prisoners. All that 
night, the troops kept arriving and 
taking their positions by moonlight, to be ready for the 
contest which they saw was now close at hand.f 

diers p>er day were deserting its ranks. The term of service of over forty regiments 
ha<i expired, and the total Union sti*ength was now only eiglity.thons;ind. The coat 
of the war was enormous, and a strong peace party had arisen at the North. The 
draft was very unpopular. Indeed, during Lee's invasion, a riot broke out in New 
York to resist it ; houses were burned, negroes were pursued in the streets, and, when 
captured, were beaten, aud even hanged ; for three daj-s the city was a scene of 
outrage and ^^olence. 

♦ " Neither general had planned to have the fight at this place ; Tiee had intended 
not to fight at all, except a defensive battle, and Mea<le proposed to make the contest 
at Pipe Creek, about fifteen miles south-east from Gettysburg. The movement of 
cavalry which brought on this great battle, was only a screen to conceal the Union 
army marching towiini Mea»le's desired battle-field." — Z>m/>f'r. 

t The Union line was upon a fish-lnwk-shaped ridge about six miles long, with 
Gulp's Hill at the barb. Cemetery Ridge along the side, and I^ittle Round Top and 
Round Top, two eminences, at the eye. The Confederate line was on Seminary 
Ridge, at a distance of about a mile and a half. The Union troops lay behind rock 




vionfmr of oettysburu. 



1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 258 

Second Day. — In tlie afternoon, Longstreet led the first 
grand charge against the Union left, in order to secure Little 
Round Top. General Sickles, by mistake, had here taken a 
position in front of Meade's intended line of battle. The Con- 
federates, far out-flanking, swung around him ; but, as they 
reached the top of the hill, they met a brigade which Warren 
had sent just in time to defeat this attempt. Sickles was, 
however, driven back to Cemetery Ridge, where he stood firm, 
Ewell, in an attack on the Federal right, succeeded in getting 
a position on Culp's Hill.* 

Third Day. — At one o'clock P.M., Lee suddenly opened on 
Cemetery Ridge with one hundred and fifty guns. • For two 
hours, the air was alive with shells.f Then the cannonade 
lulled, and out of the woods swept the Confederate double 
battle-line, over a mile long, and preceded by a cloud of 
skirmishers. A thrill of admiration ran along the Union 
ranks, as, silently and with disciplined steadiness, that mag- 
nificent column of eighteen thousand men moved up the 
slope of Cemetery Ridge. A hundred guns tore great gaps 
in their front. Infantry volleys smote their ranks. The 
line was broken, yet they pushed forward. They planted 
their battle-flags on the breastworks. They Imyoneted the 
cannoneers at their guns. They fought, hand to hand, so close 
that the exploding powder scorched their clothes. U[)on 
this struggling mass, the Federals converged from every 
side. No human endurance could stand the storm. Out 



ledges and stone walls, while the Confederates were largely hidden in the woods. In 
the valley between, were fields of grain and pastures where cattle were feeding all 
unconscious of the gathering storm. 

* Lee, encouraged by these successes, resolved to continue the fight. The Confed- 
erate victories, however, were only apparent. Sickles had been forced into a better 
position than at fl.rst, and the one which Meade had intended he should occupy ; 
while Ewell was driven out of the Union works early the next morning. 

t It is customary in battle to demoralize the enemy before a grand infantry charge, 
by concentrating upon the desired point a tremendous artillery fire. 



254 EPOCH V [1863. 

of that terrible fire, whole companies rushed as prisoners 
into the Union lines, while the rest fled panic-stricken from 
the field.* 

The Federal loss in the three-days fight was twenty-three 
thousand ; the Confederate was not olhcially reported, but 
probably much exceeded that number. Meade slowly fol- 
lowed Lee, who recrossed the Potomac, and took position 
back of the Rapidan. 

Ttie Effect of this battle was to put an end to the idea of a 
Northern invasion. Lee's veterans who went down in the 
awful charges of Gettysburg could never be replaced. 

THE "WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST. 

Attack on Charleston (April 7). — Such was the confidence 
felt in the ability of the iron-clads to resist cannon-balls, 
that Admiral Dupont determined to run the fortifications 
at the entrance to Charleston, and force his way up to the 
city. The attempt was a disastrous failure.f General Gill- 
more then took charge of the Union troops, and, landing on 
Morris Island, J by regular siege approaches and a terrible 
bombardment, captured Fort Wagner § and reduced Fort 

♦ At tl\e very moment when the last charge v-ois bcins repxilsod, PoiulH>rtoTi was 
negotiating; for the siirrendor of Vickshiii-g to Orant. This was the turning point of 
the war. Fi"oni that time, the Confedenvey began to wane. 

+ The Keokuk was sunk, and neiu-ly all the vessels were seriously- injured. Tlie 
offlcers declai-ed that the strokes of the shots against the ii-on sides of their sliips 
■were as i-apid as the ticks of a watch. 

% In a marsh west of Morris Island, piles wen^ driven in the mud twenty ft>et deep, 
and a plat form made on which was placed an eight-inch ritUnl Parn.it gun, nicknamed 
the " Swamp Angel ". It threw shells five miles into Charleston, but burst on tho 
thirty -sixth round. The bombiu\iment of the city was aftorwiinl continued from tho 
other batteries. 

§ Two luisuccessful charges wei-e made on this fort. In one, the .">4th regiment. 
Colonel Shaw, bon> a prominent i)art. It was the first colored regiment organized in 
the fi-ee States. In orvier to be in season for the assault, it hat! marched two daj-8 
through liea\T sands and drtniching storms. After only five minutes rest, it took its 
jilace at the froiit of the attacking column. The men fought ^^•ith unflinching gal- 
lantry, tuid planted tlieir flag on the works , but their Colonel, and so many of the offl- 



1863.] THE CIVIL WAR. 255 

Sumter to a shapeless mass of rubbish. A short time after, 
a party of sailors from the Union fleet essayed to capture it 
by night, but its garrison, upstarting from the ruins, drove 
them back with heavy loss. 

General Review of the Third Year of the War. — The 
Confederates had gained the great battles of Chii*kamauga 
and Chancellorsville, seized Galveston, and successfully 
resisted every attack on Charleston. 

The Federals had gained the important battles before 
Vicksburg, and those at Chattanooga and at Gettysburg. 
They had captured the garrisons of Vicksburg and Port 
Hudson. The Mississippi was patrolled by gun-boats, and the 
Confederate army was entirely cut off from its western sup- 
plies. Arkansas, East Tennessee, and large portions of Lou- 
isiana, Mississippi, and Texas had been won for the Union. 

1864. 

The Situation. — In March, General Grant was made 
Lieutenant-General in command ot all the forces of the 
United States. Heretofore, the different armies had acted 
independently. They were now to move in concert, and thus 
prevent the Confederate forces from aiding each other. The 
strength of the South lay in the armies of Lee in Virginia, 
and Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia. Grant was to attack 
the former, Sherman the latter, and both were to keep at 
work, regardless of season or weather. While the Army 

cers were shot, that what was left of the regiment was led off by a boy— Lt. Hlggin- 
son. No measiire of the war was more bitterly opposed than the project of arming 
the slaves. It was denounced at the North, and the Confederate Congress passed a 
law which tlireat«ned with death any white officer captured while in command of 
negro troops, leaving the men to be dealt with according to the laws of the State in 
which they were taken. Yet, so willing were the negroes to enlist, and so faithful 
did they prove themselves in service, that, in December, 1863, over fifty thousand 
had been enroUed, and before the close of the war that number was quadrupled. 



256 



EPOCH V. 



[1864 



of the Potomac was crossing the Rapidan (May 4), Grant, 
seated on a log by the road-side, penciled a telegram to 
Sherman to start. 




GRANT WRITING THE TELEGRAM 



THE WAR IN TENNESSEE AND GEORGIA. 

Advance upon Atlanta. — Sherman, with one hundred 
thousand men, now moved upon Johnston, who, with nearly 
fifty thousand, was stationed at Dalton, Ga. (map opp. p. 2 2 2). 
The Confederate commander, foreseeing this advance, had 
selected a series of almost impregnable positions, one behind 
the other, all the way to Atlanta. For one himdred miles, 
there was continued skirmishing among mountains and 
woods, which presented every opportunity for such a war- 
fare. Both armies were led by profound strategists. Sher- 
man would drive Johnston into a stronghold, and then with 
consummate skill outtlank him, when Johnston with equal 



i 



1864] 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



257 



skill would retreat to a new post and prepare to meet his 
opponent again.* At Dalton, Resaca, Dallas, and Lost and 
Kenesaw Mountains, bloody battles were fought. Finally, 
Johnston retired to the intrenchments of Atlanta (July 10). 

Capture of Atlanta. — Davis, dissatisfied with this Fabian 
policy, now put Hood in command. He attacked the Union 
army three times with tremendous energy, but was repulsed 
with great slaughter. Sherman, thereupon re-enacting his 
favorite flank movement, filled his wagons with flfteen-days 
rations, dexterously shifted his whole army on Hood's line 
of supplies, and compelled the evacuation of the city.f 

The Effect. — This campaign, during four months of fight- 
ing and marching, day and night, in its ten pitched battles 
and scores of lesser engagements, cost the Union army thirty 
thousand men, and the Confederate, thirty-five thousand. 
Georgia was the workshop, store-house, granary, and arsenal 
of the Confederacy. At Atlanta, Rome, and the neighbor- 
ing towns, were manufactories, foundries, and mills, where 

* When either party stopped for a day or two, it fortified its front with, an abattis 
of felled trees and a ditch with a head- 
log placed on the embankment. The ' 
head-log was a tree twelve or fifteen 
inches in diameter resting on smaU 
cross-sticks, thus leaving a space of 
four or five inches between the log and 
the dirt, through which the guns could 
be pointed. 

t During this campaign, Sherman's 
supplies were brought up by a singlo 
line of railroad from Nashville, a dis 
tance of three hundred miles, and ex- 
posed throughout to the attacKs of thc^ 
enemy. Yet so carefully was it gar- 
risoned and so rapidly were bridges 
built and breaks repaired, that the 
damages were often mended before 
the news of the accident reached camp. 
Sherman said that the whistle of the 

locomotive was quite freqiiently heard on the camp-ground before the echoes of the 
skirmish-fire had died away. 




GtTAEDING A TRAITJ-. 



258 EPOCH V. [1864. 

clothing, wagons, harnesses, powder, balls, and cannon 
were furnished to all its armies. The South was hence- 
forth cut off from these supplies. 

Hood's Invasion of Tennessee. — Sherman now longed 
to sweep through the Atlantic States. But this was impossi- 
ble so long as Hood, with an army of forty thousand, was in 
front, while the cavalry under Forrest was raiding along his 
railroad communications toward Chattanooga and Nashville. 
With imconcealed joy, therefore, Sherman learned that Hood 
was to invade Tennessee.* Relieved of this anxiety, he pre- 
pared his army for its celebrated " March to the Sea ". 

Battle of Jfashville (December 15, 16). — Hood crossed 
the Tennessee, and, after a desperate struggle with Scho- 
field's army, at Franklin, shut up General Thomas within 
the fortifications at Nashville. For two weeks little was done.f 
When Thomas was fully ready, he suddenly sallied out on 
Hood, and in a terrible two-days battle drove the Confeder- 
ate forces out of their intrenchments into headlong flight. 
The Union cavalry thundered upon their heels with remorse- 
less energy. The infantry followed closely behind. The 
entire Confederate army, except the rear-guard, which 
fought bravely to the last, was dissolved into a rabble of de- 
moralized fugitives, who escaped across the Tennessee. 

Tlic Effect. — For the first time in the war, an army was de- 
stroyed. The object which Sherman hoped to attain when 
he moved on Atlanta, was accomplished by Thomas, three 
hundred miles away. Sherman could now go where he pleased 

♦ Hood's expectation was that Sherman would follow him into Tennessee, and 
thus Georgia be saved from invasion. Sherman had no such idea. " If Hood will go 
there ", said he, " I ^vill give him rations to go with." Now was presented the singu- 
lar spectacle of these two armies, which had so lately been engaged in deadly com- 
bat, marcliing from each other as fast as they could go. 

t Great disappointment was felt at the North over the retreat to Nash\nlle, and 
still more at Thomas' delay in tliat city. Grant ordered him to move, and had actu- 
ally started to take charge of his troops in person, when he learned of the splendid 



1864.] THE CIVIL WAR. 259 

with little danger of meeting a foe. The war at the West, so 
far as any great movements were concerned, was finished. 

Sherman's March to the Sea. — Breaking loose from his 
communications with Nashville, and burning the city of At- 
lanta, Sherman started (Nov. 16), with sixty thousand men, 
for the Atlantic coast (map opp. p. 222). The army moved 
in four columns, with a cloud of cavalry under Kilpatrick,* 
and skirmishers in front to disguise its route. f The wings 
destroyed the Georgia Central and Augusta railroads, and 
the troops foraged on the country as they passed. In five 
weeks, they had marched three hundred miles, reached the 
sea,t stormed Fort McAlister, and captured Savannah,§ 

Tlve Effect of this march can hardly be over-estimated. A 
fertile region, sixty miles wide and three hundred long, was 
desolated ; three hundred miles of railroad were destroyed ; 
the eastern portion of the already-sundered Confederacy was 
cut in twain ; immense supplies of provisions were captured, 
and the hardships of war brought home to those who had 
hitherto been exempt from its actual contact. 

victory his slow but siire general had achieved. The rock of Chickamauga had bo- 
come the sledge of Nashville. 

* The ubiquity of the cavalry movements of the war is remarkable. In February 
preceding, Kilpatrick, who now opened up the way for Sherman's march through 
Georgia, made a dash with the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac to rescue the 
Union prisoners at Richmond. He got within the defenses of the city, but not fully 
appreciating his success, withdrew, while Colonel Ulric Dahlgren, who headed a 
co-operating force, through the ignorance or treachery of his guide, lost his route, 
was surrounded by the enemy, and fell in an attempt to cut his way out. Great 
damage was done to railroads aiid canals near Richmond. 

t A feint which Sherman made toward Augusta led to a concentration at that 
city of the cavalry and militia called out to dispute his progi-ess. The real direc- 
tion of his march was not discovered until he had entered the peninsula between 
the Savannah and Ogeechee rivers. 

X The first news received at the North from Sherman was brought by three 
scouts, who left the Union army just as it was closing in on Savannah. They hid 
in the rice swamps by day, and paddled down the river by night. Creeping past 
Fort McAhster undiscovered, they were picked up by the Federal gun-boats. 

§ Sherman sent the news of its capture, with 25,000 bales of cotton and 150 
cannon, to President Lincoln, as a Christmas present to the nation. 



260 EPOCH V. [1864. 



THE "WAR IN VIRGINIA. 

Battle of the Wilderness (May 5, (>). — After crossing 
the Rapidan, the Union army plunged into the Wilderness. 
While the columns were toiling along the narrow roads, they 
were suddenly attacked by the Confederate army.* The 
dense forest forbade all strategy. There was none of the 
pomp or glory of war, only its horrible butchery. The ranks 
simply dashed into the woods. Soon came the patter of 
shots, the heavy rattle of musketry, and then there streamed 
back the wreck of the battle — bleeding, mangled forms, borne 
on stretchers. In those gloomy shades, dense with smoke, 
this strangest of battles, which no eye could follow, marked 
only by the shouts and volleys, now advancing, now receding, 
as either side gained or lost, surged to and fro. The third 
day, both armies, worn out by this desperate struggle, re- 
mained in their intrenchments. Neither side had con- 
quered. It was generally supposed that the Federals would 
retire back of the Rapidan. Grant thought differently. 
He quietly gathered up his army and pushed it by the Con- 
federate right flank toward Spottsylvania Court House. 

Battle of Spottsylvania (May 8-12). — Lee detected the 
movement, and hurried a division to head off the Union ad- 
vance. When Grant reached the spot, he found the Confed- 
erate army planted directly across the road, barring his prog- 
ress. Five days of continuous maneuvering f and fighting X 

* This was near the old battle-ground of Chancelloreville, and just a year and two 
days after that fleive flght. 

t During this time, the sharp-shooters on both sides, hidden in tjie trees, were 
busy picking off officers. On the 9th, General Sedgwick was superintending the 
placing of a battery in the front. Seeing a man dodging a ball, he rebuked him, 
sayiTig, "Pooh I they can't hit an elephant at this distance." At that moment, he 
was himself struck, and fell dead. 

t On the morning of the 12th, Hancock's corps, hidden by a dense fog, charged 
upon the Confederate line, broke the abattis, surroimded a division, and took nearly 



1864.] 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



261 



having given no advantage, Grant concluded to try the favor- 
ite movement of the year, and turn Lee's right flank again.* 

Battle of Cold Harbor (June 
3). — Lee, however, moving on 
the inner and shorter hne, 
reached the North Ajsina first. 
Here some severe fighting oc- 
curred, when, Grant moving 
to flank again, Lee sHpped into 
the intrenchments of Cold Har- 
bor, At daybreak an assault 
was made. The Union troops, 
here sinking in the swamp, 
there entangled in the brush- 
wood, and torn by a pitiless fire, 
struggled on only to be beaten 
back with terrible slaughter.! 
Lee's army, sheltered behind 
its works, suffered little. t 




GKANX'S CAMPAIGN AKOUND KICHMOND. 



four thousand prisoners, including two gen- 
erals. So complete was the surprise, that 
the officers were captured at breakfast. Lee, 

however, raUied, and the fighting was so fierce to regain this lost position, that a 
" tree eighteen inches in diameter was cut in two by tlio buUets which struck it. Ten 
thousand men fell on each side. Men in hundreds, killed and wounded together, 
were piled in hideous heaps, some bodies, which had lain for hours under the con- 
centric fire of the battle, being perforated with wounds. The writhing of the 
wounded beneath the dead moved these masses at times ; while often a lifted arm 
or quivering limb told of an agony not quenched by the Lethe of death around." 

* It was during this fearful battle that Q-rant sent his famous dispatch, " I pur- 
pose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer ". 

t Lossing asserts that " in twenty minutes, 10,000 Union soldiers were killed or 
wounded ", but Badeau admits only 7,000 in all, and claims that Cold Harbor was 
but a part " of the unceasing play of the teiTiblo hammer by which Grant was 
crushing the Confederate army ". 

t Grant had arranged for three co-operative movements to divide the strength of 
the Confederate army : 1. General Sigel, with ten thousand men, was to advance up 
the Shenandoah Valley and threaten the railroad communication with Richmond. 
He was, however, totally routed at New Market (May 15). General Hunter, who super- 



262 EPOCH V. [1864. 

Attack on Petersburg. — Grant now rapidly pushed his 
army over tiie James, and fell upon Petersburg ; but here 
again Lee was ahead, and the works could not be forced. 
Grant was therefore compelled to throw up intrenchments 
and sit down in front of the Confederate lines. The cam- 
paign now resolved itself into a siege of Richmond, with 
Petersburg as its advanced post. 

Ttie Effect. — The campaign had cost the Union army 
forty thousand men, and the Confederates thirty thou- 
sand.* The weakened capabilities of the South were now 
fairly pitted against the almost exhaustless resources of the 
North. Grant's plan was to keep constantly hammering 
Lee's army, conscious that it was the last hope of the Con- 
federacy. , The idea of thus annihilating an army was terri- 
ble, yet it seemed the only way of closing the awful struggle. 

The Siege of Richmond continued until the spring cam- 
paign of 1865. It was marked by two important events : 

1. Mine Explosion, (July 30). — From a hidden ravine m 
front of Petersburg, a mine had been dug underneath a 
strong Confederate fort. Just at dawn, the blast of eight 
thousand pounds of powder was fired. Several cannon, the 

seded him, defeated the Confederates at Piedmont (June 5), but pushing on to L>nich- 
burg with about twenty thousand men, he found it too strong, ai.d iirudently rt^tii-ed 
into West Virginia. 2. On the night that the Army of the Potomac cix>ssed the Rapi- 
dan, General Butler, with thirty thous^md men, ascended the James River, under the 
protection of gun-boats, and lamiod at Bermuda Tlundn-d. After some trifling suc- 
cesses, he was checked by lieauregaid at Divwry's Bluffs, and driven back into his 
defenses with considei-able loss. Beaui-egard then threw intrenchments aci\>ss the 
nan-ow strip which connects Bermuda Hundred with the main land, and, as Grant 
tersely said, "hermetically sealed up" the Union force fi-om any further advance. 
3. General Sheridan, while the army was at Spottsylvania, passed in the reju* of the 
Confedei-ate iwsition, desti-oyetl miles of Kvilroad, i-ecaptiuvd four huniired prisoners 
w roitfe, and defeated a cavalry force with the loss of their lejider, General J. E. B. 
Stuart, the best cavalry otlicer in the South. 

• The above statement of tlie enormous losses of this campaign is based upon the 
meet recent data. Careful authorities, however, have placed the I'^nion loss ivs high 
as over seventy thousjind, while cert-ain Southern writers put the Confetieratf as low 
as niuete'en t^jousund. Jt is impossible to i-ecoucile the different accounts. 



1864.J THE CIVIL WAR. 263 

garrison of three hundred men, and huge masses of earth 
were thrown high in air. The Federal guns opened fire at 
once along the entire line. An assaulting column rushed 
forward, but stopped in the crater produced by the explosion. 
The Confederates, rallying from their confusion, concen- 
trated from every side, and poured shot and shell upon the 
struggling mass of men huddled within the demolished fort. 
To retreat was only less dangerous than to stay, yet many of 
the soldiers jumped out of this slaughter-pen and ran head- 
long back to the Union lines. The Federals lost about four 
thousand men in this ill-starred affair. 

2. Attack upon the Weldoji Bnilroad (August 18). — By 
threatening Richmond upon the north, Grant induced Lee 
to move troops to that city from Petersburg. The oppor- 
tunity was at once seized, and the Weldon Railroad capt- 
ured. Lee, aware of the great importance of this means 
of communication with the South, for several days made 
desperate attempts for its recovery. They were, however, 
unsuccessful, and the Union lines were permanently ad- 
vanced to this point. 

Early's Raid. — Hunter's retreat (p. 2 62) having laid open 
the Shenandoah Valley, Lee took advantage of it to threaten 
Washington, hoping thus to draw off Grant from the siege 
of Richmond. General Early, with twenty thousand men, 
accordingly hurried along this oft-traveled route. Defeating 
General Wallace at Monocacy River, he appeared before Fort 
Stevens, one of the defenses of Washington (July 11). Had 
he rushed by forced marches, he might have captured the 
city ; but he stopped a day. Re-inforcements having now 
arrived, he was compelled to retreat. Laden with booty, he 
rapidly recrossed the Potomac ; but, not being pursued, he 
returned, and sent a party of cavalry into Pennsylvania. 
They entered Chambersburg, and, on failing to obtain a ran- 



264 



EPOCH V, 



[1864. 



som of $500,000, set fire to the village, and escaped safely 
back into the Shenandoah. 

Sheridan's Campaign. — Sheridan was now put in com- 
mand of all the troops in this region. lie defeated Early at 




'TiuN, r.ovs, xruN ; wkhe ooino hack. 



WiNCiiKSTKK and Fisiikh's HiTJi, and in a week destroyed half 
his army, and sent the rest "whirling up the valley of the 
Shenandoah".* Early was quickly reinforced, and, return- 
ing during Sheridan's absence, surprised his army at Ckd.vu 
Creek (October 19), and drove it in confusion. Sheridan 
arrived at this critical moment,! reformed his ranks, ordered 
an advance, and, attacking the Confederates, now busy 



♦ In order to prevent any further raids upon Washington from this direction, 
Sheridan devastated the valley so thoroughly that it was said that " if a ci-ow wants 
to fly down the Shenandoah, he must carry liis pi"ovisions with him ". 

t Early's attack was made under cover of a dense fog and the darkness of the eai'ly 
morning. General Wright, the ITnion commander, though wounded, remained on 
the field and managed to get his troops into a new position, about seven miles in 
the i"ear. Sheridan heartl the cannonading, while riding from Winchester, nearly 
twenty miles from Cedar Creek. Knowing the importance of his presence, he put 
spurs to his coal-black steed, and never drew rein for almost twelve miles, when, his 
horse covered with foam, ho ihished to the new front. As ho jKissed the fugitives 



1S64.J THE CIVIL WAR. 2(55 

plundering the captured camp, routed them with great 
slaughter. 

The Effect. — This campaign of only a month was one of 
the most brilliant of the war. Sheridan lost seventeen 
thousand men, but he virtually destroyed Early's army. 
This was the last attempt to threaten Washington. 

Red River Expedition.* — A joint naval and land expe- 
dition, under the conuuand of General Banks, was sent up 
the Red River in the hope of destroying the C/onfcderate 
authority in that region and in Texas (map opp. p. 2 2 2). 
Fort de Russy was taken (March l-i), whence Banks moved 
on toward Shreveport. The line of march became extended 
a distance of nearly thirty miles along a single road. At 
Sabine Cross Roads (April 8), the Confederate forces, under 
General Dick Taylor, attacked the advance, and a minia- 
ture Bull Run retreat ensued. The Union troops, however, 
rallied at Pleasant Hill, and the next day, re-inforcements 
coming up from the rear, they were able to repulse the 
Confederates. The army thereupon returned to New Or- 
leans, f and Banks was relieved of the command. 

along the road, lie shouted, " Turn, boys, tiu-n ; we're going back." Under the mag- 
netism of his presence, the men followed him back to the fight and \'ictory. 

* Troops having been sent f rom. Vicksburg to join the Red River expedition. West 
Tennessee and Kentucky were left exposed to attack from the Confederates. For- 
rest, with five thousand men, captured Union City, Tenn., with its garrison of about 
five hundred troops, occupied Hickman, and advanced rapidly upon Paducah, Ky. 
This, protected by the gun-boats, maintained so stout a defense, that Forrest retired. 
Moving south, he next fell upon Fort PUloio (April 13). His men crept along under 
shelter of a ravine until very near, and then charged upon the intrenchments. 
Rushing into the fort, theyi>aisod the cry "No quarter 1" "The Confederate offi- 
cers ", says Pollard, " lost control of their men, who were maddened by the sight of 
negro troops opposing them", and an indiscriminate slaughter followed. 

+ Porter, who commanded the gun-boats in the Red River, hearing of Banks' 
retreat, attempted to return with his fleet ; but the river fell so rapidly that this be- 
came impossible. It was feared that it would be necessary to blow up the vessels to 
prevent their falling into the enemy's hands, when, by the happy suggestion of Colo- 
nel BaOey, formerly a Wisconsin lumber-man, they were saved. He constructed a 
series of wing-dams below the rapids, and, when the water rose, the boats were safely 
floated over. This skillful expedient was almost the only relieving featui'e of the 



266 EPOCH V. [1864 

The Effect. — This campaign was a great Confederate tri- 
umph.* Banks lost five thousand men, eighteen guns, and 
large supplies. 

THE WAR ON THE SEA AND THE COAST. 

The Expedition against Mobile (August 5) was under 
the command of Admiral Farragut. That he might over- 
see the battle more distinctly, he took his position in the 
rigging of his flag-ship — the Hartford. The vessels, lashed 
together in pairs for mutual assistance, in an hour fought 
their way past the Confederate forts, and engaged the 
iron-clad fleet beyond. After a desperate resistance, the 
great iron-ram Tennessee was taken, and the other ves- 
sels were captured or put to flight. The forts were soon 
after reduced, and the harbor was thenceforth closed to 
blockade runners, f 

The Expedition against Fort Fisher, which defended 
the harbor of Wilmington, N. C, was commanded by Commo- 
dore Porter. It consisted of seventy vessels and a land force 
under General Butler. After a fierce bombardment (Decem- 
ber 24, 25), Butler decided that the fort could not be taken 
by assault, and the army returned to Fort Monroe. Commo- 

campaign, which was helieved by some to have been undertaken simply as a gigan- 
tic cotton speculation in behalf of certain parties, who seemed to be more intent on 
gathering that staple than on conserving the interests of the Union cause. The fail- 
ure was, therefore, at the North a source of great mortification and reproach. 

* General Steele, who commanded in Arkansas, had moved from Little Rock to 
co-operate in this advance ; but, on nearing Shreveport, learned of Banks' retreat. 
He immediately turned around, and, with great difficulty and severe fighting, man- 
aged to escape back to Little Rock. This disaster enabled the Confederates to re- 
cover half of the State. 

t The city of Mobile was not captured until the next year, when Generals Gran- 
ger's, Steele's, and A. J. Smith's commands were collected for this purix)se by (3en. 
Canby. The forts were gallantly defended by General Maury, but were taken within 
less than two weeks. The city itself Wiis evacuated April 11. The next day, the 
TJnion troops entered, ignorant that Lee had surrendered three days before, and 
that the Confederacy was dead. 



1864.] THE CIVIL WAR. 267 

dore Porter, dissatisfied with the result, lay off the place, and 
asked for a second trial. The same troops, with fifteen hun- 
dred additional men, were sent back under General Terry. 
Protected by a terrible fire from the fleet, a column of sailors 
and one of soldiers worked their way, by a series of trenches, 
within two hundred yards of the fort. At the word, the former 
leaped forward on one side and the latter on another. The 
sailors were repulsed, but the soldiers burst into the fort. The 
hand-to-hand fight within lasted for hours. Late at night, 
the garrison, hemmed in on all sides, surrendered (January 
15, 1865). One knows not which to admire the more, the 
gallantry of the attack or the heroism of the defense. In 
such a victory is glory, and in such a defeat, no disgrace. 

The Blockade was now so effectual that the prices of all 
imported goods in the Confederate States were fabulous.* Led 
by the enormous profits of a successful voyage, foreign mer- 
chants were constantly seeking to run the gauntlet. Their 
swift steamers, long, narrow, low, of a mud color, and making 
no smoke, occasionally escaped the vigilance of the Federal 
squadron. During the war, it is said, over fifteen hundred 
blockade runners were taken or destroyed. With the capture 
of Fort Fisher, the last Confederate port of entry was sealed. 

* Elour brought, in Confederate currency, $40 per barrel ; calico, $30 per yard ; 
coffee, $50 per pound ; French, gloves, $150 per pair ; and black pepper, $300 per pound. 
Dried sage, raspberry, and other leaves were substituted for the costly tea. Woolen 
clothing was scarce, and the army depended largely on captures of the ample Pederal 
stores. Pins were so rare that they were picked up with avidity in the streets. Paper 
was so expensive that matches could no longer be put in boxes. Sugar, butter, and 
white bread became luxuries even for the wealthy. Salt being a necessity, was econ- 
omized to the last degree, old pork and fish barrels being soaked and the water evapo- 
rated so that not a grain of salt might be wasted. Women wore garments that were 
made of cloth carded, woven, spun, and dyed by their own hands. Large thorns were 
fitted with wax heads and made to serve as hair-pins. Shoes were manufactured 
with wooden soles, to which the uppers were attached by means of small tacks. As 
a substitute for the expensive gas, the " Confederate candle " was used. This con- 
sisted of a long wick coated with wax and resin, and wound on a little wooden frame, 
at the top of which was nailed a bit of tin. The end of the wick being passed through 
a. hole in the tin, was lighted and uncoiled g.s needed. 




268 EPOCH V. [1864. 

Confederate Cruisers had now practically driven the 
American commerce from the ocean. They were not priva- 
teers, like those named on p. 222, for they were built in En- 
gland and manned by British sailors, and were only officered 

and commissioned by 

the Confederate govern- 

•tM ~-4^aM^ '■ iiiGnt. They sailed to and 

fro upon the track of 
American ships, recklessly 
"'^^^**^ plundering and burning, 

^ or else bonding them for 

heavy sums. 
The Alaha-nia was the most noted of these British steam- 
ers. Against the urgent remonstrances of the United 
States Minister at the Court of England, she was allowed 
to sail, although her mission was well known. An English 
captain took her to the Azores, where other English ves- 
sels brought her arms, ammunition, and the Confederate 
Captain Semmes with additional men. Putting out to 
sea, he read his commission and announced his purpose. 
After capturing over sixty vessels, he sailed to Cherbourg, 
France. While there, he sent out a challenge to the national 
ship-of-war Kearsarge (keer'sarj). This was accepted, and 
a battle took place off that harbor. Captain Winslow, of 
the Kearsarge, so maneuvered that the Alabama was com- 
pelled to move round in a circular track, while he trained 
his guns upon her with fearful effect. On the seventh rota- 
tion, the Confederate vessel ran up the white flag and soon 
after sunk. Captain Winslow rescued a part of the sinking 
crew, and others were picked up, at his request, by the 
Deer-hound, an English yacht ; but this vessel steamed off 
to the British coast with those she had saved, among whom 
was Captain Semmes. 



1864] THE CIVIL WAK. 269 

The Sanitary and the Christian Commissions were 
^'splendid examples of organized mercy", furnished by the 
people of the North. They devised and provided every pos- 
sible comfort for the sick and wounded, besides distributing 
religious reading to every soldier in the field. Ambulances, 
stretchers, hot coffee, postage-stamps, paper and envelopes, 
prayer-meetings, medicines, Christian burial, — no want of 
body or soul was overlooked. " Homes " and " Lodges" for 
men on sick-leave, and for those not yet under or just out of 
the care of the government, or who had been left by their 
regiments; "Feeding Stations" for the tired andhungry; 
and even " Homes for the Wives, Mothers, and Children of 
Soldiers " who had come to visit their sick or wounded were 
established. On every flag-of-truce boat, were placed cloth- 
ing, medicines, and cordials for tlie prisoners who had been 
exchanged. With boundless mercy, they cared for all while 
living, and gave Christian burial and marked graves to the 
dead. Over seventeen millions of dollars in money and 
supplies were expended by these two Commissions. 

PoHtical Affairs. — At the North, there was much dissat- 
isfaction with the conduct of the war. The debt had become 
about $2,000,000,000. In July of this year, paper money 
reached its greatest depreciation, and it required two dollars 
and ninety cents in greenbacks to buy one dollar in gold. 
This was the time of Q-rant's repulse from Cold Harbor 
and of Early's raid. Yet, in the midst of these discour- 
agements, Abraham Lincoln was renominated by the 
republican party. George B. McClellan was the demo- 
cratic candidate ; he stood firmly for the prosecution of 
the war, and the maintenance of the Union, but was not 
in full sympathy with the policy of the administration. 
He carried only three States. Lincoln had a popular ma- 
jority of over four hundred thousand. 



270 EPOCH V. [1864 

General Review of the Fourth Year of the War. — The 

Confederates had gained the battles of Olustee,* Sabine 
Cross Roads, Bermuda Hundred, Spottsylvaniaj New Market, 
Cold Harbor, and Monocacy River ; they had defeated the 
expeditions into Florida and the Red River country, the 
two attacks upon Petersburg, and one against Fort Fisher, 
and yet held Grant at bay before Richmond. They had, 
however, lost ground on every side. Of the States east of 
the Mississippi, only North and South Carolina were fully 
retained. Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, Geor- 
gia, and Florida were overrun by the Union armies. The 
Federals had gained the battles of Pleasant Hill, Resaca, 
Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Winchester, Fisher's Hill, Cedar 
Creek, and Nashville. They had captured Fort de Russy, 
thie forts in Mobile harbor, and Fort McAlister, and had 
taken Atlanta and Savannah. Sherman had swept across 
Georgia ; Sheridan had devastated the Shenandoah, driving 
its defenders before him ; Thomas had annihilated Hood's 
army ; Grant held Lee firmly grasped at Richmond, and 
the navy swept the entire coast. 

1865. 

The Situation. — The plan of the campaign was very sim- 
ple. The end of the war was clearly at hand. Sherman was 
to move north from Savannah against Johnston, and then 
join Grant in the final attack upon Lee. Sheridan, with ten 
thousand troopers, had swept down from the Shenandoah, 
cut the railroads north of Richmond, and taken his place 

♦ This battle ended an expedition fitted out by General Gillmore, at Hilton Head, 
S. C, to recover Florida. After some success, his troops, under Gfeneral Seymour, 
advanced to Ottiste^, where (February 20) they met a disastrous defeat and were 
forced to relinquish much they had gained. The men were afterward taken to Vir- 
ginia to engage in more important work. 



1865.] 



THE CIVIL WAR. 



271 



in the Union lines before Petersburg. Wilson, with thirteen 
thousand horsemen, rode at large through Alabama and 
Georgia, and at Macon held a line of retreat from Virginia 
westward. Stoneman, with five thousand cavalry from 
Tennessee, poured through the passes of the -Alleghanies 
and waited in North Carolina for the issue in Vira-inia. 




SHERMAN'S ABMY ON ITS MAECH TO THE SEA. 



Sherman's March through the Carolinas.— In the mean- 
time, Sherman had given his troops only a month's rest in 
Savannah. Early in February, they were put in motion 
northward. There was no waiting for roads to dry nor for 
bridges to be built, but the troops swept on like a tornado. 
Rivers were waded, and " one battle was fought while the 
water was up to the shoulders of the men ". The army, sixty 
thousand strong, moved in four columns, with a front of 



2 72 EPOCH V. [ISGT). 

more than fifty miles. Cavalry and foragers swarmed on the 
flanks. Before them was terror ; behind them were ashes. 

Columbia was captured (Feb. 17). That night, nearly the 
entire city was burned to the ground. Charleston, threatr- 
ened in the rear, was evacuated the next day. In this emer- 
gency, Johnston was recalled to the command of the Confed- 
erates. He gathered the scattered troops and vigorously 
opposed Sherman's advance. After fierce engagements at 
AvERYSBORO and Bentonville, Johnston was driven back. 
While Joh nston was now guarding the route to Raleigh , Sher- 
man pressed forward to Q-oldsboro, in order to join Schofield, 
who had made his way thither from Wilmington, and 
Terry, who had come up from New Bern. Soon, the three 
armies united, and 100,000 men upheld the flag of the Union 
along the banks of the Neuse.* Sherman then went to City 
Point, to arrange with Grant the plan of the final struggle. 

Siege of Richmond. — Lee's position was fast becoming 
desperate. His only hope lay in getting out of Richmond and 
joining with Johnston. Their united armies might prolong 
the struggle. Grant was determined to prevent this, and 
compel Leo to surrender, as he had forced Pemberton to do. 

Attack on Fort Steadman (March 25). — Lee decided to 
attack Grant's line, in order to hide his plan of retreat, and 
especially in the hope that Grant would send troops from the 
left to succor the threatened point. In that case, he would 
slip out, with the main body of his army, by the nearest road 
southward, which ran close by the Union left. The assault 
was made on Fort Steadman, but it was a signal failure. 
Three thousand out of five thousand engaged in the attempt 

♦ The distance traversed by the army in going from Savannah to Gtoldsboro was 
about 425 miles. The country was generally wild and swampy. To make the mud 
roads passable, each column " corduroyed " with rails and logs over a hundred miles, 
besides building bridges across the many streams and rivers. Yet in fifty days after 
breaking camp upon the Savannah, the troops bivouacked ujwn the Neiise. 



1865.] THE CIVIL WAR. 278 

were lost. To make matters worse, a Union assault followed 
directly afterward, and a portion of the Confederate outer 
defenses was captured. Thus Grant's grip was only tight- 
ened. He had made no change in the position of his troops, 
and this sortie neither hastened nor delayed the grand final 
attack. 

Battle of Five Forks (April 1). — This movement began 
Wednesday morning, March 29. Sheridan with his cavalry 
— nine thousand sabers, and heavy columns of infantry, 
pushed out from Grant's left wing, to get around in Lee's 
rear. Cloaking his plan by a thick screen of cavalry to con- 
ceal the movements of his infantry, he threw a heavy force 
behind the Confederate position at Five Forks.* Assailed 
in front and rear, the garrison was overwhelmed, and five 
thousand men were taken prisoners. 

Tlie Effect of this brilliant affair was at once to render 
Lee's position untenable. His right was turned and his rear 
threatened. 

Capture of Petersburg and Richmond (April 2, 3). — The 
next morning, at four o'clock, the Union army advanced in an 
overwhelming assault along the whole front. By noon, the 
Confederate line of intrenchments, before which the Army 
of the Potomac had lain so long, was broken, and thousands 
of prisoners were captured. That night, Petersburg and 
Richmond were evacuated. The next morning, the Union 
troops took possession of the Confederate capital, f the 

* Five Forks is situated twelve miles soutli-west from Petersburg. (See map oppo- 
site p. 223, and of Vlth Epoch.) 

t Sxmday, the day before, the Confederate President, Davis, was at church, when a 
note was handed him by a messenger. It was from Liee, informing him that the Con- 
federate army was about to leave Richmond.* His pallid face and unsteady footsteps, 
as he passed out, betrayed the news. Pollard says : " Men, women, and children 
rushed from the churches, passing from lip to lip news of the impending fall of Rich- 
mond. ... It was late in the afternoon when the signs of evacuation became 
apparent to the incredulous. Suddenly, as if by magic, the streets became filled with 
men, walking as though for a wager, and behind them excited negroes with trunks, 



274 EPOCH V. [1865. 

coveted goal of the Army of the Potomac for four long 
bloody years. 

Lee's Surrender. — Meanwhile, Lee, having only the 
wreck of that proud array with which he had dealt the Union 
army so many crushing blows, hurried west, seeking some 
avenue of escape. Grant urged the pursuit with untiring 
energy. Sheridan, " with a terrible daring which knew no 
pause, no rest ", hung on his flanks. Food now failed the 
Confederates, and they could get only the young shoots of 
trees to eat. If they sought a moment's repose, they were 
awakened by the clatter of pursuing cavalry. Lee, like a 
hunted fox, turned hither and thither ; but, at last, Sheridan 
planted himself squarely across the front. Lee ordered a 
charge. His half-starved troops, with a rallying of their old 
courage, obeyed. But the cavalry moving aside, as a curtain 
is drawn, revealed dense bodies of infantry in battle line. 
The Civil War was about to end in one of its bloodiest trage- 
dies, when the Confederate advance was stopped. General 
Grant had already sent in a note demanding the surrender 
of the army. Lee accepted the terms ; * and, in the after- 
noon of April 9, the remains of the Ai-my of Virginia laid 

bundles, and luggage of every description. All over the ci ty, it was the same— wagons, 
trunks, bandboxes, and their owners, a mass of hurrying fugitives filling the streets. 
Night came, and with it confusion worse confounded. There was no sleep for human 
eyes in Richmond that night. About the hour of midnight, hundreds of barrels of 
liquor were rolled into the street, and the heads Icnocked in, by order of the City 
Council, to prevent a worse disorder. As the work progi'cssed, some straggling sol- 
diers managed to get hold of a quantity of the liquor. From that moment, law and 
order ceased to exist." By order of General Ewell, tlio four principal tobacco ware- 
houses, in different parts of the city, were fired, and soon the flames became unman- 
ageable. " Morning broke upon a scene such as those who witnessed it can never 
forget. The roar of an immense conflagration sounded in their ears ; tongues of flame 
leaped from street to street ; and in this baleful glare were to be seen, as of demons, 
the figures of busy plunderers, mo\'ing, pushing, rioting through the black smoke, 
l)earing away every conceivable sort of plunder." 

* The officers and men were allowed to go home on their paroles not to take up 
arms against the United States until exchanged, and tlie former to retain their pri- 
vate baggage and horses. After the surrender had been concluded, General Txje said 



1865.] THE CIVIL WAB. 275 

down their arms near Appomattox Court House, and then 
turned homeward, no longer Confederate soldiers, but 
American citizens. 

Tlie Effect. — This closed the war. The other Confederate 
armies promptly surrendered.* Jefferson Davis fled south- 
ward, hoping to escape, but was overtaken near Irwinsville, 
Georgia (May 10), and sent a prisoner to Fort Monroe. 

Cost of the War. — In the Union armies, probably three 
hundred thousand men were killed in battle or died of 
wounds or disease, while doubtless two hundred thousand 
more were crippled for life. If the Confederate armies 
suffered as heavily, the country thus lost one million able- 
bodied men. The Union debt, when largest (Aug. 31, 
1865), was $2,844,000,000. The Confederate war debts 
were never paid, as that government was overthrown. 

Assassination of Lincoln. — In the midst of the uni- 
versal rejoicings over the advent of peace, on the evening of 
April 1 4 the intelligence was flashed over the country that 
Lincoln had been assassinated, f While seated with his 
wife and friends in his box at Ford's Theater, he was 
shot by John Wilkes Booth,t who insanely imagined he 

that he had forgotten to mention that many of his soldiers rode their own horses. 
Grant at once replied that such should keep their horses to aid them in their future 
work at home. The two armies so fiercely opposed for four years parted with words 
of sympathy and respect— an assured presage of a day when all the wounds of the 
cruel war should be fully healed. The Federal authorities state that 28,356 officers 
and men were paroled at Appomattox C. H., and 22,633 small arms were given up. 
The Confederate accounts, however, place the men and arms surrendered at a much 
less number. The total number paroled from all the Confederate armies waa 
174,223. 

* The last fight of the war happened near Brazos Santiago, Texas, May 13. A small 
expedition sent out to surprise a Confederate camp was overtaken, on its return, by a 
larger force and defeated with a loss of eighty men. 

+ A nearly fatal attempt was also made at the same time upon William H. Seward, 
Secretary of State, who was lying sick in his bed at home. 

X Booth stealthily entered the box, fastened the door, that he might not be followed, 
shot the President, then, waving his pistol, shouted, " Si<3 semper tyrannis '' (so be it 
always to tyrants), and leaped to the stage in front. As he .jirmped, the American 



276 EPOCH V. [1865. 

was ridding his country of a tyrant. The stricken President 
was carried to a private house near by, where, around his 
unconscious body, gathered the most prominent men of 
the nation, who mourned and watched, waiting in vain for 
some sign of recognition, until the next morning, when he 




I>KATH OK OKNKKAL J. E. B. STl'AKT. (Sw n- 

died. The funeral was held on the 19th. It was a day of 
mourning throughout the land. In most of the cities and 
towns, funeral orations were pronounced. The body was 
borne to Springfield over the same route along which Lin- 
coln had come as President elect to Washington. The 

flag drapod before tho box— mute avenger of the nation 's chief ,— caught his spiir, and . 
throwing him heavily, broke his log. The assassin, however, esoaivd in the confu- 
sion, mounted a horse waiting for him, and tied into Maryland, lie was at length 
overtaken in a bam near Bowling Green, Va., where he sto<xi at bay. The building 
was fired to drive him out, but, being determined to defend himself against arrest, he 
was shot by one of the soldiers. The accomplices of Booth were arrested, tried, and 
convicted. Harold, Pa.\-nc, Atzcrott. and Mrs. Surratt were hanged ; Arnold, ^^udd, 
and 0'l>aughlin were imprisoned for life; and Spangler was sentenced for six years. 



1865.] THE CIVIL WAR. 277 

procession may be said to have extended the entire dis- 
tance. The churches, principal buildings, and even the 
engines and cars were draped in black. Almost every citi- 
zen wore the badge of mourning. 

States Added during this Epoch. — IVest Virginia, the 
thirty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union, June 19, 
1863. During the Civil War, this portion of Virginia re- 
maining loyal, it was organized as a separate State. 

J\'erada, the thirty-sixth State, was admitted to the 
Union, October 31, 1864. Its name was derived from the 
range of mountains on the west, the Sierra Nevada, a Span- 
ish title, signifying " Snow-covered mountains ". It was the 
third State carved out of the territory acquired by the 
Mexican war, Texas being the first, and California the sec- 
ond. Its first settlement was at Carson City. It is one of 
the richest mineral States in the Union. 



CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

PAGE 

1861. Abraham Lincoln inaugurated, March 4 215 

Fort Sumter fired upon, April 13 216 

Massachusetts troops fired upon in Baltimore, April 19 .... 217 

Battle of Philippi, Va., June 3 218 

" Big Bethel, Va., June 10 218 

" Boonville, Mo., June 17 221 

" Carthage, Mo., July 5 221 

" BichMountain, Va., July 11 218 

" Carrick'sFord, Va., July 14 . 218 

Battleof Bull Run, Va., July 21 219 

" Wilson's Creek, Mo., August 10 221 

Forts at Hatteras Inlet, N. C, captured, August 29 222 

Battleof Carnif ex Ferry, Va., September 10 218 

" Lexington, Mo., September 20 221 

" Ball's Bluff, Va., October 21 . ... . . . . . 220 

Port Royal, S. C, taken, November 7 . . . . .... 222 

Battle of Belmont, Mo., November 7 221 

Seizure of Mason and Slidell, November 8 223 

Skirmish of Dranesville, Va., December 20 221 

1862. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky., January 19 224 

Fort Henry, Tenn., taken, February 6 234 



278 EPOCH V. [1862. 

PAGE 

1862. Roanoke Island, N. C, taken, February 8 ,..,... . 232 
Fort Donelson, Tenn., taken, February 16 , . . „ . . . . 225 
Battle of Pee Hidge, Ark., March 7, 8 230 

" of the Monitor and the Merrimac, March 9 233 

New Bern, N. C, taken, March 14 232 

Battle of SMloh (Pittsbiirg Landing), Tenn , April 6, 7 225 

Island No. 10 captured, April 7 227 

Fort Piilaski, Ga., captured, April 11 233 

New Orleans captured, April 25 230 

Beaufort, N. C, captured, April 25 232 

Yorktown, "Va.. taken. May 4 235 

Battle of Williamsburg, Va., May 5 236 

Norfolk, Va., surrendered. May 10 235 

Corinth, Miss., taken. May 30 227 

Battle of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines, Va., May 31, June 1 . . . . 238 

Memphis, Tenn., svurendered, June 6 227 

Seven-Days battles, June 25-July 1 239 

Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va., August 9 240 

Second Battle of BuU Run, Va., August 29, 30 241 

Battle of Richmond, Ky., August 30 228 

" ChantiUy, Va., September 1 241 

" South Mountain, Md., September 14 241 

Harper's Ferry surrendered, September 15 241 

Battle of Antietam, Md., September 17 241 

" luka. Miss., September 19 228 

Corinth, Miss., October 4 228 

" PerryviUe, Ky., October 8 228 

" Fredericksburg, Va., December 13 342 

First attack on Vicksburg, Miss., December 29 230 

Battle of Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31, and January 2, 1863 . . 229 

1863. Emancipation Proclamation, January 1 242, 244 

Arkansas Post taken, January 11 230 

Fort Sumter, S. C, bombarded by fleet, April 7 254,255 

Grant's campaign before Vicksburg, May 1-17 244 

Battle of ChancellorsvOle, Va., May 2, 3 250 

West Virginia admitted to the Union, June 19 218, 277 

Battle of Gettysburg, Penn., July 1-3 252 

Vicksburg, Miss., surrendered, July 4 245 

Port Hudson surrendered, July 8 245 

Draft Riot in New York City, July 13-16 252 

Fort Wagner, S. 0., taken, September 7 254 

BattleofChickamauga,Qa., Septembers, 20 246 

" Chattanooga, Tenn., November 24, 25 247 

Siege of Knoxville, Tenn., raised, December 4 250 

1864. Battle of Olustee, Fla., February 20 270 

Fort de Russy captured, March 14 265 

Fort Pillow, Tenn., captiired, April 12 265 

Butler landed at Bermuda Hundred, May 5 . . . , . . . 262 

Battleof Wilderness, Va., May 5, 6 260 



1864.] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 279 

PAGE 

1864. Battle of Spottsylvania, Va.v May 8-12 260 

" Eesaca, Ga., May 14, 15 257 

" New Market, Va., May 15 261 

" DaUas, May 25-28 ' 257 

Cold Harbor, Va., June 3 261 

" Lost Mountain, G-a., June 15-17 257 

Battle between the Kearsarge and the Alabama, June 19 ... . 268 

Battle of KenesawMt., Ga., June 27 257 

" Monocacy, Md., July 9 263 

Battles betore Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, 28 257 

Chambersburg, Pa., burned, July 30 -. . . . 264 

Mine explosion, Petersburg, Va., July 30 262 

Parragut entered Mobile Bay, Ala., August 5 266 

"Weldon Railroad seized, August 18 . 263 

Atlanta, Ga., taken, September 2 257 

Battle of Winchester, Va., September 19 264 

" Fisher'sHill,Va., September 22 264 

" Cedar Creek, Va., October 19 264 

Nevada admitted to the Union, October 31 277 

!Fort McAlister, Ga., taken, December 13 259 

Battle of Nashville, Tenn., December 15, 16 258 

1865. Port Msher, N. C, taken, January 15 267 

Columbia, S. C, taken, Pebruary 17 272 

Charleston, S. C, taken, Pebruary 18 272 

Battles of Averysboro and BentonvQle, N. C, March 15, 18 . . . 272 

Attack on Fort Steadman, Va., March 25 272 

Battle of Pi ve Porks, Va., April 1 273 

Petersburg and Richmond taken, April 2, 3 273 

Lee's army ^-urrendered, April 9 274, 275 

President Lincoln assassinated, April 14 275 

Johnston's army surrendered, April 26 

Jefferson Davis captured. May 10 275 



REFERtNCES FOR READING. 

Draper, Greeley, Stephens, Abbott, Pollard, Lossing, and Headley on the Civil War. — JVicJi- 
ols'' Story of the Great March. — Swinton's Army of the Potomac, and Twelve Decisive Battles. — 
Dabney^s Life of StonevjoU Jackson. — Badeaws Military History of General Grant. — Headley'^s 
Farragut, and Our Naval Commanders — Coffin'' s Days and Nights on the Battle Field.— Boyn- 
Urn's American Navy.Stille''s History of the Sanitary Commission. — JohnsUni's Narrative of 
Military Operatimis.— Harper'' s Pictorial History of the War.—DuycklncK's History, and Lives 
of Eminent Americans.— Harrington''s Inside.— Gillmore''s Among the Guerrillas, and Down in 
Tenn£ssee.—W. G.Simms'' War Poetry of the South.— Richardson's F'leld, Dungeon, and Escape. 
— Hotchkiss and Allan's Battle Fields of Virginia.— Early'' s Army of Northern Virginia. — 
Whittier''s In War Time (Poem).— Cooke'' s Life of General Roliert E. Lee.— Memoirs of Gen. 
W. T. Sh£rman.— Dams' Rise and Fall of the Southern Confederacy.— A Series of Articles on 
the Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Century Magazine, Vol. 2Q.— Campaigns of the Civil 
War.— Coffin'' s " The Boys of '61.'"— Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant. 



280 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 



S< 



4. War in Virginia. 



2. War in the West. 



War on the Sea and 
the Coast. 



Inauguration of Lincoln. 
Condition of the Country. 
Capture of Fort Sumter." 

~ 1. Capture of ArlinKtoD Heights. 

2. Battle of Big Betbel. , 

3. Campaigu in West Virgfnl*. < 

*. Battle of Bull Run. '- 

5. Ball's Bluff. 

War in Missouri. 

the Coast. \ 3. Trent Affilr. 

General Roview of the First Year of the War. 
The Situation. 

' 1. Tlie Federal Strategy. 

2. Capture of Forts Henry and Donelson. 

3. Battle of Shiloh. 

4. Capture of Islau.l Xo. 10. 

5. Brass's Expedition. 

6. Battles ofluka and Corinth. 

7. Battle of Murfrocsboro. 

8. First Vicksburg K.vpedition. 

9. War in Mi^^souri. 
1. Capture of New Orleans. 
'2. Bnrnside's Kxpeditlon. 

3. Florida and Georgia GxptMlitions. 

4. Mcrrimac and Monitor. 



a. General UcCleUan. 

b. General Roeeerane. 

c. General Lee. 



4. War in the East. 



1. The Peninsular Campaign. 



2. Campaign against Pope. 



{I 



4. 
5. 
6. 
17. 
1. 
2. 



Invasion of Maryland. 
. 4. Battle of Fredericksburg. 

General Review of the Second Year of the War. 

The Situation. 

Second Expedition f J- S™"'' '7"' ■ » k . 

„„„;.,.. •\-i„i.>K.,— , ■{ 2. Movement against Pcmbcrton. 

against \ icksbiirg. \ 3. gj^^ of vieksburg. 
War in Tennessee and f .'• J'''" .^'"i'SL""; 

fi^nnrin 1 " Battle of C hickamauga. 

trtorgia. l^ 3. Battle of Chattanoi>ga. 

War in East Tennessee. 

■ar^. :„ tu„ -c-.o* 5 1- Battle of ChaiieellorsTille 

War in the East. j ■>_ Lees 

War on the Sea and the Coast 

General Review of the Third Year of the War. 

The Situation. 

1. Advance upon Atlanta. 

2. Capture of Atlanta. 

3. Hood's Invasion of Tenn. 

4. Sherman's Mareh to the Sea. 

1. Battleof the Wilderness. 

2. Battle of Spottsrirauia. 

5. Battle of Cold Harlwr. , 
4. Attack ou Petersburg. \ 



a. Siege of Torktotrn. 

b. Battle 0/ iniliamsbHrg. 

c. Hicltmotui Threatened. 

d. Jackson in the Shenandoah. 

e. Battle 0/ Fair Oaks. 

f. The f'nion Army Checked. 

g. Seven-Days Battles. 
The Situation. 
Lee's Plan. 

Second Battle 0/ Bull Bun. 
The Situation. 

Battle 0/ South Mountain. 
Capture of Harper's Ferry, 
Battle of Antietam. 



i> of ChaiieellorsTille. ,. /,.•.«/,« 

Second Invasion of the North. { J; j^tj^'^-.u^burg. 



War In Tennessee and 
Georgia. 



S. War in Virginia. 



2. 



Red River Expedition. 

War on the Sea and 
the Coast. 



5. Siege of Richmond. 

6. Earlv's Raid. 
. 7. Sheridan's Campaign in the Shenandoah Valley 



a. The Situation. 

b. Grant's Plan. 

a. Mine £rplosion. 

b. Attack upon Ike Weldon Railroad. 



1. Expedition against Mobile. 

2. Expedition against Fort Fisher. 
) 3. The Blivkade. 
L 4. Confederate Cruisers. 

The Sanitarv- and Christian Commissions. 

Political .\rfairs at the North 

General Review of the Fourth Year of the War. 

Situation. 

Sherman's March through the Carolinas. 

r 1. Lee's Hope and Grant's Plan. 

Siege of Richmond. J 5; ^i'.tul'oTFi've Vork"^""'"' 

- . „ , L 4. Capture of Petersburg and Kichmond. 

Lee's Surrender. 
Cost of the War. 
Assassination of Lincoln. 
States addetl during this Epoch. 




Ck>pyrig/U, 18: 



^ 



gPO U H VL 



REGONSTRUGTION AND 



m;- 




PASSING EVENTS, 



'''jgf^m 




FROM IR65 

TO THE PRESENT OSTE. 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(SEVENTEENTH PRESIDENT: 1865-1869.) 

THE death of Lincoln prodTiced no disorder, and within 
three hours thereafter the Vice-President, Andrew 
Johnson, quietly assumed the duties of the Presidency. 

Disbanding of the Army. — At the close of the war, the 
Union army numbered 1,000,000 soldiers. Within six 
months, they had nearly all returned home. Thus the 
mightiest host ever called to the field by a republic went 
back without disturbance to the tranquil pursuits of civil 
life. In a short time, there was nothing to distinguish the 
soldier from the citizen, except the recollection of his 
bravery. Other nations prophesied that such a vast army 

Qurstionx on the Oeof/rnjilii/ of the Sixth i?/)oc/*.— Locate Raleigh. Heart'sCon- 
tent, and St. John's, Newfoundland (see map, Epoch H.). Alaska. St. Albans, Vt. 
Buffalo. Mt. Pleasant, O. (map. Epoch v.). West Point. Chicago. Boston. Duluth. 
Puget's Sound. San Francisco. Klamath Liava Beds, Oregon. 

* Andrew Johnson was bom in Raleigh, N. C, 1808 ; died, 1875. When ten years 
old, he was apprenticed to a tailor. Never having been at school, he yet detennined to 
secure an education. From a fellow- workman, ho learned the alphabet, and from a 
friend, something of spelling. Thenceforth, after working ten to twelve hours per 
day at his trade, he spent two or three hours every night in study. Tn 1836, he went 
west to seek his fortune, with true iilial affection carrying with him his mother, 
who was dependent on his labor for support. After his marriage at Greenville, Tenn., 



282 EPOCH VI. [1865. 

could not be disbanded peaceably. The republic, by this 
final triumph of law and order, proved itself the most 
stable government in the world.* 

Domestic Affairs. — Reconstnirtion Policy of the Presi- 
dent. — Johnson recognized the State governments that, 
during the war, had been formed in Virginia, Tennessee, 
Arkansas, and Louisiana, luuler the protection of the 
Union army. In the other States, he appointed provisional 
governors, and authorized the calling of conventions to 
form loyal governments. These conventions accordingly 
met, repealed the ordinances of secession, repudiated the 
Confederate war debt, and ratified the amendment which 
Congress had offered abolishing slavery. On these condi- 
tions, Johnson claimed that the States, having never been 
legally out of the Union, should be restored to their rights 
in the Union. He also issued a proclamation of pardon to 
those who had engaged in secession, except certain classes,! 
on the condition of taking the oath of allegiance to the 
United States. 

In 1868, on Christmas day — most fitting time for deeds 
of good-will — a universal amnesty was declared. 

The Tliirteenth Amendment^ abolishing slavery, having 
been ratified by the States, was declared (December 18, 
1865) duly adopted as a part of the Constitution of the 
United States. 

he continued his studies under the instruction of his wife, pursuing his trade as 
before by day. His political life commenced with his election as alderman. He was 
successively cliosen mayor, member of legislature, presidential elector, State senator, 
congressman, governor, and United States senator. 

♦ A grand review of the armies of Grant and Sherman, two hundred thousand 
strong, took place in the presence of the President and hln Cabinet. For twelve hours, 
this triumphal procession, thirty miles long, massed in solid column twenty men 
deep, rolled through the broad avenues of the Capital. 

+ Many of the pei-sons thus exchided obtained pai"dons from the President by per- 
sonal application. One complaint against him was the readiness with which he 
granted such pardons. 



1865.] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 283 

Public Debt. — The annual interest on the debt was now 
(August 31, 1865) over $150,000,000. The revenue from 
duties on imported goods, taxes on manufactures, incomes, 
etc., and from the sale of revenue stamps, was $322,000,000. 
This provided not only for the current expenses of the 
government, and the payment of interest, but also for the 
gradual extinction of the debt. It is a striking evidence of 
the abundant resources of the country that, in 1866, be- 
fore all the extra troops called out by the war had been 
discharged, the debt had been diminished $71,000,000. 

Reconstruction Policy of Congress. — On the assembling of 
Congress, decided ground was taken against the policy of 
the President. It was claimed that Congress alone had 
power to prescribe the conditions for the admission of the 
seceded States. His proclamation and orders were treated 
as of no value. The Freedmen's Bureau, Civil Rights, and 
Tenure-of-Office bills * were all passed over the President's 
veto. 

TJie Seceded States Admitted. — Tennessee promptly rati- 
fied the Fourteenth Amendment, and was restored to her 
former position in the Union. The other provisional gov- 
ernments having refused to do so, a bill was passed placing 
those States under military rule. The generals in com- 
mand caused a registry of voters to be made, and elections 
to be held for conventions to remodel the State constitu- 
tions. After a bitter and protracted struggle, governments 
were finally established in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, 
Louisiana, and North and South Carolina,! and their repre- 

* The first bill provided for the establishment of a department of the national 
government for the care and protection of the freedmen, i. e., the emancipated 
slaves, and also of the destitute whites at the South. The second bill guaranteed to 
the negroes the rights of citizenship. The third bill made the consent of the Senate 
necessary to the removal by the President of any person from a civil oflQce. 

t As a requisite demanded by Congress for holding office, every candidate was 
obliged to swear that he had not participated in the secession movement. Since 



284 EPOCHVI. [1868. 

sentatives admitted to Congress (1868), over the Presi- 
dent's veto, after an unrepresented period of seven years. 

Impeachment of the Fresident. — The constantly-increas- 
ing hostility between the President and Congress came to 
an issue when the former attempted to remove Edwin M. 
Stanton, Secretary of War. This being considered a vio- 
lation of the Tenure-of-Office bill, the impeachment of the 
President was at last ordered (1868). After a tedious trial, 
he was acquitted, the two thirds majority necessary for 
conviction lacking one vote. 

TJie Fourteenth Amendment proposed by Congress, guar- 
anteeing equal civil rights to all, regardless of race or color, 
and basing representation in each State on the number of 
voters, was adopted (July 28, 1868). 

Fenian Excitement (1866). — The Fenians, a secret so- 
ciety organized for the purpose of delivering Ireland from 
British rule, crossed the Canadian frontier at Buffalo, N, Y., 
and St. Albans, A^t., in large numb'ers. President Johnson 
issued a proclamation declaring the movement a violation 
of our neutrality, and sent thither General Meade to exe- 
cute the laws. After some skirmishing with British troops, 
the expedition returned. 

Foreign Affairs. — Purchase of Alaska (October, 1867). — 
Througli the diplomacy of William H. Seward, Secretary 
of State, Alaska was purchased of Russia for $7,200,000 
in gold. It contains about 500,000 square miles, and is 
valuable for its harbors, furs, fisheries, and rich gold fields. 

Tlve French in Mexico. — While the United States was ab- 
sorbed in the Civil War, Napoleon IIL, Emperor of France, 
took advantage of the opportunity to secure a foothold in 



few Southerners could take this " iron-clad oath ", as it was termed, most of the 
representatives were Northern men wlio had gone south after the war, and were, 
therefore, called " carpet-buggei-s ". 



1867,] 



JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 



285 



America. By the assistance of the French army, the im- 
perialists of Mexico defeated the Uberals, and MaximiHan, 
Archduke of Austria, was chosen emperor. The United 
States government protested against the measure, Irut was 
then unable to enforce the "Monroe Doctrine". When the 
American people were relieved from the pressure of civil 
strife, they turned their attention to the Mexicans hope- 




mi \ 1 I \\ M 



lessly struggling for libertj^, and the United States gov- 
ernment demanded of Napoleon the recall of the French 
troops. Maximilian, deprived of foreign aid, was defeated, 
and, falling into the hands of the Mexican liberals, was 
shot (June 19, 1867). This ended the dream of French 
dominion on this continent. 

Laying of the Atlantic Cable. — While these great polit- 
ical events were happening, science achieved a peaceful 
triumph whose importance far transcended the victories of 



286 EPOCH VI. [1866. 

diplomatic or military skill. A telegraphic cable 1,864 
miles in length, was laid from Valentia Bay, in Ireland, 
to Heart's Content, Newfoundland.* The two continents 
were tlius brought into almost instant communication. 

Treaty icith Clujicv (1868). — An embassy from the 
Chinese Empire, luider the charge of Anson Burlingame, 
American ambassador to China, visited the United States. 
It was the first event of its kind in the history of that 
exclusive nation. A treaty was perfected, granting to 
us valuable commercial privileges. 

Political Parties. — The repubhcan party nominated 
General Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois, for President, and 
Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, for Vice-President. The 
democratic party nominated Horatio Seymour, of New 
York, and General Frank P. Blair, of Missouri. Virginia, 
Mississippi, and Texas were not allowed to vote. As the 
other Southern States had been "reconstructed", had 
granted negro suffrage, and enforced a strict registry law, 
they were permitted to participate in the election. Grant 
and Colfax were elected. 

* The success of this enterprise was due to the energy of Cyrus W. Field. In 
1856, the line was finished from New York to St. John's, Newfoundland, a distance 
of over 1,000 miles. A company was then formed with a capital of about $1,750,000. 
A cable was made, but in an attempt to lay it (August, 1857), the cable parted. A 
second attempt, in June, 1858, failed after repeated trials. A third effort, in July, 
was successful. A message was sent from the Queen of England to the President, 
and a reply transmitted. A celebration was held in New York in honor of the 
event, but on that veiy day (September 1) the cable ceased to work. The time and 
money spent seemed a total loss. Mr. Pield alone was undismayed. The comi)any 
was rev-ived, $3,000,000 were subscribed, and a new cable was manufactured. In 
July, 1865, the Great Eastern commenced laying this cable, but in mid-ocean it 
parted and sunk to the bottom. Again Mr. Field went to work, raised a new com- 
pany with a capital of $3,000,000, and made a third cable. The Great Eastern 
sailed with this in June, 1806, and successfully accomplished the feat. To make 
the triumph more complete, the vessel sailed back to the very spot whore the cable 
of 1865 had parted, and, dropping grappling-irons, caught the lost cable, brought 
it to the surface, and, splicing it, laid the remaining portion. The two cables were 
found to work admirably. A dispatch has been sent across the ocean by a battery 
made in a gun-cap. 



1869.] grant's administration. 287 

GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(EiaHTEENTH PRESIDENT— TWO TERMS: 1869-1877.) . 

Domestic Affairs. — Pacific Railroad. — The year 1869 
was made memorable by the opening of this road, which 
completed the union between the Atlantic and the Pacific. 
The traveler can now pass from New York to San Fran- 
cisco, a distance of about 3,300 miles, in less than a week. 
This great highway has linked the West to the East by 
iron bands, has carried thousands of pioneers into the 
hitherto wild country along its route, developed fresh 
sources of industry and mines of wealth, and opened the 
United States to the silks, teas, and spices of Asia. 
American ingenuity has solved the problem which foiled 

* Hiram Ulysses Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, April 27, 1822. He 
"was unwilling to follow his father's ti'ade, that of a tanner, and, at seventeen, he 
secured an appointment to West Point. His name having been wrongly regis- 
tered. Grant vainly attempted to set the matter right, but finally accepted his 
" manifest destiny ", assumed the change thus forced upon him, and thenceforth 
signed himself "Ulysses Simpson", the latter being Ms mother's family name. 
Two years after completing his four-years coiirse as cadet, the Mexican War broke 
out, in which Grant conducted himSelf with great gallantry, receiving especial 
mention and promotion. He then retired to private life, where he remained until 
the opening of the Civil War. Having been appointed to command a company of 
volunteers, he took it to Springfield, where he became aid to Governor Yates, and 
was finally commissioned as colonel of the 21st Illinois regiment. His military and 
political career was henceforth a part of the country's history. A plain, quiet, 
gentle, unostentatious, reticent man, he attracted little attention to himself per- 
sonally. But his inflexible resolution, that held steadily to its purpose through 
every delay and disaster ; his fertility of resource to meet each movement of his 
wary opponents ; his power of handling great masses of men, and of maneuvering 
in concert the widely-separated Federal armies; his unruffled calmness, alike in 
moments of defeat and of triumph ; his qiaick decision and prompt action in a great 
emergency, as if he had foreseen and prepared for it ; above all, his sublime faith 
in his ultimate and perfect success, inspired his companions-in-arms with an intense 
devotion, and made him seem to them the very " incarnation of the cause for which 
they were fighting ". After the close of his presidential terms, he made the tour of 
the world. During this extended journey, he was every-where received with 
marked enthusiasm and honor, and his dignified and consistent conduct shed luster 
upon the country he represented. He died at Mount McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. 
People from all parts of the once-severed country united in sympathy for his loss. 



288 EPOCH VI. [1869. 

Columbus and the olden navigators. It has made for 
itself a route to India. 

The FifteentJh Aniendmeut, which guarantees to all the 
right of suffrage, irrespective of "race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude ", having been ratified by the requi- 
site number of States, was formally announced as a part 
of the Constitution (March 30, 1870). 

Prosperity of the Country— ^\\Q nation rapidly recovered 
from the effects of war. The price of gold fell to 110, and 
the national debt was reduced $200,000,000 during the 
first two years of this administration. The bitter feelings 
engendered by fraternal strife fast melted away.* The cen- 
sus of 1870 showed that the population of the United States 
was over 38,000,000, an increase of about 7,000,000, while 
the manufacturing establishments of the country had nearly, 
if not quite, doubled in number and value during the pre- 
ceding decade. 

Fires. — 1. A great fire broke out in Chicago, Sunday 
night, October 8, 1871, For two days, it raged with tre- 
mendous violence, devastating 3,000 acres,' Twenty-five 
thousand buildings were burned, $200,000,000 worth of 
property was destroyed, and 100,000 persons were ren- 



• Thougli the nation was still agitated by political strife — the ground-swell, as it 
were, of the recent terrible storm— the country was rapidly taking on the appearance 
and ways of peace. The South was slowly adjusting herself to the novel conditions 
of free labor. The soldiers retained somewhat their martial air ; but "blue-coats" 
and " gray-coats " were every-where to be seen engaged in quiet avocations. The 
ravages of war were fast disappearing. Nature had already sown grass and quick- 
growing plants upon the battle-fields where contending armies had struggled. 

*' There were domes of white blossoms where swelled the white tent ; 
Thei-e were plows in the track where the war-wagons went ; 
There were songs where they lifted up Rachel's lament."— i?. F. Taylor. 

Strangely symbolloal of the new era of growth which had dawned on the nation, a 
wanderer over the cannon-plowed slope of Cemetery Ridge found a broken drum, in 
which a swarm of bees were building their comb and storing honey gathered from 
the flowers gi'owing on that soil so rich with Union and Confederate blood. 



1871.] grant's administration. 289 

dered homeless. Contributions for the sufferers were 
taken in nearly all parts of the world, and over $7,500,000 
were raised. 2. During the same autumn, wide-spread con- 
flagrations raged in the forests of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and 
Michigan. Entire villages were consumed. One thousand 
five hundred people perished in Wisconsin alone. 3. An 
extensive fire occurred in Boston, November 9, 1872. It 
swept over sixty acres in the center of the wholesale 
trade of that city, and destroyed $70,000,000 worth of 
property. 

Foreign Affairs. — Ti^eaiy of Washington. — The refusal of 
the English government to pay for the damages to American 
commerce caused by the Alabama and other Confederate 
cruisers (p. 268), produced bitter feeling, and even threat- 
ened war. A high commission, composed of distinguished 
statesmen and jurists from both countries, met in Washing- 
ton, and arranged the basis of a treaty between the United 
States and Great Britain, settling this and other causes of 
dispute (1871). According to its provisions, the claim for 
losses was submitted to a board of arbitrators, who, hav- 
ing convened at Geneva, Switzerland, awarded the United 
States $15,500,000f'^/^The difficulty with regard to the 
North-western boundary between the United States and 
British America was submitted to the Emperor of Germany, 
and was decided in favor of the United States. Thus, hap- 
pily, all danger of war was averted, and the great principle 
of the settlement of disputes by peaceful arbitration rather 
than by the sword was finally established. 

Proposed Annexation of San Domingo.* — This republic, 

* The island of San Domingo is the new world's classic land. Here Columbus 
founded the first white colony on this side of the Atlantic, and, transporting hither 
animals, trees, shrubs, vines, and gi-ains, grafted the old world upon the new. 
T£ither, also, flocked the adventurous, ambitious Spanish multitude (p. 26). Great 
cities sprung up, rivaling the majestic proportions of Moorish capitals. Mag- 



290 



EPOCH VI. 



[1871. 



comprising a large part of the island of Hayti, applied for 
admission to the United States. A commission of eminent 
men, appointed by the President to visit the island and 
examine its condition, reported favorably. The measure, 
however, was rejected by Congress. 

Political Parties. — The liberal republican party, consist- 
ing of republicans opposed to the administration, nomi- 
nated Horace Greeley,* of New York, for the presidential 
term commencing 1873. The democratic party indorsed 

nificent enterprises were set on foot" and prospered. Here Ponce de Leon renewed 
his ambition, and set forth afresh on an expedition to Porto Rico, and thence to 
Florida, in search of the Fountain of Youth (p. 26). A century before Henry Hud- 
son sailed up the noblo river that perpetuates his name— more than a century before 
the Puritans landed at Plymouth Rock— the city of San Domingo was a rich and 
populous center of industry and trade. 

* Horace Greeley was born at Amherst, N. H., 1811 ; died, 1872. At two years of 
age, he began to study the newspapers given him for amusement ; and at four, could 
read any thing placed before 
him. At six, he was able to 
spell any word in the En- 
glish language, was some- 
what versed in geography 
and arithmetic, and had read 
the entire Bible. His passion 
for books increased with his 
years, and, at an early age, 
he determined to bo a printer. 
At fifteen, he entered the 
office of the Northern Spec- 
tator, in East Poultney, Vt. 
His wages were forty dollars 
a year, the greater part of 
which was saved and sent to 
nis father, then struggling in 
poverty upon a farm in Penn- 
sylvania. The Spectator hav- 
ing failed, in 18.31 Greeley 
went to New York. He landed 
with ten dollars and a scanty 
outfit tied in a handkerchief. 
Franklin-like, he traversed 

the streets in search of work,— a long, stooping, stockingless figure, in linen round- 
about, short trousers, and drooping hat, with his out-grown cotton wristbands made 
to meet \vith twine. Diligence, integrity, and ability won him a ready rise when 



4 




HORACE GREELET, FOUNDER OF THE TRIBUNE. 



1872.] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 291 

this nomination. The repubhcans renominated President 
Grant, who was elected. 

Grant's Second Term — Domestic Affairs. — The Modoc 
Indians having refused to stay upon their reservation in 
Oregon, troops were sent against tJiem. The savages there- 
upon retreated to their fastnesses in tlie Lava Beds. The 
peace commissioners, hoping to arrange the difficulty, held 
a conference with the chiefs. In the midst of the council, 
the Indians treacherously slew General Canby and Rev, 
Dr. Thomas, and wounded Mr. Meachem. The Modocs 
were then bombarded in their stronghold, and finally 
forced to surrender. 

Railroad Panic. — In the autumn of 1873, Jay Cooke 
& Co., bankers of Philadelphia, having engaged too exten- 
sively in railroad schemes, failed. A financial crisis 
ensued, and hundreds of prominent firms all over the 
Union were involved in ruin. A settled stringency of the 
money market and a stagnation of business followed, 

Centennial Anniversaries. — The year 1875, being the 
hundredth anniversary of the flret year of the Revolu- 
tionary War, was marked by various centennial observ- 
ances. April 19, the battles of Lexington and Concord 
were celebrated with patriotic pride. May 20, the citi- 

employment was at last secured. Ten years later, lie founded the New York Trib- 
une. He served in Congress in 1848-''49, where he was known for his opposition to 
the abuses of the mileage system. When civil war seemed imminent, he advocated 
a peaceable division of the country ; but after it opened, he urged a vigorous prose- 
cution of hostilities. At the close of the war, ,e pleaded for immediate conciliation, 
and was a signer of the bail-bond which restoied Jefferson Davis to liberty after 
two years' imprisonment in JFort Monroe. Horace Greeley was pure, simple, and 
conscientious in character. He had a peculiar disregard for dress, and neglected 
many of the courtesies of society ; but he was a true gentleman at heart, and pos- 
sessed rare gifts in conversation. He was fond of agriculture, and spent his leisure 
days on his farm at Chappaqua. Just before the close of the presidential canvass, 
his wife died, and this, together with the desertion of friends and the excitement 
of the contest, unsettled his mind. He was carried to a private asylum, where 
he died (1872). 



292 EPOCH VI. [1875. 

zens of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, honored the 
memory of those who, at Charlotte, signed a Declaration of 
Independence only ten days after the capture of Ticonderoga. 
June 17 witnessed, at Bunker Hill, an unprecedented gath- 
ering from all parts of the country, Northern and Southern 
soldiers vying in devotion to the flag of the Union. 

'fhe Centennial Exhibition. — To commemorate the 
signing of the Declaration of Independence, an exhibition 
of the arts and industries of all nations was held at Phila- 
delphia, during the summer of 1876. The beautiful 
grounds of Fairmount Park were the scene of this impos- 
ing display. The lower floor of the Main Exhibition Build- 
ing, exclusive of the annexes, covered 20.02 acres. There 
were more than two hundred smaller structures scattered 
over the extensive grounds.* The exhibition lasted six 
months. The total number of visitors was 9,910,966. 

War with the Sioux (1876).t — The Sioux Indians hav- 
ing refused to go upon the reservation assigned them by 
treaty, a force of regular troops was sent against them. 
General Custer led the advance with the Seventh Cavalry, 
while General Terry moved up the Big Horn to attack 
them in the rear. On the 25th of June, General Custer 
suddenly came upon the enemy. Without waiting for 
support, he detached Colonel Reno with three companies to 
fall upon the back of the Indian village, while he charged 
the savages in front. A desperate conflict ensued. Gen- 
eral Custer, his two brothers, his nephew, and every one 

* Soe Barnes' Hundred Years of American Independence, a chapter of which is 
devoted to the Centennial Exhibition. 

+ A conference at Fort Laramie, .Tune, 1866, coiild not prevail tipon the Indian 
chiefs present to cede a wagon route to Montana, but troops, under Colonel Carrington, 
of the 18th Infantry, established military posts on the line. Red Cloud and othere 
at once began war. The massacre of Petterman's party of 81 officers and men, De- 
cember 21, 1866, which was as tragic as that of General Custer's command, closed 
the first of a series of hostilities which lasted for twelve years thereafter 




Battle of the Biy Horn. — Death of Custer. 



1876.] GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 293 

of his men were killed. Colonel Reno was surrounded, 
but held his ground on the bluffs until reinforcements 
arrived. The Indians were soon beaten on every hand. 

Political Parties. — The republican party nominated 
Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, for President, and Wm. A. 
Wlieeler, of New York, for Vice-President. The demo- 
cratic party chose Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, and 
Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana. The independent 
greenback party selected Peter Cooper, of New York, and 
Samuel F. Gary, of Ohio. This presidential campaign 
was so hotly contested between the republicans and the 
democrats, and such irregularities were charged against 
the elections in Oregon, South Carolina, Florida, and Loui- 
siana, that both these parties claimed the victory. In. 
order to settle the dispute. Congress agreed to refer the 
contested election returns to a Joint Electoral Commis- 
sion, composed of five senators, five representatives, and 
five judges of the Supreme Court. This body decided 
that 185 electoral votes had been cast for Hayes and 
Wheeler, and 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. The repub- 
lican candidates were therefore declared to be elected.* 

* The principal political questions which agitated the country during this cam- 
paign were the Southern policy of the government, and the civil service reform. 
(1.) It was held on one side that negroes and republicans at the South were intimi- 
dated by force and prevented from voting, and that the presence of the United 
States troops was necessary to the preservation of the rights of the citizens, free 
discussion, a free ballot, and an enforcement of the laws. It was asserted, on the 
other side, that the use of the troops for such purposes was unconstitutional ; that 
the intimidation was only imaginary, or could be readily controlled by the local 
authorities; and that the presence of the military provoked violence, and was a 
constant insult and menace to the States. (2.) President Jackson, as we have seen 
(p. 175), introduced into our politics the principle of "rotation in office". This 
policy steadily gained favor until Marcy's maxim, "To the victors belong the 
spoils ", became the commonly-accepted view; and, after every important election, 
the successful party was accustomed to fill even the menial offices of government 
with its favorites. Under such a system, the qualification of the applicant was of 
much less importance than the service he had done the party. Hayes promised to 
make " no dismissal except for cause, and no promotion except for merit ". 



294 



EPOCU VI. 



[18T7. 



HAYES' ADMINISTRATION.* 



(NrNETEENTH PRESIDENT: 1877-1881.) 

Domestic Affairs. — U. S. Troops at the South Witii- 
drawii. — President Hayes' Southern policy was one of 
conciliation. The troops ■which had hitherto sustained 
the republican State governments in South Carolina and 
Louisiana were withdrawn, and democratic officials at 
once took control of the local affairs. 

A Great Railroad 
Strike was inaugurated 
by the workmen on the 
Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road in the ^summer of 
18 77, which quickly 
spread to other roads 
and paralyzed traffic on 
nearly all the principal 
roads in the Northern 
States. Alarming riots 
occurred in many cities, 
and regular troops and 
militia were required to disperse the rioters. At Pittsburgh 
scores of lives were lost and several million dollars' worth 
of property was destroyed before order was finally restored. 

• Rutherford B. Hayes -was born in Delaware, Ohio, 1822. At sixteen, he entered 
Kenyon College, where he was graduated as valedictorian of his cl;iss. After pass- 
ing through the Harvard Law School, he was admitted to the bar in 1845. At the 
breaking out of the Civil War, he received a eonnnission as major of the Twenty- 
third Ohio Volunteei-s. In camp, he proved attentive to the wants of his men ; in 
battle, he inspired tliem with his own dashing bravery. While yet in the field, 
he was elected to Congress, where he served two terms. Soon after, he wa"? chosen 
governor of Ohio, being twice re-elected— the last time after a brilliant, hard-money 
campaign which attracted national attention. He died in 1893. 




jaor AT rnrsiaiioii, v\. 



1881.] HAYES' ADMINISTRATION. 295 

Changes in Currency. — In 1873, Congress demonetized 
silver, and made gold the sole standard of currency ; but, 
in 1878, the "Bland Bill " was passed, making silver also a 
legal tender. Then, in 1879, the government resumed 
specie payments — that is, began to pay gold for its paper 
money; and, for the first time since 1862, gold sold at par. 

Foreign Affairs. — Fishery Aiuai^d (1878). — Difficulties 
having arisen between the United States and Great Britain 
concerning the fisheries of the North-eastern coast, the 
matter was referred, by the Treaty of Washington (p. 289), 
to a commission for adjudication. This body awarded 
Great Britain the sum of $5,500,000. 

Treaties icith China (1880). — Two treaties between 
China and the United States were signed at Pekin, — one 
in relation to commerce, and the other granting to our 
government the regulation of the Chinese immigration. 

Political Parties. — The noininees for President and Vice- 
President were : republican, James A. Garfield of Ohio, 
and Chester A. Arthur of New York ; democratic, Winfield 
S. Hancock of Pennsylvania, and William H. English of 
Indiana; greenback-labor, James B. Weaver of Iowa, and 
Benjamin J. Chambers of Texas. The republican candi- 
dates were elected. 

GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWENTIETH AJND TWENTY-FIBST PRESIDENTS: 1881-1885.) 

The Inauguration of the twentieth President marked 
the hundredth year after the close of the Revolutionary 
War, and the twentieth year from the beginning of the 
Civil War. 

* James Abram Garfield was born in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1831. His father 
cleared a small farm in what was then a wilderness, and dying soon after the birth 
of his illustrious son, left his family in great poverty. Brought up amidst stem 



296 EPOCH VI. 1881, 

Assassitiation of Preside fU Garfield (1881). — On the 
morning of July 2, the country was shocked by the news 
that the President, while standing in the railroad station 

at Washington, had 
been shot. The start- 
ling tidings produced 
an effect similar to 
that occasioned by the 
death of Lincoln. The 
wounded President 
lay for weeks hover- 
ing between life and 
death, an example of 
patience, fortitude, 

suiTOundings, Ms education 
was neglected ; but in his eight- 
eenth year he was seized ■with 
a desire for knowledge, and dur- 
ing one or two winters attended 
a school at some distance from 
his home, paying his way by working afternoons and holidays at such employ- 
ment as he could procure. After mastering the elementary branches, he taught 
a district school, meanwhile preparing himself for college. He entered Williams 
College in 1854, from which he was graduated with credit. Soon after, he accepted 
a Professorship in an Institute at Hiram, Ohio. On the outbreak of the war, 
Garfield offered his services to his countrj', and was commissioned as Lieut.- 
Colonel, and, subsequently, as Colonel of the 42d Ohio Volunteers. He took 
part in the siege of Corinth and in the battle of Chickamauga, and was pro- 
moted to Major-Gteneral. "While in the field, he was elected to Congress. In 
this new sphere, he found opportunity for the development of those rare poUt- 
ical abilities which he exhibited in so marked a degree. Well versed in the 
Bcience of government, he was a wise and prudent legislator. As a member of 
some of the most important committees of the House, he molded and influenced 
many important economic measures, and was, in 1871, recognized as the leader 
of his party in the House. So acceptably had he served his constituents during 
his long period of office as Representative, that he was chosen United States 
Senator from Ohio. Before, however, ho could taJce his seat, he was nominated 
for the Presidency. Prank, generous, modest, and winning in manner, he was 
beloved and respected even by his political opponents. An earnest and dili- 
gent student, a profound thinker and an able orator, be brought to the Presi- 
dency a wealth of knowledge, accomplishments, and experience such aa few of 
our Presidents have possessed. 



I 




^.\uli..- A. OAKFIELD. 



1885.] Garfield's administration. 297 

and courage. In the hope that sea air would be bene- 
ficial, he was removed to Long Branch, N. J., and from 
there to Elberon, where he died on the 19th of September. 
Vice-President Arthur* now took the oath of office, and 
assumed the duties of President. 

A Civil Service Bill (p. 293) was passed (1883). It 
aimed to regulate, by means of examinations, the system 
of civil service appointments and promotions. 

Letter-postage was reduced from three cents to two 
cents for each half ounce in 1883, and, in 1885, to two 
cents an ounce. 

Alaska. — In 1884, a bill was approved, organizing the 
extensive territory of Alaska into a civil and judicial 
district, with the temporary seat of government at Sitka. 

Political Parties. — The nominees for President and Vice- 
President were : democratic, Grover Cleveland of New York, 
and Thomas A. Hendricks (p. 293) of Indiana; republican, 
James G. Blaine of Maine, and John A. Logan of Illinois ; 
people's party, B. F. Butler of Massachusetts, and A. M. 
West of Mississippi; national prohibition party, J. P. St. 
John of Kansas, and William Daniel of Maryland. The 
democratic candidates were elected. 

CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION.t 

(TWENTY-SECOND PRESIDENT: 1885-1889.) 

The Inauguration of the new President brought the 
democratic party into power for the first time since 

* Chester A. Arthur was horn at Fairfield, Vt., 1830. He was graduated at 
Union College, and, having studied law, was admitted to the bar, where he soon 
obtained a high position. During the Civil War, he served as Quartermaster- 
General of the State of New York. In 1872, he was appointed Collector of the 
Port of New York City, and retained this post six years. He died in 1886. 

+ Grover Cleveland was born in Caldwell, New Jersey, March 18, 1837. Shortly 
after, his father, a Presbyterian clergyman, moved to Central New York. It was 



298 



EPOCH VI. 



[1885. 



Buchanan left the White House, shortly before the out- 
break of the Civil War. 

Domestic Affairs. — <^i rresidential Succession Lnro was 

passed (1886) pro- 
viding that if, at any- 
time, there should 
be no President or 
Vice-President, the 
office of President 
should devolve upon 
a member of the 
cabinet, the order of 
succession being as 
follows : the Sec- 
retaries of State, 
Treasury, and War, 
the Attorney-Gen- 
eral, the Postmaster- 
General, the Secre- 
tary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Interior. 

Strikes and L(d)or Disturhnnccs greatly injured busi- 
ness prosperity. In many instances, railroad traftic was 
suspended, switches were misplaced, trains derailed, and 
valuable property destroyed. In Chicago, May 4th, 1886, 
the police attempted to scatter a body of anarchists, when 

before the days of railroads, and the journey was made by schooner up the ITudson 
to Albany, and thence by packet on the Erie Canal. Younjj: Grover was pureiiing 
his academic studies when his father's death left him, at sixt<>on, without a dollar 
to continue his education. Having made several efforts to earn his living, he bor- 
rowed $25, and started west to carve his fortime. At Buffalo, he entered a law 
office, began on Blackstone at once, and, in 1859, was admitted to the bar. His 
"marked indxistry, unpretentious courage, and unswerving honesty" won him 
rapid promotion. In 180."}, he entered political life, filling, in succession, the offices 
of Assistant District-Attorney, Sheriff, and !Mayor. Being nominated as the can- 
didate of reform, he was elected, in 1882, as Governor of New York by a majority 
of 192,854, a vote which gave him a national reputation. 




GROVER CLEVELAND. 



1886.] Harrison's administration. 299 

a bomb was thrown, resulting in the death of seven po- 
licemen and the injury of many others. 

Earthquake Shochs, beginning on the evening of Aug. 
31,1886, and continuing at intervals for months, wrought 
special damage at Charleston, S. C. Many people were 
killed or wounded by falling masonry ; and public and pri- 
vate buildings, venerable churches, and historic edifices 
were destroyed or irretrievably damaged. 

Political Parties. — The question of the tariff (see pp. 
173, 174) was once more brought before the public. The 
democrats, who advocated a reduction of the duties on 
imports, renominated Grover Cleveland for President, 
with Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for Vice-President ; the 
republican (protectionist) candidates were Benjamin Har- 
rison, of Indiana, and Levi P. Morton, of New York. The 
prohibition party named Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, 
and John A. Brooks, of Missouri. Besides these there 
were five other tickets in the field. The republican candi- 
dates were elected. 

HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWENTY-THIRD PRESIDENT: 1889-1893.) 

Domestic Affairs. — The Johnstown Flood, May 31, 
1889, was caused by the breaking of a reservoir dam 
during a severe freshet. An immense avalanche of water 
swept through the Conemaugh Valley (Penn.), destroying 
over $10,000,000 in property and bringing death to many 
hundreds of people. 

♦Benjamin Harrison was born at North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. His 
father was John Scott Harrison, farmer; his grandfather, William Henry- 
Harrison. Governor, General, and President (see p. 180); and his great-grand- 
father, Benjamin Harrison (see p. 337), one of the signers of the Declaration 
of Independence. Until about the age of fourteen years, Benjamin was edu- 
cated mainly at home. He then studied for two yeai-s at Parmer's College, 
Tiear Cincinnati, q,fter which he entered Miaini University, where he graduated 



800 



EPOCH VI. 



[1890. 




The Tariff. — In 1890 the republican majority in Con- 
gress passed the McKinley Act, which raised the average 

rate of duties. 

India n Troubles. — In 
the autumn of 1890 the 
Sioux Indians of the 
North-west became rest- 
ive. They beUeved that 
an Indian Messiah was 
coming to avenge their 
wrongs and to extermi- 
nate the white men. In 
December several thou- 
sand excited Indians were 
encamped at Wounded 
Knee, in South Dakota. 
An attempt to disarm the 
warriors resulted in a battle on the 2 8th, in which 200 were 
killed, including many Indian women and children ; but 
within twenty days the Indians were all disarmed. 

Ballot Be forj)i. — Since 1888 most of the States have 
adopted the Australian ballot system, with various modifi- 
cations. The main object of this widespread reform was 
to diminish corrupt practices in elections; and this was 
effected (1) by adopting official ballots printed at public 
expense, and (2) by securing to the voter absolute privacy 
in preparing his ballot for voting. 

in 1852. Choosing the law as his profession, he was iluly admitted to the bar, 
and established himself in Tndianaiwlis. Upon the breaking out of the Civil 
War, ho enlisted in the senice of his country, in which he remained till the 
close of hostilities. Commissioned as Colonel of the 70th Indiana Vols., he was 
breveted as Brigadier-General for ability, energy, and gallantry. He was 
greatly beloved by his men, who bestowed on him the s»nibriquet of "Little 
Ben." In 1881, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he displayed 
considerable abilities as a statesman. 



BENJAUIN HARRISON. 



1893.] Cleveland's second administration. 801 

Labor Troubles. — In the summer of 1892 the opera- 
tives quit work in the great steel foundries near Pitts- 
burgh, and at Homestead a riot ensued in which many- 
were killed or wounded. Bloody riots took place also at 
the mines in Idaho and in Tennessee. 

An International Copyright Law was enacted by Con- 
gress in 1891, after more than half a century of debate. 
It gives copyright protection to foreign authors of such 
nations as secure like protection to Americans. 

Political Parties. — The tariff was still the important 
issue in 1892. The democrats once more nominated 
Grover Cleveland for President, with Adlai E. Stevenson 
of Illinois for Vice-President ; the republicans renomi- 
nated Benjamin Harrison for President, with Whitelaw 
Reid of New York for Vice-President ; the people's party, 
which advocated legislation favoring the agricultural 
class, nominated James B. Weaver of Iowa, and James G. 
Field of Virginia ; while the candidates of the prohibition 
party were John Bidwell of California, and James B. 
Cranfill of Texas. The democratic candidates were elected. 

CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 

(TWENTY-FOURTH PRESIDENT: 1893-1897.) 

Domestic Affairs. — The World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of 
the discovery of America, having been dedicated in Octo- 
ber, 1892, was opened to the public in May, 1893. This 
great industrial exhibition was created by act of Congress, 
and held in Chicago, 111. All nations participated. The 
cost of the exposition was in excess of $31,000,000, and 
during the six months -of its continuance the turnstiles 
recorded over 21,000,000 paid admissions. 

Extra Session of Congress. — Various causes served 



302 KPOCII VI. [1893. 

to bring on a monetary crisis in the spring of 1893, and 
President Cleveland called a special session of Congress, 
at which was repealed the law of 1890 requiring the gov- 
ernment to buy 4:1- million ounces of silver each month. 

Reduction of the Tari[J\ — At the next regular session of 
Congress the tariff was readjusted by the Gorman-Wilson 
Bill, which became a law August 2 7, 1894. 

Foreign Affairs. — Hawaii. — In January, 1893, the 
Queen of the Hawaiian Islands had been deposed; the Ha- 
waiian revolutionists applied for annexation to our coun- 
try. President Cleveland believed that the revolutionists 
had been improperly aided by the American minister, and 
he tried to have the Queen restored ; but the Hawaiians in 
power made the islands a republic (July 4, 1894). 

The Venezuelan Boundary. — In 1895 a boundary dispute 
between Venezuela and British Guiana seemed likely to 
lead to war. Cleveland, following the Monroe Doctrine 
(p. 173), protested to Great Britain against any seizure of 
Venezuelan territory. A commission was appointed to 
ascertain the true boundary ; but before it could report, 
Great Britain and Venezuela signed a treaty of arbitration 
(Feb. 2, 189 7), and the dispute was amicably adjusted. 

Political Parties. — The candidates for President and 
Vice-President in 1896 were: republican, in favor of the 
existing gold monetary standard, William McKinley of 
Ohio, and Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey ; democratic, in 
favor of free coinage of silver, William J. Bryan of 
Nebraska, and Arthur Sewall of Maine ; people's party, 
William J. Bryan, and Thomas E. Watson of Georgia; 
national democratic (gold standard), John M. Palmer of 
Illinois, and Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky; prohibition 
party, Joshiia Levtning of Maryland, and Hale Johnson of 
Illinois. The republican nominees Avere elected. 



1 



1897.] 



Mckinley's administration. 



303 




MCKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION.* 

(TWENTY-FIFTH PRESIDENT : 1897 .) 

Domestic Affairs.— ^-. -^C 

An extra session of 
Congress was called to 
meet on March 15, 
1897, for the purpose 
of increasing the reve- 
nue. A tariff bill for 
revenue and protec- 
tion, similar in many- 
respects to the Mc- 
Kinley Bill of 1890, 
was introduced by the 
republicans, and was 
made a law July 2-i, 
1897. 

During the war with Spain Congress passed an act still 
further increasing the revenue (p. 310). 

In March, 1900, an act was passed establishing firmly 
the gold standard of money, and making it the duty of 

- * William McKinley was born at Niles, Trumbull County, Ohio, in 1843. After 
a course of study in the village academy at Poland, O., he entered the junior 
class of Allegheny College in 1860 ; but on the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted 
as a private in the Union army. Through bravery and meritorious service he rose 
to the rank of Captain and brevet Major. When peace was restored he studied law, 
and in 1867 began practice in Canton, O., which has since been his home. His elo- 
quence and ability in debate soon secured him political prominence, and for seven 
terms (1877-91) he was a republican Representative in Congress, though once un- 
seated by his political opponents. He was especially noted as an advocate of a pro- 
tective tariff, and as he was chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, his 
name was given to the tariff act of 1890 (p. 300). In the fall of 1890 he was de- 
leated for Congress on account of changes in the make-up of his district ; but the 
next year he was chosen Gfovernor of Ohio, and in 1893 was reelected by an in- 
creased majority. 



WILLIAM Mckinley. 



304 EPOCH VI. [ir.i2. 

the Treasury to inaintaiu all our money on a parity with 
gold. Ever since 1879 (p. 295) this parity had been main- 
tained, but it was partly through the exercise of discretion 
by the Secretary of the Treasury, who might, within the 
letter of the law, have paid United States notes and bonds 
in silver coin instead of gold. The act of 1900, however, 
left the Secretary no discretion in this matter, and gave 
him ample means for keeping all our money equal to gold 
in value. At the same time it provided for refunding the 
national debt by the issue of bonds bearing 2 per cent, 
interest, and it allowed national banks to issue bank-notes 
up to the face value of United States bonds deposited by 
them in the Treasury. Previously the banks had been 
allowed to issue bank-notes up to only 90 per cent, of 
the value of the bonds deposited. 

Foreign Affairs ; the War with Spain. — In order to 
untlerstand fully the causes of the war with Spain, it is 
necessary to review briefly the history of Cuba. In 1512, 
the Spaniards under Velasquez subdued the peaceful na- 
tives of Cuba and burned their chief at the stake. This 
was the keynote of Spanish misrule in the " Pearl of the 
Antilles," a policy which continued for nearly four cen- 
turies. 

The original Indians were reduced to slavery, "300 
being assigned to every Spaniard for the cultivation of 
his plantation. From that time on, under a succession 
of captains general beginning with Hernando de Soto, 
the island of Cuba was governed for the benefit of the 
Spaniards in Spain at the expense of the people in Cuba. 
Under a system cf cruelty the Indians became almost ex- 
tinct, and were succeeded by a mixed people composed of 
Spanish colonists and African slaves. Their descendants 
grew more discontented and rebellious; for their foreign 



1849.] THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 305 

rulers became more greedy and severe, while the is- 
landers were constantly denied any voice in the local 
government. 

The geographical location of Cuba, as time went on, 
helped to make the people of the island more set in their 
purpose to be freed from Spanish tyranny. 

Their island laj^ at the very door of the Gulf of Mexico, 
and but 130 miles from the shores of the great republic 
which itself came" into being through the struggle of revo- 
lution. The spirit of freedom is contagious ; and the 
Cubans saw on the one hand a free people throwing its 
arms around territory once owned by their oppressors, and 
on the other hand Mexico and the South American prov- 
inces passing from under the yoke of Spain. 

The United States came to be the natural resort for 
Cuban leaders, juntas, and revolutionary plotters. In spite 
of the watchfulness of our government, two noted but 
fruitless expeditions were formed by Narciso Lopez on 
our shores, and landed on the island in 1850 and 1851 
(p. 193). The most dangerous insurrection was plotted on 
the island itself in 186 7, and came to a head in the out- 
break of 1868. It spread rapidly over a large part of the 
island, and in 1869 the insurgents organized a temporary 
government. The war thus begun continued ten years, 
during which time Spain sent to Cuba 80,000 soldiers. 

The United States could not look without anxiety upon 
these struggles of a neighboring people to be free. The at- 
tempt of Spain to tighten the reins of European oppres- 
sion was contrary to the New World policy and spirit 
(p. 173); and several of our statesmen and Presidents, 
foreseeing danger to American peace in the repeated fail- 
ures of Cuba, were in favor of purchasing the island as the 
easiest way out of the difficulty. 



306 EPOCH VI. [1895. 

Thus the remote causes of the war between the United 
States and Spain are found in the unceasing tyranny and 
cruelty of Spanish rule ; in the unflinching resolution of 
the Cubans to secure their freedom; and in the settled 
policy of the United States to end the standing menace to 
her own peace, and to oppose any increase of European 
despotism in the Western Hemisphere. 

Immediate Causes of the War. — At the beginning of 
18 'J 5 the condition of Cuba was more acute than ever be- 
fore. The veterans of the rebellion of 1868, who had been 
exiled and had found refuge in the United States and in 
other American republics, together with a large number 
of younger Cuban patriots outside of the island, conspired 
with their restless sympathizers in Cuba to bring on a new 
struggle for freedom. The first expedition was planned 
to sail (Jan. 1-1, 189o) from Fernandino, Fla., but was 
prevented by the United States government. This event 
served to call the attention of Spain to the threatening 
danger, but revolts soon took place in various parts of 
Cuba. Later expeditions succeeded better, and Antonio 
Maceo arrived (March 31) in Cuba with a force of men 
and a supply of rifles and cannon. Maximo Gomez also 
gathered a small army, and was later made commander-in- 
chief of the patriot army. The Cuban ])atriots organized 
in the valley of the Yara (July 1 5) a provisional govern- 
ment, which was afterward permanently located on the 
mountain of Cubitas, strongly fortified by nature and 
remote from towns and cities. 

Marshal Campos had been sent over (April) from S[)ain 
to put down the rebellion ; but the insurgents held their 
ground, though greatly outnumbered by the Spanish troops. 
Spain, dissatisfied with the dilatory conduct of Marshal 
Campos, recalled him, and appointed in his place General 



I 



1896.] THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 307 

Weyler, who had commended himself to the Spaniards in 
Cuba by his cruel conduct in the former rebellion. With 
the arrival of Weyler (Feb. 10, 1896) began the most 
exciting causes of our war with Spain. He immediately 
proclaimed death or imprisonment for life as a penalty for 
a long list of offenses, including the circulation of news 
favorable to the rebellion, and praise for the rebels. He 
did nothing to prevent continued outrages upon American 
citizens and their property. He issued a proclamation 
(Oct. 21) compelling all men not in the army, and all 
women and children, to concentrate in the cities and 
towns, where, without food and shelter, 250,000 of these 
" reconcentrados " subsequently perished from starvation 
and disease. His policy of extermination extended to 
every part of the island in reckless burning and slaughter. 

In April, 1896, Congress by joint resolutions recognized 
the belligerent rights of the Cubans " in the ports and 
territory of the United States," and recommended that 
the friendly offices of this government " should be offered 
by the President to the Spanish government for the recog- 
nition of the independence of Cuba." In his annual mes- 
sage (Dec, 1896) President Cleveland referred to the 
inhumanity of the Spanish war policy, and to the many 
millions of dollars invested by Americans in Cuban prop- 
erties, which would be lost in the general ruin should 
the war go on. 

After the inauguration of President McKinley, and dur- 
ing the special session of Congress (p. 303), startling reports 
came from Cuba saying that many Americans were in- 
cluded in the starving multitudes. In answer to an ap- 
peal from the President (May, 1897), Congress voted an 
appropriation of $50,000 for immediate relief. A more 
liberal government now came into power in Spain, to 



808 



EPOCH VI. 



[I89b. 



which the President protested against the conduct of 
affairs in Cuba. General Weyler was recalled, and Gen- 
eral Blanco arrived on Oct, 30, offering a scheme of 
autonomy, or "home rule," for the Cubans. This change 
of policy inspired the President with the hope of peace- 
ful settlement, but the scheme failed. The Spanish resi- 
dents grew more abusive toward Americans, the life of 
Consul-Gen eral Lee was threatened, and nothing was 
done by Spain to stop the sufferings and starvation of 
the reconcentrados. 

Events of a deeply irritating nature now occurred. The 
Spanish minister, in a private letter which was stolen 
and x^ublished (Feb. 8, 1898), made disparaging remarks 
about the President. The battle-ship Maine, which had been 
sent to the harbor of Havana (Jan. 24), was destroyed on 
Feb. 15, and 2 60 of her officers and men were killed. A 




AFTER THE DE.STlun loN iil 1111, MAINi 



court of inquiry found that the ship had been destroyed 
by a mine, but was unable to fix the responsibility of the 
disaster. Nevertheless the people regarded the occurrence 
as an act of Spanish tyranny, treachery, and inhumanity. 



1898.] 



THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 



309 



and a billow of indignation and resentment swept over the 
country. 

Preparations for War. — Even before the court had re- 
ported (March 21) on tlie destruction of the Maine, the 
war spirit was thoroughly aroused. A bill had been 
passed (March 9) appropriating $50,000,000 "for the 
national defense," to be expended at the discretion of the 
President. Great activity began in the Army and Navy 
Departments, and not a moment too soon, for the Spanish 
fleet of armored cruisers and torpedo-boat destroyers 
sailed for the West Indies on March 14. Commodore 
(later Rear-Admiral) Schley was 
ordered to gather at Hampton 
Roads a flying squadron to pro- 
tect our coasts. 

During the month of April 
(1898) events followed one 
another with great rapidity. 
United States consuls were re- 
called from Cuba (April 5). The 
President sent a message to Con- 
gress (April 11) saying: " In the 
name of humanity, in the name 

of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests 
which give us the right and duty to speak and act, the 
war in Cuba must stop." Congress adopted a resolution 
(April 19) declaring "that the people of Cuba are, and of 
right ought to be, free and independent," demanding the 
withdrawal of Spain from the island, and authorizing the 
President to use our entire land and naval forces so far as 
necessary to carry the resolution into effect. The Spanish 
government sent the United States minister his passports 
(April 21). This was practically a declaration of war. 




"\<'^ 



EEAR-ADMIUAL SCHLEY. 



310 



EPOC PI VI. 



[1898. 




REAK-AUMIKAL SAMPSUN. 



Beginning of the War. — On April 24 Congress adopted 
a formal declaration of war with Spain, stating that war 
had existed since April 21. The President had already 

proclaimed (April 22) the blockade 
of Cuban ports and ordered Admiral 
Sampson's squadron to enforce it. 
A call had been issued (April 23) 
for 125,000 volunteers. To meet 
the war expenditures a bill was 
passed (June) providing for the 
levy of stamp taxes, an inheritance 
tax, and a special duty on tea ; for 
the coining of silver at the rate of 
$1,500,000 a month ; for the issue 
of $400,000,000 in 3 per cent, bonds;* and for a tempo- 
rary loan amounting to $100,000,000. 

Progress of the War. — It was evident from the outset 
that the war was to be carried on mainly by naval con- 
flicts, although Spain had a very large army in Cuba. 
In a naval campaign the advantage is generally with the 
attacking party. The Spanish fleet, on its way to the 
West Indies, had already gathered (April 2) at the Cape 
Verde Islands, where it Avas thoroughly equipped for active 
service. For what point it was heading was a question of 
much anxietj^ It might descend upon the North Atlantic 
cities ; and to provide against such an event Commodore 
Schley was ordered to patrol the coast, while the blockad- 
ing squadron was to prevent the Spanish Admiral Cervera 
from entering the harbor of Havana. Admiral Sampson's 
squadron later went to keep watch in the eastern West 
Indies. 



I 



* Of tlie war boiiils $'-'00,000,000 were offered for popular subscription, but the 
whole issue was subscribed for in sums less than §5,000. 



1898.] 



THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 



311 



A part of the Pacific squadron, under Commodore (later 
Admiral) Dewey;, lay off the coast of China. To this squad- 
ron belonged also the great battle-ship Oregon, which, 
against the popular judgment, was ordered to sail (March 
12) from San Francisco and to join the fleet in the West 
Indies. 

Later on, Cervera's fleet was reported (May 12) off Mar- 
tinique, and it was feared that Cervera was heading to 
intercept the Oregon, then off the eastern coast of South 
America. 

The First Decisive Battle. — After the search for Cer- 
vera had begun. Commodore Dewey's fleet of six war- 
ships sailed (April 2 7) from near Hongkong for the Philip- 




I! VliLl- OF MANILA BAV. 



pine Islands. Before daybreak on Sunday, May 1, Dewey 
passed quietly into the harbor and by the defenses of 
Manila Bay, and at sunrise opened fire upon the Spanish 



812 



EPOCH VI. 



[1898 




ADMIKAI, DEWEY. 



war-vessels commanded by Admiral Montojo. By noon 
the entire ftpanish squadron of ten vessels was sunk or 

destroyed, with a loss of over 600 
men killed and wounded. None of 
Dewey's men was killed, and but 
seven were wounded. This, the 
most remarkable naval victory on 
record, was followed by the promo- 
tion of Dewey to the rank of Rear- 
Adniiral, and linally to that of Ad- 
miral, of the navy. 

Destruction of Cervera's Ships. 
— From Martinique Cervera sailed 
for Cuba and quietly entered the 
harbor of Santiago (May 19). Schley had gone in pursuit 
and was soon guarding the entrance to this harbor. Samp- 
son, after a slight bombardment of the defenses of San 
Juan in Puerto Rico, hurried away and joined Schley (Maj'' 
30), after which the combined fleets, under the command 
of Sampson, bombarded without effect the defenses of 
Santiago Ba}^ It was impossible for our fleet to move into 
the landlocked harbor, on account of the narrowness of 
the channel and the existence of mines. 

At this point occurred one of the most courageous and 
brilliant exploits (^f the Avar. Cervera's fleet was indeed 
"bottled up," but was not secured against a possible 
escape by night or during a storm. The idea was con- 
ceived of sinking the collier Merrimac to "cork" the en- 
trance, and Naval-Constructor Hobson, with seven men, 
conducted the ship (June 3), under a terrific fire, to the 
narrowest place in the channel, where they blew a hole in 
her hull and sank the ship. The men were unharmed, 
but were captured, and soon after were exchanged. 



1898.] 



THE WAR WITH SPAIN 



313 




Meanwhile there was great activity in recruiting, equip- 
ping, and moving the army. The President had called 
(May 25) for 75,000 additional vohmteers. General 
Shatter's army of 18,000 was transported to a point near 
Santiago, where it was landed 
June 20-2 2. On July 1 the 
outer defenses of Santiago, in- 
cluding the earth-works of El 
Caney and San Juan Hill, were 
assaulted and captured,* and 
after more fighting on July 2 the 
fall of Santiago seemed certain. 

The doom of Santiago carried 
with it the fate of the Spanish fleet 
in the harbor. Hence Cervera 
was ordered to break out of the 
inclosure. In obedience to this order he passed through the 
channel imperfectly blocked by the Merrimac on Sunday 
morning, July 3. The fire of our war-ships was opened 
upon Cervera's vessels as they filed out, and within a few 
hours all the Spanish ships were destroyed, over 600 of 
the Spaniards were killed, and 1,800 were captured, in- 
cluding Admiral Cervera himself. The loss to the Amer- 
icans was one killed and one wounded. Although the 
entire fleet was under the command of Sampson, it hap- 
pened that when this battle began he was a few n:iiles 
away, going to a conference with General Shaffer. Schley, 
however, was in the thickest of the fight. 

The Surrender of Santiago was compelled by the valor 
and courageous fighting of our soldiers, and in no small 



GENERAL SHAFTEE. 



* In this action " Roosevelfs Kough Riders " figured conspicuously. Tlie Rough. 
Riders were a regiment of volunteer cavalry recruited largely from AVestern cow- 
boys and Eastern athletes. 



314 



K P O C II V I. 



[1898. 




THE OUUUOK UFF SA^■rl.\G(>, .IlLY .1. 



degree by the destruction of the Spanish war fleet. On 
the morning of July 8, General Shaffer sent to the Spanish 
commander a demand for the surrender of his army and 
the city, and this demand was complied with on July 17. 
Our losses in tlie different engagements were 2 2 officers 
and 208 men killed ; 81 officers and 1,203 men wounded ; 

and ?9 missing. The Spanish 
losses were estimated at 1,500 
killed and wounded. 

The Closing Campaign in the 
West Indies was the expedition 
to Puerto Rico under General 
Miles, tlie commanding general 
of the army. With great skill 
and strategy General Miles con- 
cealed his movements and des- 
tination, and landed (July 25) 
at Guanica, though he was expected to disembark near 
San Juan. Two minor engagements took place (Aug. 9,10), 





liKNHKAL MILES. 



1898.] THE WAR WITH SPAIN". 315 

and a conclusive struggle was in preparation when the order 
to stop further fighting was received from Washington. 
The surrender of the island quickly followed. Our losses in 
the Puerto Rico campaign were but 8 killed and -iO wounded. 

The Peace Protocol. — The sudden ending of the Puerto 
Rico campaign was caused by an important question from 
the Spanish government. With most of her navy sunk, 
with part of her army captured, and with her treasury ex- 
hausted, Spain had no hope in the further prosecution of 
the war, and she asked, through the French ambassador at 
Washington, upon what terms the United States would 
consent to a cessation of hostilities. The result was the 
protocol, signed on Aug. 1 2 by our Secretary of State and 
the French ambassador, providing that Spain should relin- 
quish all claim to Cuba ; that she should cede to the United 
States the island of Puerto Rico and an island among the 
Ladrones ; that the United States should occupy and hold 
Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace ; that 
Spain should immediately evacuate Cuba, Puerto Rico, and 
other islands in the West Indies ; and that each govern- 
ment within ten days from the signing of the protocol 
should appoint not more than five commissioners to meet 
in Paris not later than Oct. 1,1898, and treat for peace. 

The Capture of Manila. — As early as May 25, an army 
corps was sent to the Philippine Islands to assist Admiral 
Dewey in capturing and holding Manila. This corps was 
afterward reenforced by several divisions, making in all 
an army of 11,000 officers and men, under General Wesley 
Merritt. The news of the protocol had not yet reached 
this far-distant point when, on Aug. 13, Manila was 
bombarded by the war fleet, the defenses were Carried by 
the army, and early in the afternoon the city was sur- 
rendered. 



810 EPOCH VI. [1898. 

The Peace Treaty was completed and signed at Paris, 
Dec. 10, 1898. The most important additions to the 
terms contained in the protocol were the cession of the 
Philippines by Spain; the payment of $20,000,000 to 
Spain ; and the naming of Guam as the member of the 
Ladrone group referred to in the protocol. The treaty was 
afterward submitted to the two governments for approval, 
and was conlirined by the United States Senate Feb. 
6,1899. 

The Annexation of the Hawaiian Islands was unex- 
pectedly hastened during the piogivss of the war with 
Spain. Objections to aimexation wliich the Hawaiian peo- 
ple had for five years failed to overcome now yielded to 
the logic of events. Even before the protocol was signed, 
the war operations in Asiatic waters, and the possibility 
that the Philippines might fall into the possession of the 
United States, made clear the importance of the Hawaiian 
Islands as a naval and military station. The joint resolu- 
tion of annexation was therefore passed by Congress, July 
6, 1898. In 1900 (April 2 7) Congress passed a bill giving 
to th(^ islands a modified form of Territorial government. 

The Acquisition of Tutuila and Wake, though having no 
direct connection with the Spanish war, was closely related 
to the policy of expansion. In 18.S9 the 14 islands consti- 
tuting the Samoan group were by agreement taken under 
the joint protection of Great Britain, Germany, and the 
United States. During the ten years following, troubles 
growing out of the rivalry of chiefs for the kingship of the 
islands led to vexatious differences between Great Britain 
and the United States on the one side, and Germany on the 
other. In April, 1899, the three powers appointed a com- 
mission to settle the difficulties. The result was a treaty 
b}^ which Great Britain gave u\) her interest, and Germany 



1899.] 



OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. 



317 



took possession of all the islands except Tutuila and some 
small neighboring islands, which were made the property 
of the United States. Tutuila contains 54 square miles, 
4,000 inhabitants, has the only safe harbor in the group, 
and is an important naval and coaling station. 

Wake is a small, rocky island in the direct route from 
Hawaii to Hongkong. It was taken possession of by the 
United States (February, 189 9), in anticipation of its value 
as a station for any cable line that might be laid to connect 
with the Philippines. 




Lonrftude 120 V 



130 Longiturle West 12U from Greenwich CO 



UNITED STATES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS. 



Our Spanish Possessions after the War; Cuba. — In the 

disposition of Cuba, the intention of the United States had 
been made plain by the joint resolution adopted by Con- 
gress April 19, 1898. Cuba was to be set free and to be 
left to the control and government of its own people at the 
earliest practicable moment. The Cuban policy, therefore, 



318 EPOCH VI. [i8fa 

was a simple one, and military occupation by the United 
States was welcomed. The people have returned to their 
industrial pursuits, vigorous sanitary measures have gone 
forward, courts and municipal governments have been re- 
established, and common schools have been opened. None 
of the ordinary foreign relations have been disturbed, and 
a census has been taken preparatory to the organization of 
a general popular government. 

Puerto Rico, having been ceded to the United States, 
presented a complex case. The people welcomed our 
army, and were encouraged in the belief that their coun- 
try was a part of the United States and would enjoy the 
full benefit of this relation. The formal possession (Oct. 
18, 1898) was cheerfully yielded. 

The occurrence of a destructive hurricane (August, 
1899) compelled the people to depend on the bounty of 
the United States, which in a few months distributed to 
them over 30,000,000 pounds of food. The destruction 
of their crops only increased the impatience with which 
the Puerto Ricans waited for Congress to settle their new 
relations and restore their industries. Their separation 
from Spain had cut off a free market for their main prod- 
ucts, which now ' entered our country under tariff rules. 

A special commissioner appointed by the President to 
examine the condition of the island reported in favor of 
the usual Territorial form of government. The removal of 
all tariff rates from trade between the island and the 
United States was recommended by General Miles, by the 
Secretary of War, and by the President, who, in view of 
the growing distress of the islanders, urged the opening of 
free trade in his message to Congress (December, 1899). 
With this view the sentiment of the country appeared 
to agree. 



1900.] OUR NEW POSSESSIONS. , 319 

But Congress hesitated. A new question had come in 
with the new island possessions : Are tliey parts of tlie 
United States, and as such under the Constitution ? or are 
they merely colonial i^ossessions and outside the force of 
the Constitution? As a measure of temporary relief, a bill 
was passed (March, 1900) returning the duties collected 
hitherto on Puerto Rican imports, amounting.to upward of 
$2,000,000, for the benefit of the island. 

After a long and vigorous contest. Congress passed an 
act (April 11, 1899) which provides for a government to 
be exercised by a Governor and an Executive Council 
appointed by the President ; a House of Delegates to be 
elected by the people of the island ; a Supreme Court to be 
appointed by the President ; and enacts that a tariff of 1 5 
per cent, of the regular duties be levied on imports from 
Puerto Rico into the United States, and on imports from 
the United States into Puerto Rico — this feature, how- 
ever, to remain in force onh^ until March 1, 1902, or any 
earlier date, if local taxation shall be sufficient to meet 
the expenses of the island. 

Guam is the largest of the Ladrone Islands, and is 5,200 
miles from San Francisco on the direct route to the Philip- 
pines. It is 100 miles in circumference, and contains 
about 9,000 inhabitants, mostly descended from the Fili- 
pinos and speaking the Spanish language. Formal posses- 
sion of the island was taken in February, 189 9. 

The Annexation of the Philippine Islands was attended 
by difficulties that had not affected the formal possession 
of the other islands ceded by the treaty. Puerto Rico and 
Guam were each one and united. The Philippines were 
many and were divided. The former islands cheerfully 
consented to the sovereignty of the United States. The 
island of Luzon, as represented by Aguinaldo and other in- 



320 EPOCH VI. [1899. 

telligent Tagals, objected to any sovereignty foreign to 
itself, and was determined upon political independence for 
itself and its neighbors. For three years these Filipinos had 
fought bravely against the tyranny of Spain, and looked 
for absolute independence when the yoke of Spain should 
be removed. In this hope they found sympathy with some 
Americans who believed that our traditions and the Con- 
stitution forbade us to exercise sovereignty over any 
people without their free consent. On the other hand, the 
opinion that guided the administration and Congress was 
that republican sovereignty may undertake the governing 
of a weak and ignorant people, even without their consent, 
until they are capable of governing themselves. 

The War in the Philippines arose when there was no 
active sovereignty over the islands, during the long inter- 
val between the signing and the confirmation of the Paris 

treaty. General Merritt was suc- 
ceeded by General Elwell S. Otis, 
who occupied Manila, while the in- 
surgent Filipinos controlled most 
of the remainder of Luzon. On 
Feb. 4, 1899, the Filipinos be- 
gan the war by attacking the 
defenses of Manila ; they were re- 
[Hilsed, with a loss of 2,000 men. 
After this General Otis directed an 

GKNKKAI. OTIS. . • i1 1 j. 

aggressive campaign throughout 
the island, our armies being under the immediate com- 
mand of Generals MacArthur, Wheaton, and Lawton. ISIa- 
lolos, the Filipino capital, was captured on March 8 1. The 
army also took possession of Iloilo, in the i.sland of Panay 
(Feb. 11), and the navy occupied (beginning March 27) 
Cebu, Mindanao, Ncgros, and smaller islands. About 




.21 




1900.] THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES. 3.21 

the same time an agreement was concluded with the 
Sultan of Sulu, by which his rights were secured and our 
sovereignty was recognized. The army of the Filipinos 
has been broken up and scattered. 

In December, 1899, the brave G-eneral Lawton was 
killed while attacking San Mateo. 

An able commission of civilians, to which were added 
Admiral Dewey and General Otis, was appointed by the 
President to examine the condition of the Philippines, and 
began labor on March 2 0, 1899. In a proclamation 
(April 4) the Commission offered the Filipinos everything 
short of absolute independence ; but the insurgents held 
out. In its report the Commission says that " while the 
people of the Philippine Islands hunger and thirst for their 
rights and liberties, they do not, in the opinion of the 
Commission, generally desire independence." 

Under military government, progress toward the im- 
provement of the Philippine Islands is being made on the 
same lines as in Cuba. Local governments are encouraged, 
schools are established, sanitary reforms are set in motion, 
the ports are opened, and the famous Manila hemp, so long 
denied to the trade, is again on its way to an eager market. 

In February, 19 00, the President began the formation 
of a new Commission to control and take charge of .all 
matters connected with the construction of a government, 
and to appoint all necessary civil officers. Judge William 
H. Taft of Cincinnati was made president of the Commis- 
sion ; the other members are : Professor Dean C. Worces- 
ter, a member of the former Commission ; General Luke 
E. Wright, a lawyer of Tennessee ; Henry C. Ide, a Vermont 
lawyer ; and Bernard Moses, Professor of History and Polit- 
ical Economy in the University of California. The Com- 
mission sailed from San Francisco April 17, 1900. 



322 EPOCH VI. [i867. 

States admitted during the Sixth Epoch. — Nebraska, 
the thirty-seventh tState, was admitted to the Union March 
1, lyG7. Tlie name signifies " water valley." Its territory 
was pai't of the Luuisiana purchase. Colorado was declared 
a State August 1, 18 76. Congress decided to admit it 
March 8, 1875, and its constitution was ratified by its peo- 
ple July 1, 18 76; hence it is known as the "Centennial 
State." Colorado produces a vast amount of gold, silver, 
and lead. Its territory came partly from the Louisiana 
purchase and partly from Mexico. 

NbrtJt Dalota and South DuAvta were admitted Novem- 
ber 2, 1889. They had previously formed the Territory of 
Dakota, which was organized in 1861^ -Montana entered 
the Union November 8, 1889, and Washington November 
11 of the same year. In 1890 Idaho (July 3) and Wyo- 
mdng {July 10) were admittrd. This group of six States 
was traversed by the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804- 
1806 (p. 209), but their rapid settlement did not take 
place till after the Civil War. Since the building of the 
great transcontinental railroads their growth has been 
remarkable. 

UtaJi, the forty-fifth State, was admitted to the Union 
January 4, 189(). The Mormons made their first settle- 
ment tluTc (p. 1S3, note) wlu'U Utah was part of Mexico. 
They rapidly increased in numbers, and for a time were 
inclined to oppose the Federal authority. Congress organ- 
ized the Territory of Utah in 1850, and later made laws 
designed to break u}) the practice of polygamy there. Utah 
asked admission to the Union, but this was denied until 
after the Mormon Church had given up polygamy and the 
people of LTtah had adopted a constitution forever pro- 
hibiting it. 



1783.] TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT. 323 



PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION. 

Territorial Development (Ma^D of Vlth Epoch). — The 
Treaty with Great Britain (Sept. 2, 1783) fixed "the bound- 
aries of the United States as : the Atlantic Ocean, the 
Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and the north Hne of 
Florida. The Thirteen Colonies occupied only a narrow 
strip along the Atlantic sea-board. The interior, as far as 
the Mississippi, belonged to the States individually, but 
was finally given to the General Government (p. 19-i). 

In 1787 the region north of the Ohio was organized 
into the North-western Territory (p. 2 01). Louisiana was 
purchased of France in 1803 (p. 155). Lewis and Clark's 
expedition (p. 209) gave the first accurate information 
concerning this vast territory. Florida was purchased of 
Spain (p. 173) by a treaty proposed Feb. 2 2, 1819, signed 
by the King of Spain Oct. 24, 1820, and ratified by the 
United States Feb. 19, 1821. The treaty also relin- 
quished all Spanish authority over the region west of the 
Rocky Mountains and north of 42° N. Lat.* 

In the beginning of the war of 1812, a strip of coast 
about fifty miles wide, lying between Florida and Louisiana, 

* The map of the Vlth Epoch is based upon one given in the Census of 1870. 
This represents the Louisiana purchase as reaching to the Pacific Ocean. Some 
maps, accepting the Spanish version, extend Louisiana only to the Roclcy Mountains. 
Such authorities hold that the title of the United States to Oregon antedates the 
French cession and is based upon the discovery of the mouth of the Columbia by 
Capt. Oray (p. 208) in 1792. A full discussion of our claim to Oregon may be foixnd 
in Barrows' "Oregon," chap. XXI. In a brief work like this it is not possible to 
enter upon such a topic. In fact, it has no real importance. It is enough for the 
pupil to know that G-ray discovered, Lewis and Clark explored, and the American 
Fur Company (p. 209) occupied, the fertile region drained by the Columbia ; and 
that, during the progress of these events, France ceded to the United States her 
claim to all territory west of the Mississippi (1803)— a claim which France had 
received from Spain only three, years before (1800) and had herself ceded to Spain 
in 1763 (p. 90). Lieut. Pike was sent, in 1805, to search for the source of the 
Mississippi ; and in 180G-'7 he ventured into what is now Kansas. 



824 EPOCH VI. [184.-.. 

considered by Spain as a part of Florida, had been seized 
by the United States as part of the Louisiana purchase. 
Texas was annexed in 18-45 (p. 205). The Mexican ces- 
sion of 18-48 gave the United States an immense territory 
(p. 2 08). Alaska was purchased in 1867. In 1898 and 
1809, w^e acquired several island possessions. 

When the Declaration of Independence was made, the 
area of the young republic was about 800,000 square 
miles. It is now nearly 4,000,000 square miles. 

The Population. — In 1800, Portland, Me., Providence, 
R. I., and Richmond, Va., were only small towns. Lancas- 
ter, Pa., with a population of 6,000 (1 7 77), was the largest 
Inland place. St. Louis, New Orleans, and Mobile were 
then in foreign territory. Chicago was for years a mere 
trading-station, surrounded by the wigwams of savages. 

The population of the entire United States at the time 
of the first census was less than 4,000,000. The census of 
1890 showed over 62,000,000. The center of population 
in 1790 was 23 miles east of Baltimore; in 1890 it had 
moved westward to a point near Greensburg, Ind. In 1 790 
there were only five cities — Philadelphia, New York, Bos- 
ton, Charleston, and Baltimore — having a population of 
over 10,000 ; in 1890 there were more than 350. 

The Post-offices in 1790 numbered 75. Between New 
York and Philadelphia there were only five mails per 
week, and it required two days for a letter to go this short 
distance.* They were generally carried throughout the 

* The tedious mode of travel in the early days is well illustrated in the following 
incident : In 1824-^5, an effort was made in Congi-ess to admit Oregon. Mr. Dick- 
inson of New Jersey declared that " the project of a St-ate upon the Pacific was an 
absurdity. The distance that a member of Congress from Oregon would be obliged 
to travel in coming to the seat of government and returning home, would be 0,200 
miles. If he should travel thirty miles per day, it would require 306 days ; allow- 
ing for Sundays, forty-foui-, it would amount to :J50 days. This would leave the 
member a fortnight to r'.'st at Washington before he eonunenced his journey home." 




Progress of Invention 

1. ONE OF THK FIRST BALLOONS MADE. 2. WAR BAIXOON, WITH ELECTRIO LIGHT ATTACHED TO ILLU- 
MINATE FORTIFICATIONS AT NKtHT. 3. AN OLD STA(}E-rOAOH. 4. A PARLOR CAR. 5. FIRST LOCOMOTIVE. 
6. MODERN LOCOMOTIVE. 7. FULTON'S STEAM-BOAT. S. OCEAN STEAM-SHIP. '.I. THE OLD ANVIL. 10. THE 
MODERN TRIP-HAMMER. 11. OLD STYliE NAVAL BATT1.E. 12. NEW STYLE — THE TORPEDO BOAT. 



MANUFACTURES AND MECHANIC ARTS. 325 

country by men on horseback, the saddle-bags easily 
holding the scanty number of letters and papers then 
sent. Mails were forwarded between New York and Bos- 
ton three times per week in summer, and twice in winter. 
In remote places, the mail was allowed to accumulate 
until enough was secured to pay the cost of transmission. 
It was a favored rural village that had a weekly mail. 
The time of its arrival was locally known as the "post- 
day", and when the postman came he found crowd 
assembled to receive the few letters he brought, and to 
hear the newspaper read by the minister or landlord. 

From 1789 until 1816, the postage on a single letter 
carried under 4 miles was 8 cents ; over 4 and under 9 
miles, 10 cents; over 500 miles, 25 cents. In 1889, we 
had about 59,000 post-offices, while the length of the post- 
routes had increased from 1875 miles to 416,000 miles. 

Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts. — The Revolu- 
tionary War was fought by men clad mainly in homespun, 
and using a flint-lock hunting rifle. Manufactures had 
been steadily repressed by the mother country (p. 101), 
and agriculture was the favorite pursuit. The mechanic 
arts — save ship-building in New England — ^had made little 
progress. The farm-house was a manufactory of all the 
articles of daily use. Clothes, hats, shoes, and harnesses 
were made at home. Even nails were hammered out in 
the winter time. The hand-cart, spinning-wheel, and loom 
were common pieces of furniture. The land was turned 
by a plow whose mold-board was faced with strips of iron 
made by straightening old horse-shoes. The grass was cut 
by a scythe ; the grain, by a sickle. Wheat, oats, rye, etc. 
were threshed out on the barn floor with a flail, or trodden 
out by cattle. The flax and wool were carded, spun, and 
woven into cloth by the women of the household. 



32(] EPOCH VI. 

With freedom came such a marvelous development of 
the mechanic arts and manufactures as to make the word 
Yankee a synonym for ingenuity. 

Cotton had been grown only in the flower-garden. 
When eight bags of this staple arrived at Liverpool in 
1784, the custom-house officers seized it on the plea that 
so much could not have been raised in America. Only 
four years after the last British soldier left our shores, the 
first cotton-mill was set in motion at Beverly, Mass. (1787). 
In 1793, Whitney invented the cotton-gin for separating 
the seed from the fiber (p. 172).* This rendered cotton- 
raising profitable, and it soon became, at the South, the 
leading crop. In 1880, over 14,000,000 acres were devoted 
to its culture, producing nearly 6,000,000 bales. The 
United States now controls the cotton supply of the world. 

It is noted as a fact of special importance that when 
Washington delivered his first annual message to Congress 
(1790), he was clad in a full suit of broadcloth manufact- 
ured at Hartford, Conn. In the year 1880, $160,000,000 
worth of woolen goods were manufactured in this country. 

When the Declaration of Independence was signed, 
there were probably not rnore than two steam-engines in 
the Thirteen Colonies — one at Passaic, and the other in 
Philadelphia. Yet within five years after the Evacuation 
of New York, Fitch placed a trial steam-boat on the Dela- 
ware ; in 1803-4, Evans built a steam-dredge at Phila- 
delphia; in 1807, Fulton solved the problem of steam- 
navigation ; in 1819, a steamer crossed the Atlantic; and 
in 1830, Peter Cooper made the first locomotive built in 
America for railroad purposes, and it drew a car of passen- 
gers upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railway. During that 

♦ MTiitney invented this machine at the house of the widow of Gteneral Greene, 
of Bevoliitionary faiue. To clean a pound of cotton by hand, was a day's laboFi 




Progress of Invention. 



»J'i? t ° ■^^'^''^™''''- 2. GALILEO'S FIRST SPY-GLASS. 3. FRANKLIN'S EXPERIMENT 4 THE TFI F 

PHONE. 5. OLD-FASHIONED CANNON. 6. MODERN BREECHLOADER. 7. MODERN GRAWeTevATOR 8 m n 
riT^lT''^'"*^''"' '"'^™- ^- ^ ''■^^«- ^0. DIVER, WITH MODERN APPARATUS uItOP-CYL^NDER 
PRESS. 12. AN EARLY PRINTING-PRESS. 13. PHOTO-ELECTRIC MICROSCOPE. 14. SIMPLE MAGmFVmG G^ls 



EDUCATION. 327 

year, 2 3 miles of railroad were constructed in the United 
States; in 1883, nearly 8000 miles were laid, and in 
1889, the total number in operation was 145,000 miles, 
at a cost in road and equipment of over $9,000,000,000. 

The first message ever sent by a recording telegraph 
was forwarded May, 1844, between Washington and Balti- 
more, in these sublime words : " What hath God wrought ! " 
Only forty-six years later, and the aggregate mileage of 
telegraph lines open for business is reported at 776,000. 

The printing press of a century ago would, at a great 
expense of labor, print, on one side, about 250 sheets per 
hour. A new steam *' perfec ting-press " will in the same 
time turn out 96,000 four-page newspapers folded, pasted, 
and printed on both sides of each page. 

Among the many American inventions that have ex- 
cited the admiration of the world are the sewing machine, 
the reaper, the mower, the horse-rake, the thresher, the 
safe, the breech-loading gun, the steam fire-engine, the 
drawing-room vestibule and sleeping-cars, the elevator, the 
type-writer, the telephone, the phonograph, and the elec- 
tric light. These, as well as a thousand common devices, 
minister to our comfort and the world's progress. The skill 
of the American mechanic has improved almost every 
implement of both peace and war, from the cannon to 
the telescope. The records of the Patent Office show 
over 21,500 patents issued in 1889.* 

Education. — The idea of popular education was brought 
to the new world by our forefathers. Even in the wilder- 
ness, while the wolf prowled about the log-house, and the 
cry of the wild-cat was still heard, the school, and even the 
college, were established. The Revolution left all the insti- 

* Edison's patents alone All one large volume. See " Talks with Edison," 
Harper's Magazine, February, 1890. 



328 EPOCH VI. 



^ 



tutioiis (»f learning paralyzed. But in less than a month 
after Washington resigned his commission, Gov. George 
Clinton's message to the Legislature of New York con- 
tained these memorable words : " Perhaps there is scarce 
any thing more worthy your attention than the revival 
and encouragement of seminaries of learning, and nothing 
by which we can more satisfactorily express our gratitude 
to the Supremo Being for His past favors, since purity and 
virtue are generally the offspring of an enlightened under- 
standing." The State was poor, and savages occupied a 
large part of the region west of Albany ; yet the Legisla- 
ture rose to the grandeur of the conception, and at once 
established a Board of Regents to superintend the interests 
of higher education. Within a month after its organiza- 
tion, this Board authorized the " purchase of such a philo- 
sophical apparatus for Columbia College, as Dr. Franklin, 
Mr. Adams, and Mr. Jefferson (then representatives at the 
French Court) should advise". 

From the first, New England believed that it is the duty 
of the State to teach its children. The idea of educating 
all classes of society was then a new and surprising one, 
scarcely heard of outside of Prussia and Saxonj^ In 1795, 
Gov. Clinton first suggested and established the common- 
school system of New York ; it was refounded and more 
liberally provided for in 1812, in the darkest hour of 
gloom and disaster, at the opening of the Second War with 
Great Britain. 

A part of the public lands of the United States has, 
from the beginning, been set aside for purposes of educa- 
tion (p. 19 4). The ordinance of 1787 for the government 
of the North-western Territory (p. 194), devoted "section 
sixteen of every township " for maintaining public schools ; 
and in making this generous provision, stipulated that 



LITERATURE. 329 

"religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good 
government and the happiness of mankind, schools and 
the means of education shall be forever encouraged." In 
1848, when Oregon was organized as a Territory (p. 209), 
the " thirty-sixth section " was also set apart for schools; 
and since then, each new State has received both sections 
for educational purposes. "At various times, also, other 
lands have been given, so that in all about 140,000,000 
acres have been devoted to the States for the support of 
common schools." So general and absorbing has been this 
feeling on the part of our legislators that, in the midst of 
the Civil War, vvhen the national Government was strain- 
ing every nerve to raise and equip armies to preserve its 
very existence, Congress took time to consider and pass a 
bill (1862) granting 30,000 acres of public lands for every 
Senator and Representative in Congress, in order to main- 
tain, in each State, what has since been known as an 
"Agricultural College ". 

In consequence of these and equally liberal provisions 
on the part of State governments, the progress of educa- 
tion in the United States has been marvelous. Instead of 
nine colleges, as in pre-Revolutionary times, we have four 
hundred and fifty. The common school is fostered in 
every part of the country. The daily free-school bell now 
calls together (1889), in the 48 States and Territories of 
the Union, over 11,500,000 children, who are being edu- 
cated at an annual expense of over $122,000,000. 

Literature. — In the Colonial times, there were few 
American books, and those chiefly upon theology. 

During the agitation that finally ended in the sepa- 
ration from the mother-country, politics became the 
universal theme of discussion. The contest was decided 
by the pen quite as certainly as by the sword. Patrick 



830 EPOCH VI. 

Henry, Otis, the elder Adams, Franklin, Dickinson, Freneau, 
Trumbull,* and Hopkinson aroused their countrymen, first 
to attempt, and then to endure, while, at the same time, 
they sought to enlist in their cause the sympathies of 
mankind. 

After the war had decided the issue, and it came to 
building up a united nation out of a loose confederation of 
States, Jay, Hamilton, Madison,! Jefferson, John Adams, 
Washington, Fisher Ames, and others were most efficient 
in organizing and shaping the policy of the new Govern- 
ment. As the Declaration of Independence was chiefly the 
work of Jefferson, so the Constitution of the United States 
was that of Hamilton and Madison. 

In all history, an era of strife has been followed by one 
of marked mental vigor. Thus, as one would expect, the 
generation that directly followed the adoption of the Con- 
stitution, gave us the classics of American literature. 

Irving was the first American author to secure general 
recognition at home and abroad. In 1809, appeared his 
inimitable Diedrich Knickerbocker's History of New York, 
and, about ten years later, his Sketch Book. The creatures 
of his fancy quickly passed into the life of the people. 
Even now, Ichabod Crane and Rip Van Winkle are as 
familiar to us as if we had lived in Sleepy Hollow and 
known them all our days, Bryant wrote his Thanatopsis 
in 1812, when he was only 18 years old. Cooper laid the 
foundation of American romance. His descriptions of 
American scenery, the Indian, and life at sea, were eagerly 



* Whipple says, " TrumbuU's McFingal sent the rustic voliinteers laughing into 
the ranks of Washington and Greene." 

t Hamilton, Jay, and Madison wrote a series of powerful and convincing essays 
favoring the adoption of the Constitution. These were, at first, published as news- 
paper articlep, hut were afterward collected in a volume known as the Federalist 
—the " political classic of the United States ". 



PHILANTHROPY. 331 

read on both sides of the Atlantic. Poe, the most imagina- 
tive of our poets, made himself famous by the Bells, and 
the Raven. Emerson's essays, by their original thought 
and brilliant style, caused at once a profound impression. 
Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter, House of the Seven Gables, 
and Marble Faun, ranked him with the great novelists of 
all time. Longfellow's poems touched the heart of the 
people, and quickly found their way into the reading-books 
of the schools ; while the verses of Whittier, the Quaker 
Poet, have been repeated on almost every Academy stage 
in the land. 

To chronicle the constantly-increasing list of our authors 
and their works would require a volume of itself. Ameri- 
can authors are known and their writings read in all 
parts of the civilized world. 

In journalism, our progress has been especially marked. 
At the opening of the Revolution, only 37 papers circu- 
lated in the colonies. There are now issued in the United 
States over 17,500 newspapers and periodicals. Popular 
education has made us a peculiarly enlightened nation, and 
statistics prove that " our people read as much as all the 
rest of the world who read at all". 

Philanthropic and Religious Institutions. — In nothing 
do we see the ameliorating and elevating influences of 
our time more than in the generosity with which chari- 
table institutions and philanthropic associations have, of 
late years, been founded and supported. As the country 
has grown in size, population, and wealth, relief has been 
more widely extended to human suffering, and efforts 
have been more urgently made to elevate the moral and 
religious condition of our race the world over. 



332 



BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 
1. Disbaiidiiig of the riiiuii Army. 



1. Johnson's 
Adniinist catiun. 
(l.soo-'oy.) 



2. Grant's 
Admin Isti'a- J 
tions. ] 

(l809-'77.) 



2. Domestic Affaii-s. 



3. Foreign Affairs. 

4. I'olilical I'aities. 

f 1. Domestic Affairs. 

I 2. Forei"'!! Alfairs. 

I 

1^ 3. Political Parties. 

( 1. Domestic Affairs. 
[ 2. Political Parties. 

( 1. Domestic Affairs. 



:^. Hayes' | 

Administration. ^ 2. Foreign Affairs. 
(1877-'»1.) 



4. Garfield and 
Arthur's 

Admin i.st ration. 
(l«Bl-'85.) 

5. Cleveland's 

First 
Adrninisti-ation. 

(lKiS.5-'81).) 



G. Harrison's 
Administration. 
(l,ss'j-''.):5.) 



7. Cleveland's 

Second 

Administrat ion. 

(lH<,i;{-".»7.) 



H. MoKinley's 
Administration. 
(18'..7- .) 



f 1. KicoiiBtruction Policy of the Pregldent 

2. Tbi' Tbirteeiitli Ami'iidiiient. 

I 3. rublic I)fl)t. 

) 4. Kt'CoiiHtrurtion rolirv nt euiigrcds 

I -,. Tl.r Sfc.ilicl .Stiltis A.llnilt.-lL 

I II. iiiii«'iiclmi.iit ol til.- rri«i(li-iit 

7. 'I'lu- Fuiirt<'iMtli .\iiiiiiilincnt. 

i^ a. Ffiiiaii ICxcitt'iuent 

1. J'urcha*!' of Alaskn. 

2. Frrmli in .Mexico 

:t. Laying of the .Atlantic C»blc 

4. Treaty witu China. 



f 1. Pacific Kailroail. 

j 2. The Fifteenth Amendmeiit. 

\ :i. rrosperity ofthu Countiv. ' 

(^ 4. Fires. 

( 1. Treaty of Wsaliingti.n. 

J 2. l"ro|)osed Annexation of San Poniir.go. 



r I. The Modoc Indians. 

2. Kailroad Panic. 

;t. Centennial Anniversariea 
I 4. The Centennial Kxhibitioo. 
l^ 5. War witli the Sioux. 

r 1. rr. a Troops at the South 'Witbdrawi 
•' 2. A Kailroad .Strike. 
(^ :i. Changes in Currency. 

t I. Fishery Award. 

) 2. Treaties with China. 



l^ 3. Political Parties. 

f 1. Domestic Affairs. 

[ 2. Political Parties. 

I 1. Domestic Affairs. 

L 2. Political Partiis 

I 1. Domestic Affairs. 

2. Fiirei;rn Affnirs. 

3. Political Parties. 

1. Domestic Affairs. 

2. Foreij;!! Affairs. 

3. Political Parties. 



f 1. Assa.«sination of President Gartield 

2. Accession of Artiiur. 

' .i. Civil Service Hill. 

4. Letter Postage. 



5. Alaska. 



f I. The Presidential Succession. 
', 2. Strikes and Labor Uisturhniices. 
l. :t Earthriuake.i. 



r 1 The .tohnstown Flood. 

2. The Taritf. 
• X Indian Troubles. 

4. liallot Hefornl. 
l^ 5. Labor Troubles. 

International Copyright. 



f 1. World's Columbian Rxposition. 

N 2. Kepeal of Sliver Purchase Law. 

L :). The Tariff. 

C 1. Hawaii. 

{ 2. The Venezuelan Boundary. 



f 1. Domestic Alfairs. | V 'file J"ui' « 



2. Foreign Affairs. 



C 1. The War with Simin. 
I 2. Anni'XHtiou of llawi 

I 3. W 



otiier Ishiiid^ 



iian Islands and 



ar in the Pnihppines. 



'.'. Slates Admitted <lurintr this l<;poeli, 
.^ lo. l'rujj:ress in Civilization. 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 

THESE questions are placed at the close of tlie work rather than at the foot 
of each page, in order to compel a more independent use of the book. As 
far as possible, topical recitations should be encouraged. On naming the subject 
of a paragraph, the pupil should be expected to tell all he knows about it. A 
little patience and practice in this method will achieve wonderful results. The 
following pages often present topical questions in the hope of gradually leading 
the pupil to this system of study. The figures refer to the pages of the book. 



INTRODUCTION. 

9. From what continent did the first inhabitants of America probably come? 
How did they get here ? (At that tim^e it is probable that Bering Strait was not 
cut through, and the two continents were connected.) What remains of these 
people are found? 

10. Where do they occur? What proof is there of their antiquity? Describe 
the ruins at Newark, Ohio. The mound at St. Louis. The embankment in 
Adams County, Ohio. Are earth-works permanent? Describe the ruins in 
South America. Who were the mound-builders? 

11. What became of them? Who succeeded them? How did the Indians 
compare with them? What do you say of the nimiber of the Indians? Where 
were they most numerous? 

12. 13. Were there any blacksmiths, carpenters, etc., among them? Were 
they a progressive people? In what were they skilled? How did they x-egard 
labor? Describe the life of their women. Give an account of the Iroquois 
Confederacy. Who are the Pueblo Indians? Describe the Indian disposition. 
His power of endurance. 

14-17. His religion. Did he have any idea of G-od? What policy should be 
pursued toward the Indian ? Can you give any account, from your recent read- 
ing, of the efforts now making to educate the Indian? Who were the North- 
men? What traditions about their having discovered and settled America? Are 
these stories credible ? Are there any remains of this people now existing ? 
Were their discoveries of any value? At what date does the history of this 
country begin? Name the subjects and limits of the six epochs into which, 
this history is divided. 

FIRST EPOCH. 

19. What was the state of geographical knowledge in Europe in the fifteenth 
century? Why could not sailors have crossed the ocean before as well as then? 
Why were books of travel more abundant then? Why were thev so eagerly 
read ? 



ii QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE, 



20. By what route were goods from the East then obtained? "What was the 
commercial problem of that day? Columbus' idea? What facts strengthened 
his view? (See note, p. 21.) TeU something of his life. 

21. Why did he seek assistance? Before whom did ho lay his plan? How 
was it received? Did the king treat him fairly? To whom did Columbus 
apply next? How was he regai-ded? What reply was made him? 

22. What did Columbus' friends do for him? What offer did Queen Isabella 
make? Were her jewels sold? What new trouble assailed Columbus? What 
vessels composed his fleet? Give some of the incidents of the voyage. 

23. Did Colimibus waver? (There seems to be no truth in the common state- 
ment that he promised to turn back, if he did not discover land in three days.) 
Describe the discovery of land. The landing. When and where was this? 
What region did Columbus think he had reached? What was the rcsiilt? For 
what did he search? AVhat other islands did he discover? 

24. Describe his reception on his return. How many subsequent voyages did 
Columbus make? AVhat settlement did he make? (See p. 289.) Did he dis- 
cover the main-land? Did he know that he had found a new continent? Where 
is Columbus' tomb? How was the continent named? 

25. AVhat Wcis the plan of John Cabot ? What discoveries did he make ? Did 
his discoveries antedate those of Columbus? "Where and when is it probable 
the American continent was first discovered? What discoveries did Sebastian 
Cabot make? Did England improve them? Of what value were they? 

2G. Wliat four nations explored the territory of the future United States? 
Whet portion of the continent did each explore? What was the feeling in 
Spain? What effect was produced? Why did Ponce de Leon come to the new 
world ? 

27. What land did he discover? Why did he so name it? What success 
did he meet? What discovery did Balboa make? Describe the expedition of 
De Narvaez. Its fate. Of De Soto. Of De Ayllon. 

28. What region did De Soto traverse? Did he make ar.y valuable discov- 
eries? What river was his burial-place? When? What became of his com- 
panions ? 

29. When, where, and by whom was the first town in the United States 
founded? What is the probable origin of the name California? Why did Cortez 
explore that region? WTio made the first voyage along the Pacific coast? 
Which is the second oldest to^vn in the United States? When and by whom 
was it founded? 

30. "^^^lat was then the great wish of maritime nations? What was the 
extent of the Spanish ixjssessions in the new world? Who was the first French 
navigator to reach the continent? When? What name did he give it? Who 
discovered the River St. Dawrenco? Why did ho so name it? 

31. Why was Montreal so named? Who were the Huguenots? What was 
Coligny's plan? Who led the first expedition? Fate of the colony? Give an 
account of the second expedition. Tell the amusing story of the longevity of 
the Indians. 

32. What was the fate of the second colony? What French navigator was 
the next to ascend the St. Lawrence? How did ho find things at Hochelaga? 
When, where, and by whom was the first permanent French settlement made in 
America? How much land was granted to this colony? 

33. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent Frencn settlement 



n 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. iii 

made in Canadat What jotimey did Champlain make! What discoveries y The 
consequence of his trip? Who explored the Mississippi valley? What relics of 
them remain i Tell something of their heroism. Of Father Marquette. Of his 
death. 

34. Tell of La Salle's adventures. What were the results of French enter- 
prise i 

35. How did it compare with English enterprise? When did the English 
awake to the importance of American discovery ? WTio -made the first attempt 
to carry out Cabot's plan? What success did he have? Was the discovery of 
gold profitable? What discovery did Sir Francis Drake make? Describe his 
buccaneering adventures (p. 42). Where did Drake winter on the Pacific coast? 

36. What was the view of Sir Humphrey GUlbert ? His fate"? Who adopted 
liis plan? Give some account of Sir Walter Raleigh. Why was Virginia so 
named? Where did Raleigh plant his first colony? Give its history. 

37. What did the colonists introduce into England on their rettirn? Story 
told of Raleigh's smoking? Give the history of the second colony. What kept 
the interest in America alive? How did Gosnold shorten the voyage across the 
Atlantic ? 

38. What discoveries did Gosnold make? Captain Pring? Results of these 
explorations? What was South "Virginia? North "Virginia? Where, when, and 
by whom was the first English settlement made in the United States? Tell 
some of the provisions of the charter granted to these companies. What is a 
charter? An^s. A document which confers the title to certain land, and, not 
unhke a constitution, defines the form of government, and secures to the people 
certain rights and privileges. What is a patent? Am. It is now the exclusive 
right to any invention ; formerly it was a grant conferring land and the right 
to plant a colony. 

39. ^Vl^o entered New York harbor next after Verrazani? Was Hudson a 
Dutchman? What river did he discover? What claim did the Dutch found 
on this discovery? What name did they give to the region? State the claims 
of these four nations, and the settlements they had made. 

40. Why were these claims confiicting? Had these nations any idea of the 
extent of the country? Which nation ultimately secured the whole region? 
Which centuries were characterized by explorations, and which century by 
settlements? Name the permanent settlements which were made at the 
beginning of the seventeenth century. 

SECOND EPOCH. 

45, 46. Name the thirteen colonies. Were they united during this epoch? 
What was the character of the Virginia colonists? What was their success? 
Describe the services of John Smith. Narrate some of the incidents of his life. 

47, 48, What was his theory of founding a colony? Tell the story of his 
capture by the Indians. What change in the government of the colony was 
made by the second charter? Was it based on the principle of self-govern- 
ment? Why did Smith leave? What was its effect on the colony? Tell some- 
thing of the " Starving Time ". 

49. How did relief come? What change was made by the third charter? 
Describe the marriage of Pocahontas. Her visit to England. Where was the 
prat legislative body held? 



iv QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 



50. When was the first constitution given? Of what vahie were these char- 
ters? State some particulars of the prosperity of the colony. Of the culture 
of tobacco. Of the piux^hase of wives. "When and how was slavery intro- 
duced ? Why ? 

51. Wliy did the Indians now become hostile? Give some account of the 
massacre. Its result. What new change was next made in the government? 
Cause? What was the Navigation Act? Why was it oppressive? What was 
the conduct of the assembly? 

52. What division now arose among the people? Tell tha story of Bacon's 
rebellion. Was Bacon a patriot or a rebel? What was the conduct of Berke- 
ley? Wliat curious fact illustrates the ruling sentiment of Massachusetts and 
of Virginia at that time? What coincidence between this event and the 
Revolution ? 

53. Describe John Smith's explorations at the north. What authority was 
granted to the Council of New England? What became of the Plymouth 
Company? Give some account of the landing of the Pilgrims. Who were 
the Puritans? What was the difTerenco between the Puritans and the Pil- 
grims? Why did the Pilgrims come to this country? When? 

54. Wliat was their character? What story is told to illustrate their piety? 
Describe their sufferings. What is "Plymouth Rock"? What do you mean by 
Dec. 11, O. S. and Dec. 21, N. S.? Wliy did not the Indians disturb the settlers? 

55. What Indians visited them in the spring? How did Governor Bradford 
reply to Canonicus' threat? Tell about the scarcity of food. How did the plan 
of working in common succeed? 

56. Did they have any more pri\'ilegcs than the JamestowTi colonists? Who 
settled about Massachusetts Bay? Why was this colony popular? Who founded 
Salem? Boston? Did the Puritans tolerate other Churches? Wliy not? Give 
an account of the difficulty with Roger Williams. 

57. Where did he go? What settlement did ho found? Wliy did Mrs. Hutch- 
inson become obnoxious? State the treatment of the Quakers. What union of 
the colonies was now formed? What was its object? What Indian chiefs be- 
friended Massachusetts and "Virginia in their early history? (The grandson of 
Massasoit was sold as a slave in the West Indies.) 

58. 59. Give an account of King Philip's war. Of the "swamp fight". Of 
the attack on Hadley. How did the colonists protect themselves? How was 
the war finally ended? How did the Navigation Act affect Massachusetts? 
Did the Puritans obey it? "What change now took place in the government? 
Give some account of Andros' rule. "Wliat action did the colonists take? What 
form of government was finally imposed upon them? 

60. Give an account of the Salem witchcraft. "Wliat is a " witch " ? Was 
this delusion common at that time? "What two colonics were intimately asso- 
ciated with Massachusetts? 

61. Give an account of the early settlement of New Hampshire. Of Maine. 
"What is said of the claims made upon the land by the heirs of these proprie- 
toi"s? "Why are these States so named? "Who obtained a gi-ant of the territory 
now embraced in Connecticut? Wlio claimed this region? 

62. Give an account of the early settlement at Windsor. Hartford. Say- 
brook. How were the Narragansett Indians kept from joining the Pequods 
against the whites? Describe the attack upon the Pcquod fort. 

63. "Wliat tliree colonies were formed in Connecticut? "Wliat peculiarities in 



1 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. V 

the government of each ? How were they combined into one colony ? Why was 
the charter so highly prized? What story is told of Andros' visit? 

64. What colony was established the same year that Hooker went to Hart- 
ford ? What exiles settled Rhode Island ? Why was the island so called ? What 
fact illustrates Williams' generosity ? 

65. What was his favorite idea? Why was not the colony allowed to join the 
New England Union? How was a charter secured? What was its character? 
Give an account of the settlement of New York by the Dutch. Wbo were the 
"patroons"? 

66. WTiat was the character of the history of New York under its four Dutch 
governors ? Who was the ablest of them ? How miich territory did he claim ? 
How did he settle the boundary lines? Tell something of the growth of liberty 
among the people. 

67. Describe old Peter's reluctance to surrender to the English. Why was 
the colony named New York? Were the people pleased with the English ride? 
Was the English occupation permanent? Was civil liberty secured luider 
Andix)s? Dongan? What course did the Duke of York take when he became 
King of England? Tell how Captain Leisler came to assume the government. 
Of his trial and execution. 

68. In what colony was New Jersey formerly embraced? Who first settled 
it? When, to whom, and by whom was the land granted? Where and by 
whom was the first English settlement made? Wliy so called? How divided? 
Who settled the different parts? 

69. How did New Jei-sey come to be imited to New York? To be made a 
separate royal province? Where and by whom was the first settlement in 
Delaware made? In Pennsylvania? Who was the founder of Pennsylvania? 
Give some account of William Penn. Of the Quakers. 

70. How did Penn obtain a grant of this region? Why was it so named? 
What was Delaware styled? How did Penn settle the territory? What city 
did he found? Meaning of the name? Rapidity of its gi'owth? What was 
the " Great Code " ? Was reUgiotis toleration granted ? 

71. 78. Give an account of Penn's treaty with the Indians. In what spirit 
did Penn treat the colony? How came Delaware to be separated from Penn- 
sylvania? Was this separation total? How did Pennsylvania secure the title 
to its soil? With what intent did Lord Baltimore secure a grant of land in 
America? When was the first settlement made? Why was Maryland so 
named? What class of people generally settled this coimtry? 

73. Wbat advantage did the Maryland charter confer? What was the "Tol- 
eration Act"? How did religious toleration vary in the colonies? Give an 
account of Clayborne's rebellion. Of the difficulties between the Catholics and 
the Protestants. 

74. What territory was granted to Lord Clarendon ? By whom was the Albe- 
marle colony settled? What coiu^e did the proprietors take? By whom was 
the Carteret colony settled? What location did they select? What do you say 
of the rapidity of its growth? 

75. What beneficial influence did the Huguenots have on the colony ? What 
was the "Grand Model"? How was it unfitted for a new country? How was it 
received? (Read p. 96.) What were the relations between the proprietors and 
settlers? How were the difficulties ended? How came Carolina to be divided? 

76. By what coincidence is Georgia linked with Washington? With what 



Vi QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 

intention was this colony planned ? Character of the settlers ? Restrictions of 
the trustees? Result? 

77. How many inter-colonial wai-s were there? If you include the Spanish 
war? (See p. 80, note.) Duration of King William's war? Cause? Describe 
the Indian attacks upon the colonists. Tell the story of Mrs. Dustin. 

78, 79. AVhat attacks were made by the colonists in return? Were they suc- 
cessful? "What was the result of the war? Length of Queen Anne's war? 
Cause? Where was the war mainly fought? Effect upon New England? What 
attack by the colonists at the South? At the North? Tell the story of Mrs. 
Williams. 

80. What was the result of the war? Length of King Gteorge's war? Cause? 
Principal event? Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. Of the Spanish 
war. 

81, 82. Result of the war. Length of the French and Indian war. Cause. 
Occasions of quarrel. Give an account of Washington's journey to Lake Erie. 
His return. Result of his journey. 

83. What did the French do in the spring of 1754? TeU the story of Wash- 
ington's first battle. Give an account of the capture of Fort Necessity by the 
French. Who fired the first gun of this war? Name the five objective points 
of this war. 

84. Why were they so obstinately attacked and defended? Give an account 
of the defeat of General Braddock. Character of Braddock. Conduct of 
Washington. 

85. Give an account of the second exi)edition. "Who finally captured the 
fort? What city now occupies its site? What was the principal cause of the 
easy capture of the fort? (See p. 87, note.) What success did the English 
meet in Acadia? WTiat cruel act disgraced their victory? What attempt was 
made on Louisburg? Wlao finally captured it? 

8G. Describe the battle of Lake George. Who earned the glory of this vic- 
tory and who got it? Tell the story of Dieskau's death. The fate of Fort 
William Henry. Describe the attack on Fort Ticonderoga by Abercrombie. 

87. When were both forts captured? Describe the two attempts to capture 
Niagara. Who forced it to surrender? In what year did these successes occur? 
Describe the difficulties which General Wolfe met in his attack on Quebec. 

88, 89. How did he overcome them? Describe the battle on the Plains of 
Abraham. What was the result of the battle? AVliat were the conditions of 
peace? 

90, 91. "WTiat was the cause of Pontiac's war? Result? Fate of Pontiac? 
What stratagems did the Indians use? Effect of the French and Indian war? 
How did the British officers treat the colonial olficers? Describe the condition 
of the colonies at the close cf the French and Indian war. How many kinds of 
government? Name and define each. 

92-99, How many colleges? Did the English govornment support educational 
intei-ests? Condition of agriculture? Manufactures? Comm<>rco? Was money 
scarce? Were there many books or papers? How did the people travel? Tell 
something about the first public conveyance. Condition of morals in New 
England. Name some peculiar customs. Some rigid laws. Who were entitled 
to the prefix Mr. ? Wliat were common people called ? Laws with regard to 
drinking? Using tobacco? Tell something of the habits of the people in New 
York. What customs familiar to us are of Dutch origin? How did the style 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. Vll 

of living at the South dififer from that at the North? Describe a southern plan- 
tation. What is said of the luxurious living? State of education in New 
England? Tell something of the support given to schools. Of the founding of 
Yale College. Of their town meetings. Of the state of education in the middle 
colonies. How were the ministers' salaries met? What was the state of edu- 
cation in the southern colonies? Provision made for public worship? Q-ive 
some idea of the early Virginia laws of worship. 



THIRD EPOCH. 

101, 102. How did England treat the colonies? Give some illustrations. 
What was the tendency of this course of conduct? What was the direct cause 
of war? The Stamp Act? What were Writs of Assistance? Tell the story of 
Patrick Henry. 

103-105. What efforts were made to resist the law? What effect did they 
have on the English government? Was this permanent? What was the Mutiny 
Act? Why was it passed? How was it received by the colonists? Tell about 
the Boston Massacre. The Boston Tea Party. Why was the tea thrown over- 
board? Eor what is Eaneuil Hall noted? What did the English now do? 

106, 107. What parties were formed? What action did the colonists take? 
When, and where, was the Eirst Continental Congress held? What action did 
it take? When and where was the first blood spilled? Describe how the 
battle of Lexington occurred. 

108, 109. What were the effects of this battle? Tell how the battle of Bunker 
Hill occurred. Describe it. Tell something of "Old Put". 

110. State the effect of this battle. Describe the death of General Warren. 
Give some account of Ethan Allen. 

111. Why were the New Hampshire Grants so called? Describe the capture 
of Ticonderoga. Meeting of Second Continental Congress. Its action. What 
was the condition of the army? 

112. What expedition was undertaken against Canada? Describe the attack 
upon Quebec. Its end. How were the British forced to leave Boston? 

113. How had they treated the Boston people? The Boston boys? Describe 
the attack on Eort Moultrie. Its effect. Tell the story of Sergeant Jasper. 

114. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted? How many colo- 
nies voted for it ? (See the Declaration in the Appendix.) Tell the story of the 
old "liberty bell". How did the campaign near New York occur? 

115. Describe the battle of Long Island. What decided it in favor of the 
English ? By what providential circumstance did the Americans escape ? What 
were the prison ships ? Who were the Hessians ? Tell the story of Nathan Hale. 

116. 117. What battles occurred while Washington was falling back ? Describe 
his retreat through New Jersey, How did he escape? What general was cap- 
tured by the enemy? What was the condition of the country? Describe the 
battle of Trenton. Tell the story of Ball. 

118. The effect of this battle. Name the battles of 1776 in order. Describe 
the battle of Princeton. What providential circumstance favored the attack? 

119. How did the battle of Brandywine occur? Describe it. What decided 
it in favor of the English? What previous battle did it resemble? Give some 
account of La Fayette. 



Viii QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 

120, 121. Describe the battle of Germantown. Wby did the Americans fail? 
How did the campaign in Pennsylvania close? What disastrous attempt was 
made by the British at the North? Describe the burning of Danbury, the cap- 
ture of Gteneral Prescott, and the murder of Jane McCrea. What events at- 
tended General Burgoyne'a march south? What measures were taken to check 
his advance? 

122. Who succeeded General Schuyler? A\Tiat was Schuyler's conduct? What 
events deranged Burgoyne's plans? How was the siege of Fort Schuyler (Stan- 
wix) raised? Tell something of Kosciusko. 

123. Describe the battle of Bennington. For what incident is it noted? 

124. Describe the first battle of Saratoga. The second battle. ~Who was the 
hero of the fight? How did General Frascr die? Tell some incidents of the 
campaign. 

125. 126. Effect of these fights. Name the battles of 1777 in order. Describe 
the sufferings at "Valley Forge. How could the soldiers endure such misery? 
What news came in the spring? Story told of Washington? Tell something 
of the Conway cabal. T\Tiat story is told of General Heed? 

127. "V\Tiat caused the battle of Monmouth to happen? Describe its promi- 
nent incident. Tell the histoiy of Benjamin Franldin. 

128. Tell the story of Major Molly. What became of General Ijce ? What 
campaign was now planned by the aid of the French? How did it turn out? 
Describe the Wyoming massacre. What poem has been written upon this 
event? Am. Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming. Name the battles of 1778 
in order. 

129. Why was the war now transferred to the South? How did the cam- 
paign open ? Describe the attack on Savannah. Who were killed ? Tell some- 
thing of Count Pulaski. Was the French aid of great value? 

130-132. "\,^^lat characterized the campaign at the North? Tell the story of 
General Putnam. Describe the capture of Stony Point. CJeneral Sullivan's 
expedition. What do you say of the naval successes? Describe the contest 
between the Bonhommo Richard and the Serapis. What colony was conquered 
by the British during this year? Name the principal battles of 1779 in order. 

133, 134. What city was now captured? What result followed? How did 
the battle of Camden occur? Describe it. What was its result? Tell some- 
thing of the famous partisan warfare. Name some leaders. Story of Marion. 
Battle of King's Mountain. Death of Colonel Hayne. Effect of this independent 
warfare. Tell something of the depreciation of the continental money. 

13.5, 136. What mutiny occurred? Tell the story of Arnold's treason. Of 
Andrd's captiire and fate. Of Arnold's escape and reward. In what estimation 
was he held ? Name the principal events of 1780. 

137. What was the condition of the army at the South? Who now took 
command? Describe the battle of the Cowpens. Describe Greene's celebrated 
retreat. How many times did the rain save him? 

138. By what two battles was the contest at the South closed? Were the 
English or Americans victorious? Illustrate the patriotism of the women. 
Describe the character of General Greene. 

130. Whore did Comwallis go after the failure of his southern campaign » 
What kind of war did he wage in Virginia? A\Tiy did he retire to Yorktowi>» 
What plan did Wiishington now adopt? 

140. Describe the siege of Yorktown. Its result. The surrender. The eflPect- 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. ix 

On what plundering tours did Arnold go? Story told of Nelson? Name the prin- 
cipal battles of 1781 in order. 

141, 142. How was the news of Cornwallis' surrender received? "Was all peril 
to our liberties over? What was the condition of the country? What base offer 
was made to Washington ? How did he pacify the army ? When was peace signed ? 
What was the result ? What course did Washington take ? 

143. Tell something of the weakness of the government. What held the col- 
onies together? Cause of Shays' rebellion? What need was felt? How was it 
met ? When was the Constitution adopted ? Who were the chief authors of the 
Constitution ? What parties arose ? What was the Federalist (see p. 330)? How 
soon was the Constitution ratified? How many States were necessaiy? When 
did the new government go into operation t 



FOURTH EPOCH. 

149, 150. What are the limits of this epoch? What was its characteristic idea? 
Who was the first President of the United States? When and where was he 
inaugurated? Where was the capital? Name its changes. What was the pop- 
ular feeling toward Washington? Give some account of Washington's life and 
character. 

151, 152. What difficulties beset the government? What departments were 
established? Name the members of the first cabinet. Was the Postmaster- 
General a member? What financial measures were adopted? By whose advice? 
What did Webster say of Hamilton? Give an account of the whiskey rebellion. 
Of the Indian war at the north-west. What difficulty arose with England? 

153. How was it settled? How was the treaty received in this country? What 
treaty was made with Spain? Algiers? What was the popular feeling toward 
France? Why was Genet recalled? What parties now arose? Who were the 
leaders of each ? Their views ? TeU something of Randolph. 

154, 155. Who was elected second President? Tell something of Adams' life. 
What were the alien and sedition laws? Why were they passed ? How were they 
received? How did the French difficulty look during this administration? How 
was it terminated ? What reply did Pinckney make to the base offer of the French 
Directory? What was the state of party feeling? Who was elected third Pres- 
ident? Why was not Adams re-elected? What was the important event of 
Jefferson's administration? WTiy? 

156, 157. TeU something of Jefferson's life and character. Tell how Hamilton 
was killed. What became of Bm-r? Tell something of Fulton's invention. Of 
the war with Tripoli. Of Lieutenant Decatur's exploit. 

158. What difficulty now arose with England and France ? What is the 
American doctrine? Was the impressment of seamen general? What was the 
Embargo Act? (The enemies of this law, spelling the name baclcward. termed 
it the O Grab me Act.) What was the issue of the next political campaign ? Who 
was elected fourth President? Views of the Federalists? Give an account of 
Madison's life and character. 

159. Give an account of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Effect of this Indian war. 
State how the breach with England widened. 

1(50. Describe the difficulty between the President and Little Belt. When was 



X QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 

war declared? How long did the war last? "What was the opening event of the 
war of 1812 ? Describe the surrender of Detroit. 

161. The battle of Queenstown Heights. How did the naval and the land 
warfare compare? Describe the fight between the Constitution and Guerri&re. 

162. Between the Frolic and the Wasp. How many prizes were captured by 
privateers? What are privateei-s? 

163. What was the effect of these victories? Name the battles of 1812 in 
order. Plan of the campaign of 181.3. What did the armies of the center and 
north do? What did the British do? What reverse happened to a part of Gen- 
eral Harrison's command? Describe this rout. Tell something of Proctor's 
brutality. 

164. 165. Describe the three attacks made by Proctor. In which was he suc- 
cessful? Describe Perry's victory on Dake Erie. What gallant exploit was 
performed by Perry? What issues depended on this fight? Describe the battle 
of the Thames. "What celebrated Indian was killed? What was the effect of 
these victories? Who gained great credit? 

166. Desci-ibe the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon. What 
were Lawrence's dying words? Who used them in battle? Wliat Indian diffi- 
culties occurred? How did General Jackson avenge the massacre of Fort MimmsT 
What story is told of Jackson? 

167. What ravages were committed by Admiral Cockburn? Why was New 
England spared ? Name the principal battles of 1813 in order. What movement 
was made by General Brown? What general led the advance? 

168. What battles ensued? Describe the battle of Lundy's Lane. Wliat story 
is told of Colonel IMillcr? What battle took place in New York State? How did 
that happen ? Describe it. 

169-171. Describe the ravages made by the British on the Atlantic coast. 
Attack on Washington. On Baltimore. Result of these events. AVTiat was the 
Hartford Convention? Wliat put an end to these fears? Why was the battle of 
New Orleans unnecessary? Describe this battle. How did it happen that raw 
militia defeated English veterans ? 'Wliat was the result of this war? Effect upon 
the federalist party? "Who was elected fifth President? 

172. Was Monroe a popular man ? Give some account of his life and character. 
"What was the characteristic of his administration? "Wliat was the Missouri Com- 
promise? Cause of it? 

173. Give an account of La Fayette's visit. "What territory was gained by 
treaty? AVTiat famous doctrine advanced by Monroe? "What political changes 
now took place? A\Tiat party was arising? What were its principles? Principles 
of the democratic party? "WTio were the champions of each party? Which party 
absorbed most of the old federalists? AVHiy? "\\Tio was elected sixth President? 
How? 

174. Give some account of the life and character of John Quincy Adams. Of 
his administration. Was it popular? How was the protective tariff received? 
"Who was elected seventh President? 

175. Give some account of the life and character of Jackson. Contrast him 
with .John Quincy Adams. "Wliat principle did he introduce? "What was the 
nullification ordinance? How did Jackson act? 

176. How did Clay pacify? "What celebrated debate to<ik place? "What la 
said of Calhoun ? Of Clay's patriotism ? "What action did Jackson take concern- 
ing the United States Bank? Its effect? 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. xi 

177, 178. How did speculation become rife? Give an account of the Black 
Hawk war. The Seminole war. What is said of Osceola? What difficulty 
occurred with Erance ? How was it settled ? Who were the Presidential candi- 
dates? What were their principles? Who was elected eighth President? Give 
an account of the life and character of Van Buren. Describe the crisis of 1837. 

179. What was its effect on trade? What was the patriot war? Van Buren 'g 
Sub-Treasury Bill? Tell the story of the steamer Caroline. 

180. What was the North-east boundary question ? How was it settled ? What 
was the Ashburton treaty? Who was elected ninth President? Who was hie 
opponent? Give an account of the life and character of Harrison. What was 
the cause of his sudden death? Who succeeded him? 

181. Was Tyler's administration successful? Did he remain true to his party'- 
What course did he take with regard to the United States Bank? Give an 
account of Dorr's rebellion. 

182. 183. Of the anti-rent diflBculties. Of the Mormons. Of the origin and 
early history of this sect. Of the invention of the magnetic telegraph. Of the 
annexation of Texas. Why was this measure warmly opposed? How was the 
North-western boundary question settled? 

184, 185. Who were the Presidential candidates? Give an account of Clay. 
Who was elected eleventh President? Give an account of the life of Polk 
What war now broke out? Give an account of Taylor's campaign on the Rio 
Grande. 

186, 187. Describe the capture of Monterey. The battle of Buena Vista. 
What battles had Taylor fought? By what incident or peculiarity can you recol- 
lect each one? What stories are told of Taylor? Give an account of Kearney's 
expedition. 

188, 189. Describe the conquest of California. Who was the hero of this 
exploit? Describe the captiire of Vera Cruz. The battle of Cerro Gordo. What 
city now surrendered? Describe the battles before Mexico. The result. 

190. When was peace concluded? What did the United States gain by the 
war? What was the Wilmot proviso? Give an account of the discovery of gold 
in California. 

191. Of the vigilance committees. Of the political parties. Who was elected 
twelfth President? Give an account of the life and character of Taylor. How 
long was he President? Who succeeded him? What questions agitated the 
people ? 

192. Why were these now awakened? What was the effect? What course did 
Clay take? Webster? Give some account of Webster. 

193. What was the Compromise of 1850 ? What did it propose ? By what 
name is it commonly known ? Give an account of the filibusters. Of the politi- 
cal parties. Who was elected fourteenth President? 

194. Give an account of the life of . Pierce. Of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. 
What is squatter sovereignty? Tell how the Public Dands have threatened the 
peace of the country. How they have enhanced its prosperity. 

195. How did the contest arise in Kansas? What was the result? Cause of 
Brooks' assault on Sumner? What was the Gadsden purchase? Give an account 
of the treaty with Japan. What political parties now arose? 

196. Who was elected fifteenth President? Give some account of Buchanan's 
life. Of the Know-Nothing party. Of the Dred Scott decision. 

197. How was this regarded at the North and at the South ? Why was the 



xii QUESTIONS FOU CLASS USE. 

Fugitive Slave law obnoxious? What wore Personal Liberty bills? Give an ~ 
account of the John Brown affair. What was the question of the elections? 
"WTio were nominated for the Presidency? Who was elected sixteenth President? 

198, 199. Give an account of the secession of the South on the election of 
Lincoln. Give a history of the gradual growth of this movement. When and 
where was the Confedeiate government formed? Who were elected President 
and Vice-President? "What action was taken? What was the condition of the 
country? Give an account of the condition of affairs at Fort Sumter. 

200. Was any attempt made by the United States authorities to relieve it? 
For what did the nation wait? What was the Peace Convention? 

No questions are given upon the new States admitted to the Union during this 
epoch, as each chiss w>ll naturally commit only that which concerns its own 
State, and will wish to add to the facts given here those obtained from other 
sources. 



FIFTH EPOCH. 

215, 216. Give an account of Lincoln's inauguration. Of his early history. 
Of the condition of the country. Was war a necessity? What precipitated this 
issue? When was the first gun of the Civil War fired? Give an account of the 
capture of Fort Sumter. 

217. What was the effect of this event? What action did the North take? 
The South? A\Tien and where was the fii-st bloodshed? What valuable stores 
were seized? How did the war in Virginia open? 

218. How was Fort Monroe protected from capture? Give an account of the 
Big Bethel affair. Of the war in Western Virginia. What was the origin of the 
term " Contrabands " ? 

219. 220. How did the battle of BuU Kun take place? Describe it. By what 
peculiarity can you recollect it? What is its date? How did Jackson receive 
the name of "Stonewall"? Give an account of the retreat. Its effect. Describe 
the battle at Ball's Bluff. Who now took command of the Union troops? 

221. Give an account of the war in Missouri. What battles were fought? 
What leaders on each side? WTiat Union general who afterward became cele- 
brated? What was the condition of affairs in the boi-dcr States? 

222. What step did Davis take? TeU the number of vessels in the Union 
navy. What naval expeditions were made ? What places captured ? What was 
the peculiarity of the attack en the Port Royal forte? Describe the Treat affair. 

223. Give a general review of the first year of the war. Describe the preser- 
vation of Fort Pickens. The situation at the opening of 1862. "WTiat was the 
plan of the campaign? 

224. What was the Confederate line of defense at the West? The Union plan 
of attack? "WTiere was the first attack? Describe the capture of Fort Henry. 

225. Of Fort Donelson. What storj' is told of General Grant? What was the 
effect of these victories? What was the next movement? Describe the battle of 
Shiloh, or Pittsburg Landing. 

226. 227. By what peculiarity can you recollect it? How did the battle turn 
on the second day? How was Corinth captured? Describe the taking of Island 
No. 10. What were the effects of the Shiloh battle ? 

228. What line was now held by the Union army? Where were the Confed- 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. xiii 

erates located? What movements did they make to break through the Union 
lines? Describe Bragg's expedition. Was it successful? What was the cause 
of the battles of luka and Corinth? Result? 

229. How was Bragg's second expedition stopped? Describe the battle of 
Murfreesboro. What was its effect? What coincidence occurred? 

230. What was Grant's plan for an expedition against Vicksburg? Was it 
successful? What event closed the Mississippi campaign? What battle was 
fought in Missouri? What was the condition of the State? Wliat massacre 
occurred in Kansas? 

231. 232. Describe the capture of New Orleans by Farragut. Burnside's 
expedition against Roanoke Island. What was the importance of Roanoke 
Island ? 

233, 234. Wliat places in Florida were captiired? Describe the battle between 
the Monitor and the Merrimac. What was the result? 

235. The object of the war in the East ? What campaign was undertaken ? 
Wlio was the commanding general ? Describe the siege of Yorktown. 

236. The battle of Williamsburg. What checked McClellan's advance? What 
battle ensued? What was the result? What was now the expectation of the 
Union army? 

237. How did General Joseph E. Johnston thwart General McClellan's plan ? 
Give an account of Jackson in the Shenandoah. What was the effect of this 
movement ? What story is told of Jackson ? 

238. 239. Describe the battle of Fair Oaks. How was the Union advance on 
Richmond checked? Who now took command of the Confederate army? What 
plan did McClellan form ? Describe the seven-days battles. In what way was the 
retreat conducted? With what battle did it close? 

240. AVliat was the effect of this campaign? The feeling at the North? Why 
did Lee now march north? Who took command of the Union ariny before 
Washington? Describe Lee's campaign against Pope. 

241. What was the effect? What plan did Lee now adopt? Wlio assumed 
command of the Army of the Potomac? Describe McClellan's movements in 
pursuit. On what expedition was Jackson sent? 

242. 243. Describe the battle of Antietam. Its effect. The battle of Fred- 
ericksburg. Give a review of the second year of the war. 

244-246. What Indian conflict occurred at the West? What was the situa- 
tion at the beginning of the year 1863 ? What movement did Grant make 
against Vicksburg? Describe this campaign. The effect. The movements of 
Rosecrans in Tennessee and Georgia. General Morgan's raid. 

247-250. Describe the battle of Chickamauga. By what event can you recol- 
lect it? Describe the situation at Chattanooga. The battle of Lookout Mount- 
ain. Attack on Missionary Ridge. Its effect. The siege of Knoxville. The 
battle of Chancellorsville. 

251-254. Describe Lee's second invasion of the North. The battle of Gettys- 
burg—first day, second day, third day. Its effect. The attack on Charleston. 
What two contemporaneous events occurred ? What was the " swamp angel " ? 
What can you say concerning the negro troops? Of their charge on Fort 
Wagner ? 

255. Give a general review of the third year of the war. State the situation 
at the beginning of the year 1864. What was Grant's plan ? 

256, 257. Describe Johnston's plan of defense. How did Sherman drive him 



Xiv QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. 



from these positions? Name the battles that occurred. Who succeeded Johnston 
in command? What followed? How did Sherman capture Atlanta? What was 
the effect? 

238. What prevented Sherman's advance into Geor^ria? How was he relieved 
of this difficulty ? Where did Hood go ? What befell him in Tennessee? Describe 
the battle of Nashville. What was the effect? 

259. Describe Sherman's march to the sea. What was the effect? Describe 
Kilpatrick's raid to Richmond. 

260, 261. Describe the battle of the Wilderness. By what peculiarity was it 
distinguished? Wliat was the result? Describe the battle of Sjwttsylvania Court 
House. AVhat was the result? Describe the battle of Cold Harbor. Wbat famous 
dispatch did Grant send? 

262. Describe the attack on Petersburg. What was the effect of this cam- 
paign? Describe the three co-operative expeditions. The mine explosion. 

263. The attack on the Weldon railroad. Why did Lee send Early into the 
Shenandoah Valley? Describe Early's raid. 

264. 265. What Union general was now sent to this region? Describe Sheri- 
dan's campaign. His ride from Winchester. His devastation of the country. 
What was the effect of his campaign? Describe the Red River expedition. The 
rescue of Porter's fleet. The massacre at Fort Pillow. 

266, 207. The attack on Mobile by Parragut. The first expedition against Port 
Fisher. The second expedition. What can you say of the effectiveness of the 
blockade? Of the blockade runners? 

268, 269. Give an account of the Confederate cruisers. Of the battle between 
the Alabama and the Kearsarge. Of the Sanitary and Christian Commissions. 
Of political affairs. 

270-272. Who was elected President? Give a general rexnew of the fo\irth 
year of the war. Describe the situation at the opening of the year 1865. Describe 
Sherman's march through the Carolinas. WTiat was the result? What was the 
situation at Richmond? Describe the attack on Fort Steadman. Why was it 
made? 

273, 274. Describe the battle of Five Forks. What was the effect? Describe 
the capture of Petei'sburg and Richmond. The pursuit of Dee. His surrender. 

275, 276. Name the terms of surrender. "What proofs did Grant give of his 
generosity? What was the fate of Davis? The cost of the war? Tell about the 
assassination of Lincoln. 

277. What States were added during this epoch? 



SIXTH EPOCH. 

281. Who became President on the death of Lincoln ? Give an account of the 
life of .Johnson. What was the size of the two armies at the close of the war? 
\VTiat did their peaceful discharge prove ? 

282. ^Vhat do you mean by " reconstruction " ? What was the reconstruction 
policy of .Tohnson? What is the Thirteenth Amendment? 

283. 284. Wliat was the condition of the public finances? What was the 
reconstruction policy of Congress? The result of this cl;ishing between Congress 
and the President? On what conditions were the seceded States finally re-ad- 



^ 



QUESTIONS FOR CLASS USE. XV 

mitted to their former position in the Union? Why was Johnson impeached? 
What was the result? What is the Fourteenth Amendment? Give an account 
of the French interference in Mexico. How did it end? What territory was 
added to the United States? Has it any value? 

285-287. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. Give an ac- 
count of the treaty with China. Who were the Presidential candidates? Who 
was elected eighteenth President? Give an account of the Pacific Railroad and 
its value to the country. 

288-290. What is the Fifteenth Amendment? "WHiat was the population of the 
United States in 1870? Was the country recovering from the effects of the war? 
"VVliat great fires happened in '71 and '72? What difficulty arose with England? 
What was the High Commission ? Give some account of San Domingo, and its 
application to be annexed to the United States. What candidates for the Presi- 
dency were nominated in 1873 ? Who was chosen ? Give some account of Horace 
Greeley. 

291-294. Describe the contest with the Modoc Indians. What was the cause 
of the Panic of '73? Name the Centennial observances of '75. Describe the Cen- 
tennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. Give an account of the " Custer massacre ". 
Who were nominated for the Presidency in '76? What was the Joint Electoral 
Commission? What questions agitated the country at that time? 

294-295. What was the Southern policy of President Hayes? What was the 
result? Describe the Railroad Strikes of '77. What was the Bland Silver Bill? 
When were specie payments resumed? What was the Fishery Award? What 
treaties were made with China in 1880? Who were the nominees at the Presi- 
dential election of '80? 

295-297. "V\Tiat did President Garfield's inauguration mark? Describe the 
assassination, sickness, and death of the President. What important events char- 
acterized the administration of President Arthur? Who were the Presidential 
nominees at the election of '84? 

297-299. What were the principal events in the first administration of Pres- 
ident Cleveland? Who were the Presidential nominees at the election of '88! 

299-301. What were the principal events in President Harrison's adminis- 
tration? Who were the Presidential nominees at the election of '92? 

301-302. What were the principal events in President Cleveland's second 
administration? What nominations were made for the election of '96? 

303-304. What was done by the extra session of Congress in 1897 ? What was 
the effect of the Gold Standard Act of 1900 ? 

304-316. What were the causes of the war with Spain ? Describe the preparations 
made for it. When did it begin? What were the chief naval battles, and the. re- 
sult of each ? The chief operations on land ? Name all the victorious command- 
ers, and the battles won by each. What were the results of the war with Spain ? 

316-321. What islands and island groups were acquired by the United States 
in 189S and 1899 ? Give a brief account of each up to the present time. 

322. What States have been admitted during the Sixth Epoch ? 



HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 

7 , In what battle was Betty Stark the watchword f 

2. "What battle occurred when both armies were marching to make a night 

attack upon each other? 

3. What battles have resulted in the destruction or surrender of an entire army? 

4. What general rushed into battle without orders and won it? 

5. What trees are celebrated in our history? 

6. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke the coinniauding general, and 

himself rally the troops to battle ? 

7. "Wbiat three ex-Presidents died on the 4th of July? 

8. "What cities have undergone a siege? 

9. Contrast the characters of Washington and Jefferson. 

10. By whom, and on what occasion, were the words used, " Millions for defense, 

but not one cent for tribute " ? 

11. Give the coincidences in the lives of the three great statesmen — Webster, 

Clay, and Calhoun. 

12. After whom ought this continent to have been named ? 

13. What Celebrated philosopher, when a boy, went without meat to buy books? 

14. How did a half-witted boy once save a fort from capture ? 

15. Name the retreats famous in our history. 

16. When did a fog save our army ? A rain ? 

17. When did a stone house largely decide a battle? A stone wall? 

18. What general was captured through his carelessness, and exchanged for 

another taken in a similar way? 

19. "What battles have been decided by an attack in the rear? 

20. "WTio said, " I would i-ather be right than President " ? 

21. When has an unnecessary delay cost a general a victory? 

22. Name the events in our history wliich seem to you providential. 

23. AVhat general died at the moment of victory? 

24. Name some defeats which had all the effect of victories. 

25. Of what general was this said to be always true? 

26. "WTien was the Mississippi Kiver the western boundary of the United States? 

27. "V\'liat territory has the United States acquired by purchase? By conquest? 

By annexation ? 

28. What "V^ice-Presidents were afterward elected Presidents? 

29. "What navigator shortened the voyage across the Atlantic? 

30. AVhat tea party is celebrated in our history? 

31. "Who was President from 1787 (the adoption of the Constitution) to 1789? 

32. How many attacks have been made on Quebec? 

33. WHio said, " I am not worth purchasing, but such as I am the king of England 

is not rich enough to buy me " ? 

34. "VNTiich is the longer, the Atlantic Cable or the Pacific Railroad? 

35. "Why were the River St. Lawrence, Florida, St. Augiistine, etc., so named? 
86. "Wliat naval commander captured his antagonist as his own vessel was sinking? 

37. How many expeditions have been made into Canada? 

38. What battle was preceded by prayer? 

.\vi 



HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. XVli 

39. What do the French names in the Mississippi valley indicate? 

40. What do the names New York, New England, New Hami)shire, Georgia, 

Carolina, etc., indicate? 

41. When has the question of the Public Lands threatened the Union? 

42. Who, in a frail canoe, on a stormy night, visited an Indian wigwam to save 

the lives of his enemies? 

43. In what battle did the Continentals gain the victory by falling back and then 

suddenly facing about upon the enemy? 

44. How many times has Port Ticonderoga been captured ? 

45. Why were Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, Hudson River, etc., so named? 

46. What do the names San Salvador, Santa Cruz, La Trinidad,' etc., indicate? 

47. In what battles had the opposing generals formed the same plan? 

48. What Presidents died in oflBce? 

49. What father and son were Presidents? 

50. Wliat administrations have been most popular? 

51. Who fired the first gun in the Prench and Indian War? 

52. What battle was fought and gained without a commanding officer? 

53. How many rebellions have occurred in our history ? 

54. Who was called the "Great Pacificator"? 'Why? 

55. What was the " Nullification Act " ? 

56. How many of our Presidents have been military men? 
67. Why did not Webster and Clay become Presidents? 

58. Who was " Old Rough and Ready " ? 

59. Who was the " Sage of Monticello " ? 

60. What noted events occurred on April 19th? 

61. In whose administration was the largest number of States admitted? 

62. In which administrations was none admitted? 

63. By whom and under what circumstances was the expression used, " Give me 

liberty or give me death " ? 

64. What general arose from a sick-bed to lead his troops into a battle in which 

he was killed? 

65. What four ex-Presidents died in the decade between 1860 and 1870? 

66. Where is the " Cradle of Liberty " ? 

67. Give some familiar names that have been applied to American statesmen. 

68. How long did each of oiir five great wars last— (1) the French and Indian 

war ; (2) the Revolutionary war ; (3) the war of 1812 ; (4) the Mexican war ; 
and (5) the Civil war? 

69. State the cause of each of these wars. 

70. Name the prominent generals who acquired celebrity in each. 

71. Name the principal battles of each. 

72. Name the results of each. 

73. What fort was carried by e, midnight assault ? 

74. What general escaped by riding down a steep precipice? 

75. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence? 

76. Who secured its adoption in the Convention? 

77. Name the Presidents in chronological order. 

78. How many of our Presidents were "Virginians? 

79. Who were the "bachelor Presidents"? 

80. State to what party each President belonged. 

81. How many of our Presidents were poor boys? 



Xviii HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 

82. What were the principles of the whigsf The democrats? 

83. What party adopted the views of the old federalists on the United States 

Bank, etc.? 

84. How many Presidents have served two terms? 

85. What battle was fought after peace had been declared f 

86. On what issue was Polk elected President/ 

87. Contrast John Quincy Adams and Andiew Jackson. 

88. On what mountains have battles been fought? 

89. Who used the expression, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours"? 

90. Whose dying words were, " Don't give up the ship " ? 

91. When was a general blown up by a magazine, at tlie moment of victory? 
93. What Indian chiefs formed leagues against the whites? 

93. What celebrated statesman was killed in a duel? 

. 94. What States were named from mountain ranges? 

95. What important contemporaneous events can you name? 

96. Was Washington ever wounded in battle? 

97. What was meant by saying that "Clay was in the succession"? 

98. In what battle did Washington show the most brilliant generalship? 

99. "V\Tiat officer lost his life because he neglected to open a note ? 

100. What army retreated at the moment of victory because the fog was so dense 

that it did not see how successful it was? 

101. How many States were named from their principal rivers? 

102. Name some celebrated foreigners who have fought for us. • 

103. What rendered Valley Forge memorable? 

104. How did Harrison gain his popularity ? Taylor ? 

105. Give some account of the United States Bank. 

106. In what war was Lincoln a captain and Davis a lieutenant? 

107. \\Tiat colonel, when asked if he could take a battery, replied, "I'll try. sir '? 

108. Of what President was it said that " if his soul were turned inside out, not 

a si)ot could be found ux)on it " ? 

109. What town and army were surrendered without firing a shot? 

110. For how many years was the Kevolutionary War carried on mainly at the 

North ? At the Soutli ? 

111. Who was "Poor Richard"? 

112. Who were the " Green Mountain Boys " ? 

113. What colony was founded as a homo for the poor? 

114. "^^^lat persecuted people settled the diflferent colonies? 

115. What colonies are named after a king or a queen? 

116. Wliat rehgious toleration wafa granted in the different colonies? 

117. Which colonies early enjoyed the greatest liberty? 

118. AVhat colony took the Bible as its guide? 

119. In what battle was the left wing, when separated from the main body by a 

river, attacked by an overwhelming force of the enemy? The right wing? 

120. In what battle did both generals mass their strength on the left wing, 

expecting to crush the enemy's right? 

121. How manj' invasions of the North did Xiee raakei 

122. A\Tiat victories induced him to attempt each of these invasions? 

123. By what battle was each invasion cliccked ? 

124. How many invasions of Kentucky did Bragg make? 

125. How was each stopped? 



1 



HISTORICAL RECEEATIONS. XIX 

126. Por how many years nas the United States been involved in war? 

127. What object did Penn, Lord Baltimore, and Oglethorpe each have in foimd- 

ing a colony in the new world? 

128. "What President was impeached? 

129. "What ex-"Vice-President was tried for treason? 

130. Name the four prominent battles fought by General Taylor. 

131. "What noted expressions of General Taylor became favorite mottoes? Of 

General Grant? 

132. "What President vetoed the measvires of the party that elected him? 

133. Of what statesman was it said that " he was in the public service fifty years, 

and never attempted to deceive his countrymen " ? 

134. "Who is said to have used the words, " A little more grape. Captain Bragg " ? 

135. Prom what States have Presidents been elected? 

136. Give the number and names from each State. 

137. "What battle did General Gates win? "What battle did he lose? 

138. "What battles did "Washington win? "What battles did he lose? 

139. "What President elect came to Washington in disguise? 

140. Give a brief history of the slavery question. 

141. When were slaves introduced into this country? 

142. Name the generals who commanded the Army of the Potomac. 

143. Name the principal battles fought by McClellan—Eosecrans— Bragg— Lee- 

Hooker— Sheridan — Grant— Sherman — Beauregard — Meade — Pope— Buell — 
Taylor— Scott— Thomas— Johnston. 

144. Describe the " March to the Sea ". 

145. "What two battles were fought in the " Wilderness " ? 

146. What was the "Missouri Compromise"? The "Compromise of 1850"? 

147. "Wliat is "squatter sovereignty"? Who was its author? 

148. Of whom was it said that " he touched the dead corpse of public credit, and 

it sprung upon its feet " ? 

149. "What were the " alien and sedition laws " ? 

150. "Who was the " old man eloquent " ? 

151. "When was the first railroad constructed? The first steamboat? The first 

magnetic telegraph? The first sewing-machine? 

152. "When was the Erie Canal opened? The Pacific Railroad? 

153. "What President introduced " rotation in ofl&ce " ? 

154. AVTiy, in the Missouri Compromise, was 36° 30' taken as tlie boundary be- 

tween the slave and the free States? 

155. "Wliat is the " Monroe Doctrine " ? 

156. Who was the inventor of the cotton-gin? 

157. "What is a " protective tariff " ? 

158. "What is meant by " Beconstruction " ? 

159. "What Presidents were not elected to that office by the people ? 

160. To what party did Henry Clay belong? ,J. Q. Adams? Thomas Jefferson? 

John C. Calhoun ? Andrew Jackson? Daniel Webster? Stephen A. Doug- 
las? Alexander Hamilton? George Washington? 

161. What President had not voted for forty years? 

162. "What two distinguished generals of the same name served in the Confed- 

erate army? Name the battles fought by each. 

163. "What was the " Dred Scott decision " ? 

164. "What was the " Kansas-Nebraska BUI " ? 



XX HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 

165. Give an account of the principal parties which have arisen since the Con' 

stitutioual Convention of 1787. 

166. Who were the "Silver Gieys"? The "Hunkers"? The " Barn-Bumers " f 

The " WooUy-Heads " f The " Free-Soilers " ? The " Know-Nothiugs " ? 
The " Anti-Kentei-s " ? The "Unionists"? Tne "Stalwarts"? 

167. Give an account of the different attempts to lay the Atlantic cable. 

168. Give a history of the difficulty between President Johnson and Congress. 

169. What nations settled the different States? 

170. How many amendments have been made to the Constitution? 

171. What was the " Hartford Convention " ? 

172. Wliat are " State rights " ? 

173. Wliat was the Secretary of State formerly called ? 

174. Tell some stories illustrating the patriotism of tlie women of the Revolution. 
"175. Give an account of the Public Lands. 

176. What State was admitted to the Union first after the original tliirteeii ? 

177. Who are the " Mormons " ? 

178. For what is Ethan Allen noted ? 

179. What battles have been fought in Virginia? South Carolina? Tyouisiana? 

New York? Massachusetts? New Jersey? Maryland? Pennsylvania? 
Georgia ? Michigan ? 

180. What was the " Fugitive Slave Law " ? 

181. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the Presidency. 

182. For what is John Brown noted? 

183. Who were the " Filibusters " ? 

18'4. Give an account of Farragut's most celebrated exploit. 
185. Why was " Stonewall " Jackson so called ? 
18G. Give an account of Butler's military career. 

187. What was the most prominent event of Jefferson's administration ? Jack- 

son's ? Monroe's ? 

188. Wliat treaties are celebrated in our history? 

189. What President was once a tailor's apprentice? 

190. What was the object of the "American party"? 

191. What was the " Gadsden piirchase " ? 

192. Name the various difficulties which have arisen with England. 

193. Wliat was the " Wilmot Proviso " ? 

194. What President followed Washington — Taylor — Jefferson — Lincoln— John 

Quincy Adams— Pierce ? 

195. Who was President in 1812—1832—1846—1850-1861 ? 

196. Describe the operations of the Confederate cruisers during the Civil War. 

Of the " blockade runners ". 

197. What distinguished generals have been unsuccessful candidates for the Pres- 

idency? Successful candidates? 

198. Wliy did the French in Canada extend their explorations westward to the 

Mississippi rather than southward into New York? 

199. What was the " Trent affair " ? 

200. Name and describe some important naval engagements. 

201. In what battle did the defeated general leave his wooden leg? 

202. TATiat was the "O grab me Act"? 

203. Who first used the expression, "To the victors belong the spoils"? 

204. Wliat is the "Civil Service Reform"? 



^ 



4 



HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. xxi 

205. What right did the English and Spanish have to occupy this conttaent f 

206. Why is this country English rather than French ? 

207. What are " patroon estates " f 

208. What was the difference between the Pilgrims and the Puritans? 

209. Has a State any right to coin money? 

210. Ought Andre to have been executed? 

211. What President in his inaugural called attention to the fact that he was the 

first one born after the Revolution? 

212. Who is the author of the " Thirty- Years View " ? 

213. Name the prominent histories of the United States. 

214. What portion of the United States favored the annexation of Texas ? 

215. Who first used the expression, "A government of the people, by the people, 

and for the people " ? 

216. Wliat was the "Town Meeting" of the early New England times? 

217. How many times in our history has the House of Representatives been callei 

upon to choose the President? 

218. Which Presidents were college graduates? 

219. How many States voted for Washington the first time as President? 

220. Why did President Hayes take the oath of office privately the day before 

his public Inauguration? 

221. Where is the Key to the Bastile ? 

222. What effect did the invention of the cotton-gin have on slavery? 

223. What three Italians were prominent in American discoveries? 

224. Name some important events in our history that have occun-ed on Friday. 

225. What was the " Society of the Cincinnati " ? 

226. Where was " Franklin State " ? 

237. What war was waging in Europe during our King William's War? During 
the French and Indian War? 

228. Why did the Iroquois generally favor the English rather than the French ? 

229. How did the English treatment of the Indians compare with the French? 

230. WTiat influence did the following statesmen have on Congressional legislation : 

Thomas H. Benton, William H. Seward, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Clay, 
Daniel Webster, John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun? 

231. For how many years was New York the capital of the United States ? 

232. What was the object of the Electoral CoUege ? 

233. What Vice-President took the oath of office two days before the President? 

234. Of whom was it said, " When the ermine of the official robe fell on him, 

it touched nothing less spotless than itself " ? 

235. How were the early Presidents nominated for office ? 

236. What constitutes citizenship in the United States? 

237. Why was not Washington inaugurated until April 30 ? 

238. Was Hamilton a Federalist or Anti-Federalist ? Jefferson ? Madison ? 

239. What is the longest period during which any one party has remained in 

power in the United States? 

240. What was the meaning of the campaign cry " Fifty-four forty, or fight " ? 

241. What was the " Western Reserve " ? 

242. Quote the first telegram. 

243. Have the President and the Vice-President always belonged to the same 

party? 

244. Who was T^ady Rebecca? 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

THE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, accompanied the resolution of Kichard Henry Lee, which was 
adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was agreed to 
on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day : 

" Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolued itself into a committee of the 
whole, to take into their further conMderatlon the Declaration ; and, after some time, the 
president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to 
a Declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed 
to as follows : " 

A DECLARATION BY THE BEPRESENTATIVBS OF THE UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA, IN CONORESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dis. 
solve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident— that all men are created equal ; that they 
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that among these are 
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments 
are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as 
to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in- 
deed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light 
and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are 
more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abol- 
ishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses ' 
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce 
them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such 
government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the 
patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which consti-ains 
them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king 
of Great Britain is a historj'' of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct 
object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, 
let facts be submitted to a candid world. 

1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the 
public good. 

2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing im- 
portance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; 
and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Xxill 

3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of 
people, unless those people would relinqtdsh the right of representation in the Legis- 
lature—a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 

4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole piirpose of 
fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. 

5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly 
firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned 
to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, in the meantime, 
exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within. 

7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that pur- 
pose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to pass 
others to encourage theii" migration hither, and raising the conditions of new 
appropriations of lands. 

8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to 
laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers 
to harass our people and eat out their substance. 

11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the con- 
sent of our Legislatures. 

13. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the 
civil power. 

13. He has combined with othera to subject lis to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts 
of pretended legislation ; 

14. Por quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; 

15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States ; 

16. For cutting off our trade with aU parts of the world ; 

17. Fo.r imposing taxes on us without our consent; 

18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial by jury ; 
10. For transporting us b3yond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses ; 

20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as 
to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same 
absolute rule into these colonies; 

31. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments ; 

22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

33. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
and waging war against us. 

24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

35. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circum- 



XXIV 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



^ 



stances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbaroiis ages, and 
totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 

26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and 
brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring 
on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known 
rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of those oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most 
humble tenns; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated 
injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define 
a tyrant, is unfit to bo the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. Wo have 
warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an un- 
warrantable jurisdiction over us. Wo have reminded them of the circumstances of 
our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to 
disavow these usurpations, wliich would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and coiTespondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of con- 
sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our 
separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind — enemies in war; in 
peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in generf' 
Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the recti- 
tude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people 
of these colonics, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, 
and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved 
from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between 
them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, tottilly dissolved, and 
that, as free and independent States, they have full jwwer to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things 
which independent States may of right do. And for the supjxjrt of this Declara- 
tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of Di%ine Providence, we mutually 
pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by 
the following members: 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



NEW HAMPSniBE. 
JosiAH Bartl?:tt, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
Elbbidok Gebky. 



RHODE ISLAND. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Ellert. 

CONNECTICUT. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Woloott. 



NEW YORK. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

NEW JERSEY. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



XXV 



John Hakt, 
Abbaham Clabk. 

PENNSYLVAITIA. 
SoBEKT Morris, 
Benjamin 3,dsh, 
Benjamin Franklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Eoss. 

DELAWARE. 
C^SAR Rodney, 
George Read, 



Thomas M'Kban. 

MARYIiAND. 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Car- 
roll ton. 

VTRGINIA. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jun., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 
Willlam Hooper. 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

SOUTH CAROLINA, 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jun., 
Thomas Lynch, Jun., 
Arthur Middleton. 

GEORGIA. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



Note. — Printed copies of the Declaration were sent out with tlie signatures of 
John Hancock, President, and Charles Thompson, Secretary ; hence an impression 
has become quite general that no other persons signed the document on the 4th 
of July, 1776. On the contrary, all the members present who voted for it, signed 
the paper the same day. A copy on parchment was afterward engrossed and 
signed by fifty-four delegates, August 2d, one not signing until September, and 
one still later in the autumn. (See Lossing's Our Country, Vol. H., page 871) 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

WE, the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty 
to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
United States of America. 

ARTICLE I.— Legislative Department. 

SECTION I. All legislative powei-s herein granted shall be vested in a Con- 
gress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

SECTION n.— Clause 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the 
electors in each State shall have the qualifications reqmsite for electors of the 
most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

Clause 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to 
the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, 
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he 
shall be chosen. 

Clause 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall bo apportioned among the sev- 
eral States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective 
numbers, which shall be determined by aelding to the whole number of free persons, 
including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, 
three fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall bo made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num- 
ber of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State 
shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the State of New Hampshire shall bo entitled to choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; 
New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, 
ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georgia, three. 

Priambli.— Name the six objects of the Constitution. Who " ordained and established " this Constltntlon ? Is 
the " uniou" one of states or of people ? What branches of government are established under the first three articles 
of the CoDstitutlon? 

Article l.—Srction 1. What body has the " power of legislation " 7 (Note.— The •• power of legislation " is 
that of makiiiK lawn.) Of what does Congress conslit? 

Stction 2. Who compose the House of Ropresontatives 7 Who choose the representatives 7 What are the neces- 
sary qualiflcati.iiis of an elector (or vnWr) for a representative? How long is the term of a representative 7 Name 
the three qualiflcations necessary for a npresentatlve. Is a foreign-horn person eligible to the office of representa- 
tive? How are representatives and direct taxes to he apportioned among the states? How was the representative 
population of the different slaU-s to he determined 7 What limit Is there to the number of representatives? Is 
every state entitled ti« niiresenlation ? How manv members were there In the first House of Representatives? How 
often must the Census be tallea 7 How are vacancies In the House tobcBlled? Who elect the officers of the House T 

XX vi 



CONSTITUTIOK OF THE UNITED STATES. XXVll 

Clause 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 

Clause 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other 
officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

SECTIOlSr III.— Clause 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed 
of two senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years ; 
and each senator shall have one vote. 

Clause 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be di\'ided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of 
the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; 
of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at 
the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year ; 
and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis- 
lature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until 
the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 

Clause 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of 
thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, 
when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall bo chosen. • 

Clause 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be president of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

Clause 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president Tpro 
tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when ho shall exercise the office 
of President of the United States. 

Clause 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments : when 
sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the Presi- 
dent of the United States is tried, the Chief -Justice shall preside ; and no person 
shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 

Clause 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, 
or pi-oflt under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and siibject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

SECTION rV. — Clause 1. The times, places, and manner of holding elections 
for senators and representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legisla- 
ture thereof ; but the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such 
regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

What body has the sole power of impeachment ? (Notes. — The first census was taken in 1790 ; the " ratio of repre- 
sentation" being one representative fur 33,000 persons. The number of representatives is fixed by law each decade. 
It is now (1896) 357, and the " ratio of representation ", in accordance with the census of 1890, is 173,901 persons for 
each representative. In March of the odd year there is a new House of Representatives. Each organized territory 
has a delegate who can sit in the House, but not vote. The states are each divided, by its own laws, into con- 
gressional districts, as many as the number of representatives to which it is entitled ; and the electors in each one 
of these ^'ote for their representative. The phrase " all other persons " meant " slaves " ; but this has been amended 
by the XlVth Amendment. The speaker is always a member of the House : the clerk, sergeant-at-arms, chaplain, 
etc., are not members. To impeach an oflicer is to accuse him of official misconduct.) 

Section 3. Of how many members does the Senate of the United States consist? Who elect the senators? 
What is a senator's term of office? Explain the classification originally made. What was the object? How are 
vacancies filled? State the three qualifications necessary for a senator. Who is the president of the Senate? WTieu 
only can he vote ? Who chooses the otiier officers of the Senate ? When can the Senate choose a president ^ro 
tempore (for the time bcinp)? What " sole power" does the Senate possess? Who presides when the President of 
the United States is impeached? What number is needed to convict? What penalties can be inflicted in case of 
conviction? Is a person so convicted liable to a trial-at-Iaw for the same offense? 

Section 4. Who prescribes the " time, place and manner " of electing representatives and senators ? What power 
has Congress over the state regulations? How often, and when, must Congress meet? (Note, — Congress has pre- 



XXVIU CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall assemble at least onco in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law 
appoint a different day. 

SECTION v.— Clause 1. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, re- 
turns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
stitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to 
(lay, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent membei-s, in such 
manner, and under such penalties, as each house may pi-ovide. 

Clause 2. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its mem- 
bers for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 

Clause ;i. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require 
secrecy, and the yeas and nays of the members of cither house on any question 
sliall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 

Clause 4. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the 
consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place 
than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

SECTION ^^.— Clause 1. Tlie senators and representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their ser\'ices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of 
the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the 
peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their re- 
spective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech 
or debate in cither house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

Clause 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
elected, be appointed to any civil ofhce under the authority of the United States, 
which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
creased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the United 
States shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION VIT.— Clause 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the 
House of liepresentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments, as on other bills. 

Clause 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the 
Senate, shall, before it become a law, bo presented to the President of the United 
States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objec- 
tions, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections 



scrlhed that senators shall be chosen In the following manner : The Legislature elected last before the end of the 
senatorial term, on the second Tuesday after its first session, shall choose the next senator. The two branches of 
the Legislature shall meet separately and vote i>ira voce. They shall then assemble together, and if they agree on 
any person, he shall be considered duly elected ; if they disagree, the Joint meeting shall vole viva voce from day 
to day, at 12 M. until a choice is made.) 

Section 5. Who decides upon the " elections, returns and quallflcatlons " of the rcprcsenlatlTes and of the 
senators? What nunibir of the members Is necessary for a quorum (needed to do business)? What business can 
a minority transact? What power is given each house of Congress of making and enforcing rules? What is the 
law with regard to keeping and publishing a journal of the proceedings? When must the yeas and nays be entered 
CD the journal ? Wliat r<?strictioii is there upon the time and place of adjournment ? 

Section 6. Who Axes and pays the salaries of niemlwrs of Congress? What special privileges arc granted to 
members of Congress? To what offices are members of Congress ineligible? Can a Congressman hold another office 
at the same time? 

Section 7. What bills must originate In the House of Representatives ? What authority is given the Sc-natc 
■with regard to such bills? Deseritie the three ways in which a bill may become a law — (1) With the President's 
OoucarreDCC ; U) over his veto (I forbid); auJ (3) by uou-returu uitLIu ten days. What "orders, resolutions, and 



I 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Xxix 

at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration, 
two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- 
proved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in aU such cases the 
votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per- 
sons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house re- 
spectively. If any bill shaU not be returned by the President within ten days (Sunday 
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like 
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent 
its retiirn, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Clause 3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate 
and House of Eepresentatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- 
ment) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same 
shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be 
repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to 
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIH.— Clause 1. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect 
taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common 
defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts, and 
excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 

Clause 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

Clause 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

Clause 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on 
the subject of bankriiptcies throughout the United States ; 

Clause 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

Clause 6. To provide for the punishment of coimterfeiting the securities and 
ciirrent coin of the United States ; 

Clau.se 7. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

Clause 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for 
limited times, to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their i-espective 
writings and discoveries; 

votes " must be submitted to the President? What is the object of this provision ? (I^ntes. — In case a vacancy occurs 
in the senatorial representation of any state, the governor of the state can appoint a senator to fill the place, who 
can hold office only until the next session of the Legislature. The method of representation in the Senate gives 
in that body perfect equality to all the States, Rhode Island having the same power as Virginia. A senator is 
chosen by the Legislature, a representative by the people ; a senator serves for six years, a representative for two. 
The Senate tries an officer for misconduct, but he must be impeached by the House of Representatives. The salary 
of a Congressman is now $5,000 per year, and mileage (20 cents per mile for every mile of travel by the asnal 
route in coming and going). The speaker of the House, and the president pro tempore of the Senate have each a 
salary of $8,000 per year. One third of the Senate retire from office every two years. By the term "a Con- 
gress " is meant the body of senators and representatives holding office during any one representative term of two 
years; the Congress which began its term March 4, 1885, is the 49th. Each Congress "ends at noon of the 4th of 
March next succeeding the beginning of its second regular session." The committees, in the House are appointed 
by the Speaker : those in the Senate by itself. The classification of the Senate makes it a more efficient and con- 
servative body than the House, since in the former there are always two thirds of the number old members, while 
the House is all new every two years. If the president of the Senate were a senator, it would give extra power to 
one state, which would be contrary to the plan of that body. 

Section 8. Eighteen clauses now follow which enumerate the powers granted to Congress. What power has 
Congress with regard to taxes ? Duties (taxes on imported or exported articles) ? Imposts (taxes on importec' 
articles) ? Excises (taxes on articles produced in the country) ? Borrowing money ? Regulating commerce ? Natu 
ralization? Bankruptcies 7 Coining money 7 Counterfeiting? Post-offices and post-roads ? Authors and inventors? 
Inferior courts? Piracies? Declaring war? Raising and supporting armies? A navy? Government of the land 



XXX CONSTITUTION (>F TIIK IXITKI) STATES. 

Ci-AUSE 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; 

Clause 10. To define and punish piiacies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offenses against the law of nations; 

Clause 11. To declare war, grant lettera of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

Clause 12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that 
\ise shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

Clause 13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

Clause 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces; 

Clause 1."). To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

Clause 1G. To pro^dde for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United 
States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and tho 
authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congi-ess ; 

Clause 17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever Qver such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, 
and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United 
States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of 
the Legislature of tho State in. wliich the same shall ba, for tho erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; — And 

Clause 18. To make all laws which shall bo necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitu- 
tion in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX.— Clause 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any 
of tho States now existing shall think proj^r to admit, shall not bo prohibited by the 
Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty 
may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each persQn. 

Clause 3. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 

Clause 3. No bill of attainder or ex-i)ost-facto law shall be passed. 

Clause 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion 
to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

Clause 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exiwrted from any State. 



«nd naval forces? Calling forth the militia? Organizing the militia? Over what places has Congress exclasire 
legislation? What power is finally given to Congress to enable it to enforce its authority? What four restrictions 
upon the Congressional powers are made in this section? (See clauses 1, 2, 16 and 17.) (jVofe*. — Taxes may be 
either direct or indirect: the fornuT are laid directly upon the person ; the latter upon articles exported, Imported, 
or consumed. Naturalization is tlie process by which a foreign born person becomes a citizen. The process of 
naturalization is as follows : (1.) The person declares, on oath before the proper authority, his intention of becoming 
a citizen of the United Stales. (2.) Two years, at least, having elapsed, the person takes the oath of allegiance, 
when he must prove by witness that he has resided in the United States five years and in the state where ho 
seeks to be naturalized one year ; that he has borne a good moral character, and has l>ecn well-disposed toward 
the government. The copyright, or exclusive right of publi.-hing a book, is given to an author for 28 years, with 
the privilege of extension 14 years longer An Intoniiitional oopyrigiht law wiut eimcted In 1891. A patent Is 
now ;;ranted to an Inventor for 17 years, without the privilege of extension. Any crime punlsliable with death 
Is a felony. " Letters of niHrque and reprisal " nro eoniiiilsslons f^veii to persons iiuthorizliif; them to seize the 
property of another nation. By the term " high sons " is meant the open sea, the highway of nations.) 

Section 9. Eight clauses now follow, enumerating the powers denied to Cv7igres^. What jirohibition was made 
concerning the slave-trailo? Writ of habeas corpus? Bill of attainder ? Ex-postfacto law ? Direct tax? Exports 
from any state? Trade between the United States? Payments from the Treasury? Titles of nobility? United 
States offlce-holdcr receiving presents from a foreign power T (iVa(e«.— The object of the Qrst clause was to destroy 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, XXXI 

Clause G. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or 
revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound 
to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 

Clause 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law : and a regular statement and account of the receipts 
and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 

Clause 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no 
person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent 
of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind 
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. 

SECTION X. — Clause 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of 
credit ; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; 
pass any bill of attainder, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of 
contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

Clause 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any impost or 
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing 
its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State 
on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and 
all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

Clause 3. No State shall, ^vithout the consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace, enter into any agreement 
or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as wiU not admit of delay, 

ARTICLE II. — Executive Department. 

SECTION I.— Clause 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four 
years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same term, be elected 
as follows : 

Clause 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a nixmber of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and 
representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no sena- 
tor or rejiresentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the 
United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

the foreign slave-trade or the importation of negroes from Africa for the purpose of enslaving them. In 1808, a law 
■was passed prohibiting the trade, and in 1820 it was declared to be piracy. A writ of habeas corpus is a written 
order from a magistrate directing that a certain person shall be brought before him ; its object is to guard against 
false imprisonment or trial in a prejudiced court. A bill of attainder is an English term, meaning an act which 
without trial inflicts death fur treason: attainder of treason can not in the United States work "corruption of 
blood" so as to prevent a person from transmitting lands to his descendants. An ex-post-facto law makes an act 
criminal or penal which was not so at the time it was committed. A United States office-holder, wishing to accept 
a present or distinction offered him by any foreign power, must ask permission of Congress before he can re- 
ceive it.) 

Section 10. Three clauses now follow enumerating the powers denied to the several States, What prohibition 
was made with regard to treaties ? Letters of marque and reprisal ? Coinage of money ? Issuing bills of credit 
(bills to circulate as money)? Making any other legal tender than gold or silver? A bill of attainder? An ex-post- 
facto law 1 The impairing of contracts ? Titles of nobility ? Imposts ? Keeping troops ? Making peace or war ? 

Article II. — Section 1. In whom is the executive power vested? {Note. — The executive jwwer is that of exe- 
cuting the laws.) How long is the President's term of office ? The Vice-President's ? Who are the presidential 
electors? How many are there from each state? Who are ineligible to the office? Describe the method of electing 
S President, as originally directed by the Constitution. (JVo(e.— This has been superseded by the XIIUi Amen4. 



XXXU CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATER. 

Clause 3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same 
throughout the United States. 

Clause 4. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall bo eUgible to the 
office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 
not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident 
within the United States. 

Clause 5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powera and duties of the said office, 
the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law pro- 
vide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and 
such officer shall act accordingly untO. the disability be removed, or a President 
shall be elected. 

Clause 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for 
which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that ixjriod any 
other emolument from the United States, or any of them. 

Clause 7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation :— " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
abiUty, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States." 

SECTION II.— Clause 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army 
and Tiavy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called 
into the actual service of the United States ; ho may require the opinion, in writing, 
of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating 
to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

Clause 2. lie shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators present concur ; and 
he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate shall 
appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme 
Court, and all other officers of the United States, whoso appointments are not 
herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the 
Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think 
proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

muDt.) What power has Congress over the electors? Wliat arc the necessary qualifications for the office of 
President? lu case of a vacancy, who would become President? (.Vo/c. —lu case ul a vacancy in the office of both 
President and Vice-President, the office of President will devolve, lu regular succession, upon the uiembers of 
the cabinet (page 2fl8). The electors are now chosen on " the Tuesday next after the first Monday in the last 
November " of each presidential term of office. The electors meet to cast their ballots, generally at the capital of 
each state, on "the first Wednesday In the last December" of each presidential term of office. When the plan 
of choosing electors was originally adopted, it was Intcudtd to choose good men who should themselves select 
the President ; but it soon came about that the electors were pledged to their respective candidates before their 
own election. The President's salary Is $50,000 per year, together with the use of the White House.) Can the 
salary of a President ho changed during his term of office? Can he receive any other emolument from the national 
or any state government? Repeat the President's oath of office. 

Section 2. Three clauses now follow enumerating the powerg granted to the Preaident. What authority has 
the President over the United States army and navy? State militia? The chief officers of the different executive 
departments? (See note, p. 151.) Renrieves and pardons? The making of treaties? .\p|ioiutmeut of ambassa- 
dors? Judges of the Supreme Court, etc. 7 l''illiuj vuoaucles? 



Constitution ov the unitei:) states, xxxm 

Clause 3. The President shall have power to All up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting conunissions which shall 
expire at the end of their next session. 

SECTION m.— He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 'such measures as he shall 
judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to 
the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; 
he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the 
laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 

SECTION IV.— The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction 
of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 



ARTICLE III. — Judicial Department. 

SECTION I.— The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one 
Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold 
their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services 
a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

SECTION H.— CLArsE 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties 
made, or which shall be made, under their authority; — to all cases affecting ambas- 
sadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; — to all cases of admiralty and maritime 
jurisdiction ;— to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ;— to con- 
troversies between two or more States ; — between a State and citizens of another 
State ;— between citizens of different States ;— between citizens of the same State 
claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens 
thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

Clause 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and con- 
suls, and those in which a State shall bo party, the Supremo Court shall have 
original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court 
shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions 
and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 

Section 3. Defines the duties of the President. Name these duties with regard (1) to Congress, (2) to ambas- 
sadors, and (3) to United States officers. {Note, — Washington and Adams In person read their messages to 
Congress; the present plan of sending the message by a private secretary was commenced by Jefferson.) 

Section 4. For what crimes and in what way may any United States officer be removed from office 7 

Aeticle III.— Sectio7i 1. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested? (Note.— The judicial 
power is that of interpreting and applying the laws.) How long do the judges hold office 7 Can their salary be 
changed during their term of office ? 

Section 2 defines the jurisdiction of the United States Courts, Name the cases to which the judicial power of 
the United States extends. In what ca.ies does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction 7 Appellate juris- 
diction? What is the law with regard to trial by jury? Where must such a trial be held? Where may a crime 
be committed *' not within a state?" (Notes. — The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate 
justices. The salary of the chief justice is $10,500 and that of an associate $10,000 per annum. This court meets 
at Washington annually on the first Wednesday in December. A citizen of the District of Columbia, within the 
meaning of the Constitution as above, is not a citizen of a State. By original jurisdiction is meant the court in 
which the case begins; by appellate, is indicated a trial after an appeal from a lower court.) 



XXXIV CONST I TUT TON OF THE UNITIOD STATES. 

Clause 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by 
iury, and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have 
been committed ; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at 
euch place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 

SECTION m.— Clause 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only 
in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. 

Clause il. -No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of 
two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open coxirt. 

Clause 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason ; 
but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except 
during the life of the peraon attainted 

ySRTICLE IV.— General Provisions. 

SECTION I.— Full faith and credit shall bo given in each State to the public 
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State ; and the Congress 
may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- 
ceedings shall bo proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION n.— Clause 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all 
privileges and immunities of citizens iu the several States. 

Clause 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and bo found in another State, shall, on demand of 
the executive authority of the State from which ho fled, be delivered up, to be 
removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

Clause 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation 
therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on 
claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. 

SECTION m.— Clause 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into 
thLs Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction 
of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the jimction of two or more 
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States 
concerned as well as of the Congress. 

Clause 2. The Congress shall have power to disjx)se of and make all needful 
rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the 
United States; .and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to 
prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 

SECTION rv.— The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union 
a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against inva- 

SecHon S. In what ilocs treason consist? What proof Is required? Who fixes the punishment 7 What limit 

is asslKnedT 

Abticlb IV.— Section 1. What Is the law with regard to state records, Judicial proceedings, etc.? 

Section 2. What privileges haa the citiien of one state in all the others? Can a criminal or an Apprentice 
escape by fleeing into another state? (ATofe.— Clause 3 originally included fugitive slaves, but that application was 
annulled by the Xlllth Amendment.) 

Section 3. State the law with regard to the formation and admission of new states. What i«ower has Congress 
over the territory and property of the United States? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXV 

sion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis- 
lature can not be convened) against domestic violence. 

ARTICLE V. — Po-wer of Amendment. 

The Congi'ess, whenever two thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on tha application of the Ijcgislatures 
of two thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, 
which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Con- 
stitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or 
by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification 
may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made 
prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect 
the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no 
State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. — Miscellaneous Provisions. 

Clause 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adop- 
tion of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this 
Constitution, as under the confederation. 

Clause 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof ; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 
judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or 
laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Clause 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 
of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of 
the United, States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation 
to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a 
qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. 

ARTICLE VII. — Ratification of the Constitution. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the 
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 

Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
United States of America the twelfth. 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
President, and Deputy from Virginia. 

Section 4. What mu>t Congress guarantee to every state? "When must Congress protect the states? 

Article V. — State the two way?; in which amendments to the Constitution may be proposed. The two ways 
in which they may be ratified. What restriction in this article has now lost all force? What provision for the 
benefit of the smaller states is attached to this article ? 

Article VI. — Wliat debts did the United .States assume when the Constitution was adopted ? What Is the 
supreme law of the land ? Who are required to take au oath or afiirmation to support the Coustitutiou of the 
United States ? Can a religious test be exacted ? 



XXXVl CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
John Languon, 
Nicholas Gilman. 

MASSACHTTSETTS. 
Nathaniel Qorham, 
E.UFUS Kino. 

CONNECTICUT. 
"William SamueL Johnson, 

EoUEK SHEK.MAN. 

NEW YORK. 

Ale.xandek Hamilton. 

NEW JERSEY. 
William Livinuston, 
David Breakley, 
William Patehson, 
Jonathan Dayton. 

PENNS Y UVANIA. 
Benjamin Fkanklin, 
Thomas Mifflin, 
Robert Morris, 
George Cly'mer, 
Thomas Fitzsimons, 
Jarei) Ingersoll, 
James Wilson, 
Gouverneur Morris. 



Attest : 



DELAWARE. 
George Reed, 
Gunning Bedford, Jr., 
John Dickinson, 
Richard Bassett, 
Jacob Broom. 

MARYLAND. 
James McHenry, 
Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, 
Daniel Carroll. 

VIRGINIA. 
John Blair, 
James Madison, Jr. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 
William Blount, 
Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
Hugh Williamson. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 
John Rutledge, 
Charles C. Pinckney, 
Charles Pinckney, 
Pierce Butler. 

GEORGIA. 
William Few, 
Abraham Baldwin. 

WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



AMENDMENTS 

To the Constitution of the United States. Ratified according to the 
Provisions of the Fifth Article of the Foregoing Constitution. 

ARTICLE I.— Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
religion, or prohiI>iting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press; or the riglit of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
petition the government for redi'ess of grievances. 

ARTICLE II.— A well-regulated miUtia, being necessary to the security of a 
free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shaU not be infringed. 



Article VII. What waa necessary for the adoption of this Constitution ? (Note, p. It3.) In what year was It 
adopt4-il ? 

Ame.vdmknts. (.Vo«m. — The first ten amendments were proposed in 1789 at the first session of the First Con- 
(tress. and in 1791 wen' declared adnpt<'d. They arc of the natare of a Bill of Rights, and were passed in order to 
satisfy thcisp whi> .nniplaincd thut the ronstitntion did not sumi-itntly eunrd the rights of the people.) 

ARTICLE 1. What Kuarantees are provided cnncerning religious freedom? Freedom uf speech and the press? 
Peaceable assembly and petition 7 

Article II. What guaraut»'e is given with regard l« the right of bi'ariug arms? 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXVll 

ARTICLE m.— No soldiers shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, 
without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

ARTICLE rV".— The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or 
aflirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
or things to be seized. 

ARTICLE "V. — No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war and public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the 
same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled 
in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be deprived of life, 
liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property be 
taken for public use, without just compensation. 

ARTICLE "VT.— In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 
to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein 
the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously 
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusa- 
tion ; to be confronted with the v/itnesses against him ; to have compulsory pro- 
cess for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel 
for his defense. 

ARTICLE "VTE.— In suits at common law, where the vahie in controversy shall 
exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States 
than according to the rules of common law. 

ARTICLE VIII.— Excessive bail shall not be reqiiired, nor excessive fines im- 
posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE IX.— The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not 
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE X.— The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu- 
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or 
to the people. 



Article III. What is provided with regard to quartering soldiers upon citizens? 

Article IV. What is provided with regard to unreasonable searches and warrants? 

Article V. What provisions are made with regard to a trial for capital offenses ? Can a person be tried twice 
for the same crime? Can a criminal be forced to witness against himself? Wlien can private property be taken 
for the public use? 

Article VI. Wliat important rights are secured to the accused in case of a criminal prosecution ? 

Article VII. When is the right of jury trial guaranteed? How must a fact tried by a jury be re-examined? 

Article VIII. What guarantee is given with regard to excessive bail or fine and unusual punishment? 

Article IX. Does the enumeration of certain rights in the Constitution have any effect upon those not enu- 
merated 7 

Article X. What declaration is made concerning the powers neither delegated to Congress nor forbidden the 
states ? 



XXXVlll CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 

ARTICLE XI.— Tho judicial power of the United States shall not bo construed 
to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
foreign state. 

ARTICIiE XH. — The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by 
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an 
inhabitant of tho same State with themselves; tliey shall name in their ballots 
the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots tho person voted for as 
Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Presi- 
dent, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of tho number of votes 
for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat 
of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ;— 
the president of the Senate shall, in the presence of tho Senate and Ilouse of 
Representatives, open all the certificates, and tho votes shall then be counted ; — 
the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the Presi- 
dent, if such number bo a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if no pei-son have such majority, then from the persons having the highest 
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the IIouso 
of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, tho President. But in 
choosing the President, tlie votes shall be taken by States, the representation from 
each State having one vote ; a quorum for this piu-pose shall consist of a member 
or members from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all tho States shall 
be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in 
the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The 
I)erson having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice- 
President, if such number be a majority of tho whole number of electors appointed ; 
and if no pereon have a majority, then from tho two highest numbers on the list, 
the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole num- 
ber shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of President shall bo eligible to that of Vice-President of the United 
States. 

ARTICLE XIII.— Section 1. Neither .slavery nor involuntary servitude, except 
as a punishment for crime, whereof the person shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 

Abticlb XI. (.Vote. — This amendment was proposed at the flrst session of the Third Congress, 1794, and 
declared adapted in 1798.) What restriction is placed on the judicial power of the United States? Can the citizena 
of one state hriiig a suit against another state? 

Akticli XII. (JVote. — This amendment was proposed at tlie first session of the Eighth Congress, 1803, and 
declared adopted in 1804. It grew up out of the contest In the House of Representatives at the time of Jefferson's 
election ; he wasi not chosen until the .Sfith liallot.) Describe in fUll the mode of choosing the President by the 
electors. The Vice-President. State the essential qnaliflcatinns of the Vice-President. (.»<ec Art. II.. Sec. 1. Clause 
4.) In case there is no choice by the electors, how is the President elected ? Descrihe the mode of election in the 
House. If n President shmild not be chosen by March *, who would act as President? 

Abticlk XIII. (.%'<)(<•. — This amendment was proposed at the stvoud session of the Thirty-eighth Consress, 1885, 
and declared adopted in 1865. It grew out of the Civil War. See p. 282.) Repeat the amendment abolishing 
slavery and involuntary servitude iu the United Slates, 



I 



COiSrSTlTUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. XXXIX 

ARTICLE XrV.— Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States 
and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; 
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due 
process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection 
of the laws. 

Section 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several States accord- 
ing to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each 
State excliiding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for 
the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, 
representatives in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the 
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of 
such State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in 
any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis 
of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number 
of such male citizens shall bear to the v/hole number of male citizens twenty-one 
years of age in such State. 

Section 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or 
elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any oflice, civil or military, under 
the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as 
a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of 
any State Legislattire, or as an executive or judicial offlcer of any State, to sup- 
port the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or 
rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But 
Congress may, by a vote of two thii'ds of each house, remove such disability. 

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by 
law, including debts incurred for payment of pension and bounties for services in 
suppressing insun-ection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the 
United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred 
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the 
loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obligations, and claims 
shall be held illegal and void. 

Section 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
the pro^'isions of this article. 

AUTICLE XV.— Section 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote 
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation. 

Aktiolb XIV. (Note. — This amendment was adopted in 1868. &ee p. 284.) Section 1. Who are citizens of the 
United States? What restrictions are laid upon the states with regard to abridging the rights of citizens? 

Section 2. How are repreerntatives apportioned among the several states ? How does this amend Art. I., Sec. 
2, Clause 3? 

Section 3. What persons are prohibited from holding any office under the United States? How may this dis- 
ability be removed? 

Section i. Repeat the provision with regard to the validity of the public debt. With regard to any debt 
incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion. 

Article XV. (A^ofe.— This amendment was adopted in 1870. See page 288.) Repeat the amcudmeut granting 
oniyersal suffrage. 



xl 



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IN D E X. 



This Index rrf'o'.s to tin- iiotr 



at the bottom of tJn- 2>"{/'' "•'* "'«'" "•"•' th< 
of the hook. 



Acadia, named, 32 ; depopulated, 85. 

Adams and Jackson contrasted, 175. 

Adams, John, the patriot, 102-104 ; Dec- 
laration of Independence, 114 ; Presi- 
dent, 154. 

Adams, John Quincy, 174. 

Adams, Samuel, 103. 

Agricultural Collegee, founding of, 329. 

Alabama, admission of, 203; secession 
of, 198. 

Alabama and Kearsarge, 268. 

Alamo, attack on, 205. 

Alaska, purchase of, 284 ; district, 297. 

Albany, 65. 

Alexandria, seizure of, 217. 

Algiers, treaty with, 153; Decatur at, 
171. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 154. 

Allen, Ethan, 110. 

Amendment, Fifteenth, 288; Four- 
teenth, 284 ; Thirteenth, 282. 

Ames, Fisher, 330. 

Amnesty Proclamation, 282. 

Anderson, Maj. E., 199. 

Andre, execution of, 136. 

Andros, Governor Edmund, of New 
England, 59 ; demands charter of 
Connecticut, 63 ; governor of New 
York, 67. 

Antietam, battle of, 241. 

Antiquities, American, 9. 

Anti-rent diflftculties, 182. 

Appomattox Court House, surrender at, 
275. 

Arkansas, admission of, 204 ; secession 
of, 2] 7. 

Arkansas Post taken, 230. 

Arlington Heights, seizure of, 217. 

Arnold, Benedict, at Ticonderoga, 110: 
at Quebec, 112 ; relieves Fort Schuy- 
ler, 122 ; at Saratoga, 124 ; treason 
of, 135 ; in Virginia, 139 ; at New 
London, 140. 



Arthur, Chester A., 295, 297. 

Atlanta, advance upon, 256 ; capture 

of, 257. 
Atlantic Cable, 285. 
Attainder, bill of, xxxi. 
Averysboro, battle of, 272. 
Ayllon, De, 27. 

Bacon's Rebellion, 52. 

Bailey, Col. Joseph, 265. 

Baker, Colonel E. D., 221. 

Balboa, 27. 

Ball's Bluff, battle of, 220. 

Baltimore, Lord, 72. 

Baltimore, Massachusetts troops at, 217. 

Bank of United States, 152, 176, 181. 

Banks, General N. P., in Shenandoah 

237; at Port Hudson, 245; in Red 

River Expedition, 265. 
Barton, Colonel William, 121. 
Beaufort, capture of, 232. 
Beauregard, General P. G. T., at Fort 

Sumter, 216 ; at Bull Run, 219 ; at 

Shiloh, 226; at Bermuda Hundred, 

262. 
Belmont, battle of, 221. 
Bennington, battle of, 123. 
Bentonville, battle of, 272. 
Bermuda Hundred, battle at, 262. 
Big Bethel, skirmish at, 218. 
Big Black River, battle of, 245. 
Bill, how one becomes a law, xxviii. 
Black Hawk War, 177. 
Bland Silver Bill, 295. 
Blennerhassett, Harman, 157. 
Blockade, the, 267. 
Boone, Daniel, 201. 
Boonville, battle of, 221. 
Boston, massacre in, 104; Port Bill, 

105 ; Tea Party at, 105 ; evacuation 

of, 112; fire at, 289. 
Boundary, north-east, 180 ; north-west, 

183. 



xliii 



XllV 



I N I) K X . 



Braddock, General Edward, 84. 

Bragg, Gen. Braxton, at Buena Vista, 
187 ; invades Kentucky, ^28 ; at 
Chickamauga, 240; at Chattanooga, 
247. 

Brandj^wino, battle of, 119. 

Brooks, Preston S., assails Sumner, 195. 

Brown, John, 197. 

Bryant, William Cullen, 330. 

Buchanan, Franklin, 233. 

Buchanan, .James, 190. 

Buckner, Gen. S. B., 225. 

Buell, General D. C, 225, 220, 228. 

Buena Vista, battle of, 180. 

Bull Run, fli-st buttle, 219 ; second, 241. 

Bunker Hill, battle of, 108. 

liurgoyne, invasion of, 121-125. 

Burnside, General Ambrose E., expedi- 
tion to Roanoke Island, 232; at Au- 
tictam, 242 ; at Fredericksburg, 242. 

Burr, Aaron, 155-157. 

Butler. General B. P., 218, 231. 202, 
200. 

Cabinet, the formation of, 151. 

Cabot, Jolin, 25. 

Cabot, Sebastian, 25. 

Cabrillo, 29. 

Calhoun, John C. 173, 170.- 

California, admission of, 200 ; ceded to 
United States, 208; gold discovered 
in, 190. 

Camden, battle of, 133. 

Carnifcx Ferry, battle of, 21». 

Carolina, secession vt South, 198 ; seces- 
sion of North, 217. 

Carolinas, settlement of, 74. 

Caroline, burning of the, 180. 

Carrick's Ford, battle of, 218. 

Carpet-baggers, 284. 

Carthage, battle of, 221. 

Cartier, 30. 

Cedar Creek, battle of, 204. 

Cedar Moimtain, battle of, 240. 

Centennial Anniversaries, 291, 292. 

Center of poi)iilatioii, 324. 

Cerro Gonlo, battle of, 188. 

Cervera, Admiral. 310, 311, 312, 313. 

Chambersburg, burning of, 204. 

Champion Hills, battle of, 2 15. 

Ghamplain, 32. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 250. 

Chantilly, battle of, 241. 

Chapultepec, capture of, 189. 

Charleston, settlement of, 74 ; in Revo- 
lution. 129, 1.32, 133; in Civil "War, 
254, 272 ; earthquakes at, 299. 

Charter, definititm of. iii. 

Chattanooga, battle of, 247. 

Cheat Mountain, battle of, 218. 



Chesapeake and Leopard, 158. 

Chesapeake and Shannon, battle of the, 
100. 

Chicago, massacre at (.Fort Dearborn), 
203 ; Are at, 288. 

Chickamauga, battle of, 240. 

China, treaties with, 280, 295. 

Chippewa, battle of, 108. 

Chrysler's Field, battle of. 103. 

Churubusco, battle of, 189. 

Citizens of United States, definition of, 
xxxix. 

Civil Rights Bill, 283. 

Civil Service Reform, 293, 297. 

Clay, Henry, Missouri Compromise, 172 ; 
Compromise Bill, 170 ; nominated 
President, 184 ; Omnibus Bill, 193. 

Clayborne's Rebellion, 73. 

Cleveland, Grover, 297, 299, 301, 307. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, 114, 127, 128, 130, 
139. 

Clinton, Gov. George, 328. 

Cold Harbor, battle of, 201. 

Coligny, 31. 

Colleges, 92, 90, 329. 

Colonial life, 91. 

Coloi'ado, admission of, 322. 

Columbia, S. C, capture of, 272. 

Columbia River, discovery of, 208. 

Columbus, Christopher, 20-24. 

Commissions, Sanitary and Christian, 
209. 

Compromise, Missouri, 172 ; of 1850, 193. 

Confederacy, Southern, formed, 199. 

Confederate Cruisers, 208. 

Confederate currency, 207. 

Congress, composition of, xxvi, xxix. 

Congress, First Continental, 106. 

Connecticut, 61. 

Constitution, adoption of Federal, 143 ; 
authors of, 330. 

Constitution and Guerri^re, 161. 

Constitution of United States, xxvi ; fif- 
teen amendments to, xxxvi. 

Continental money, 134. 

Contreras, battle of, 189. 

Convention, Hartford. 109. 

Conway cabal, the, 126. 

Cooper, James Fenimore, 330. 

Cooper, Peter, 293, 326. 

Copyright. 301. xxx. 

Corinth, battle of. 228. 

Cornwallis, Earl, pui-sues "Washington, 
110; at Brandywine, 119; at Cam- 
den, 133 ; pui-sues Greene, 137 ; sur- 
render of, 140. 

Cotton, 172, 198, 320. 

Cowpens, battle of the. 137. 

Crisis of '37. the, 178. 

Crockett, David. 205. 



^ 






INDEX. 



xlv 



Cross Keys, battle of, 237. 

Crown Point, attack on, 86; capture of, 

111. 
Cuba, history of, 304-309, 315, 317. 
Cumberland, loss of the, 233. 
Custer, Q-en. Greorge A., 292. 

L)ade's Massacre, 177. 

Dahlgren, Col. Ulric, 259. 

Dakota, North and South, admission of, 
322. 

Dallas, battle of, 257. 

Dalton, battle of, 257. 

Danbury, burning of, 120. 

Darling, Fort, 236. 

Davis, Jefferson, 199, 275. 

De Ayllon, 27. 

Decatur, Lieut. Stephen, 157. 

Deerfleld, burning of, 79. 

Delaware, 69. 

De Leon, Ponce, 26. 

Democratic party, 173 ; elects Jackson, 
174; elects Van Buren, 178; elects 
Polk, 184; elects Pierce, 194; elects 
Buchanan, 196 ; elects Cleveland, 297, 

De Monts, 32. [301. 

De Narvaez, 27. 

De Soto, Hernando (Ferdinand), 27, 304. 

D'Estaing, Count Charles Hector, 129. 

Detroit, surrender of, 160. 

Dewey, Admiral George, 311, 312. 

District of Columbia, 150. 

Donelson, Fort, surrender of, 215. 

Doniphan, Colonel, 188. 

Dorr's Rebellion, 181. 

Douglas, Stephen A., 197. 

Draft riot in New York city, 252. 

Drake, Sir Francis. 35, 42. 

Dranesville, skirmish at, 221. 

Dred Scott decision, the, 196. 

Dress, 93, 111, 210. 

Duquesne, Fort, 84, 85. 

Dustin, Mrs., capture of, 77. 

Dutch manners and customs, 95. 

Duties, definition of, xxix. 

Early, Gen. Jubal A., 219, 263, 264. 

Edward, Fort, massacre at, 86. ' 

Education, 96, 210, 327. 

Electric light, invention of, 327. 

Ellsworth, Col. Elmer E., 217. 

Elmira, battle near, 131. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 242, 244. 

Embargo (" O Grab Me ") Act, the, 158. 

Emer.son, Ralph W., 331. 

Ericsson, John, 234. 

Erie Canal, opening of, 174. 

Espejo, 29. 

Eutaw Springs, battle of, 138. 

Ewell, Gen, R. S., 237, 253. 274, 



Excises, definition of, xxix. 
Ex-post-facto law, xxxi. 

Fair Oaks, battle of, 238. 

Parragut, Capt. D. G., at New Orleans, 
231 ; above Vicksburg, 232 ; at Mo- 
bile, 266. 

Federalist, the, 330. 

Federalists, the, 143, 153, 159, 171. 

Fenians, 284. 

Field, Cyrus W., 286. 

Filibusters, 193. 

Fillmore, Millard, 191, 192. 

Fislier, Fort, captirre of, 267. 

Fisher's Hill, battle of, 264. 

Fishery Award, 295. 

Five Forks,' battle of, 273. 

Florida, discovery of, 27; purchase of, 
173; secession of, 198; admission 
of, 205. 

Foote, A. H., 224. 

FoiTest, Gen. N. B., 265. 

France, aid from, 126; Genet recalled 
to, 153; hostilities with, 155; pay- 
ment by, 178. 

Franklin, Benjamin, 105, 127. 

Franklin, battle of, 258. 

Frayser's Farm, encounter at, 239. 

Fredericksburg, battle of, 242. 

Freedmen's Bureau, 283. 

Free-soil party, 192, 193. 

Fremont, J. C, 188, 196, 221, 237. 

Frenchtown, Indian atrocities at, 164. 

Frolic and Wasp, 162. 

Fugitive Slave Law, 193, 197. 

Fulton, Robert, 157. 

Gadsden Purchase, 195. 

Gage, Gen. Thomas, 105, 106, 113. 

Gaines' Mill, battle of, 239. 

Galveston, capture of, 251. 

Garfield, James A., 295. 

Gates, Gen. Horatio, 122, 133. 

Genet, difficulties with, ] 53. 

Georgia, settlement of, 76 ; secession 
of, 198. 

German town, battle of, 120. 

Gettysburg, battle of, 252. 

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 36. 

Gillmore, Gen. Q. A., 254, 270. 

Goff'e, the regicide, 58. 

Gosnold. 38. 

Grand Model, the, 75. 

Grant. TJlysses S., at Belmont, 221 ; at 
Forts Henry and Donelson, 224 ; cap- 
tures Vicksburg, 245 ; at Chattanooga, 
247 ; made Lieutenant-General, 255 ; 
overland campaign, 260 ; before Rich- 
mond, 262; elected President, 886; 
death of, 287, 



xlvi 



I N D K X . 



Greeley, Horace, 290. 

Greenback party, 'M'.i, 205. 

Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 137, 138. 

Griswold, Fort, 140. 

Guam, 310, 319. 

Guilford Court House, battle of, 138. 

Hale, Captain Nathan, 115. 
Halleck, Gen. H. W., 221, 227. 
Hamilton, Alexander, 152 ; death of, 

156 ; contributes to Federalist, 330. 
Hancock, Gen. Winfield S., 260, 295. 
Hanging Rock, battle of, 134. 
Hanover Court House, battle of, 23G. 
Harper's Ferry, 217, 241. 
Harrison, William Henry, at battle of 

Tippecanoe, 159; elected Pres., 180. 
Harrison, Benjamin, 299. 
Harrison's Landing, 240. 
Hatteras Inlet, expedition to, 222. 
Hawaiian Islands, 302, 316. 
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 331. 
Hayes, R. B., nominated for President, 

293; administration of, 294. 
HajTie, Col. Isaac, 134. 
Hayne, Robert Y., 176. 
Hendricks, Thomas A., 293, 297. 
Henry, Fort, 224. 
Henry, Patrick, 102, 330. 
Hermitage, the, 175. 
Hessians, 115; at Trenton, 117. 
Hobson, Naval Constructor R. P., 312. 
Holly Springs, destruction of depot at. 

230. 
Hood, Gen. John B., 257, 258. 
Hooker, Gen. .Joseph, at 'Williamsburg, 

236 ; at Chattanooga, 247 ; at Chan- 

celloi-sville, 250. 
Hornet and Peacock, 166. 
Horseshoe Bend, battle of, 166. 
House, Speaker of, xxvii, xxix. 
Houston, Gen. Sam., 183, 206. 
Howe, Gen William, evacuates Boston, 

113 ; on Long Island, 115. 
Huguenots, the, 75. 
HuU, Capt. Isaac, 161 ; Gen. William, 

160. 
Hunter, Gen. D., 221, 261. 
Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, 57. 

Idaho, admission of, 322. 

Illinois, admission of, 203. 

Imposts, definition of, xxix. 

Independence, Declaration of, 114, xxii. 

Indiana, admission of, 202. 

Indians, 10. 

Internal improvements, defined. 173. 

Iowa, admission of. 300. 

Iron-cla<i Oath, 2m. 

Irving, Washington, 330. 



Island No. 10, capture of, 227. 
luka, battle of, 228. 

Jackson, Andrew, Creek war, 160 ; at 
New Orleans, 170 ; nominated Presi- 
dent, 174 ; administration of, 175. 

Jackson, Gen. T. J., at Bull Run, 219; 
in Shenandoah, 237; near Hanover 
Coui-t House, 239 ; death of, 251. 

.Tamestown, 38, 52. 

Japan, treaty with, 195. 

Jasper, Sergeant, 113, 129. 

Jay, Chief Justice John, 153, 330. 

Jefferson, Thomas, writes Declaration 
of Independence, 114; elected Vice- 
President, 154 ; nominated President, 
155; administration of, 155. 

Jesuits, the, 33. 

.Johnson, Andrew, 281. 

Johnson, Col. R. :M., 105, 178. 

Johnson, SirW^illiam, 86. 

Johnston, Gen. Albert Sidney, 225, 
226. 

Johnston, Gen. Joseph E., at Bull Run, 
220 ; at Williamsburg, 236 ; in Shen- 
andoah, 237; at Fair Oaks, 238; at 
Jackson, 245; before Atlanta, 257; 
at Averysboro and Bentonville, 272; 
surrender of, 279. 

-Joint Electoral Commission, 293. 

.Tones, Paul, victory of, 132. 

Kalb, De, Baron John, 133. 

Kansas, admission of, 209 ; difficulties 

in, 195. 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 194. 
Kearney, Gen. Philip, 241. 
Kearney, Stephen W., 187. 
Kearsarge sinks the Alabama, 268. 
Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 257. 
Kentucky, admission of, 200. 
Key, Francis S., 169. 
Kidd, William, 68. 
Kilpatrick, Gen. J. C, 259. 
King's Mountain, battle of, 134. 
K no w-Nothing party, 190. 
Knoxville, siege of, 250. 
Kosciusko, 122. 

Laborer, the, 93, 210. 

La Fayette, Marquis de, at Brandy- 
wine, 119; character of, 119; sent 
against Arnold, 139 ; second visit, 
173, 210. 

I^ake Ohamplain, battle of, 168. 

Lake Erie, battle of, 164. 

I^ike George, battle of, 80. 

Lancaster. 324. 

La Salle, Robert Cavelier de, 34. 

Laudonni^re, 31. 



INDEX 



xlvii 



Liawrence sacked, 230. 

Lawrence, Captain James, 166. 

Lee, Gen. Charles, capture of, 116; at 
Monmouth, 128 ; dismissed, 128. 

Lee, Henry, "Light-horse Han-y," 134, 
238. 

Lee, Gren. Robert E., at Cheat Mountain, 
218 ; takes command of Confederate 
forces, 238 ; invades Maryland, 241, 
251 ; battle of Wilderness, 260 ; sur- 
render of, 274. 

Leisler, execution of, 68. 

Letters of Marque, xxx. 

Lewis and Clark Expedition, the, 209, 
323. 

Lexington, Mass., battle of, 106. 

Lexington, Mo., battle of, 221. 

Lincoln, Abraham, nominated Presi- 
dent, 197 ; inauguration of, 215 ; frees 
the slaves, 242 ; assassination of, 
275. 

Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 129, 132, 
140. 

Literature, Ainerican, 329. 

Locofoco, origin of name, 173. 

Longfellow, Henry W., 331. 

Long Island, battle of, 114. 

Longstreet, Gen. James, 250. 

Lookout Mountain, battle of, 248. 

Lost Mountain, battle of, 257. 

Louisburg, capture of, in 1745, 80; cap- 
ture of, in 1757, 85. 

Louisiana, admission of, 201 ; secession 
of 198. 

Louisiana purchase, 156, 323. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 167. 

Lyceum Lectures, 211. 

Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 221. 

MacDonough, Com. Thomas, 168. 
Mackinaw, surrender of, 160. 
Madison, James, 159, 330. 
Magellan, 26, 43. 
Magruder, Gen. J. B., 235. 
Maine, 60, 204 ; battle-ship, 308. 
Malvern Hill, battle of, 239. 
Manassas, battles of, 235, 241. 
Manila, battles of, 311, 315, 320. 
Manufactures, 142, 171, 385. 
Marcy's Maxim, 293. 
Marion, Gen. Francis, 138. 
Marquette, Eather, 33. 
Maryland, settlement of, 72 ; invasion 

of, 241. 
Mason and Dixon's line, 72. 
Mason and Slidell, 222. 
Massachusetts, 53. 
Maximilian in Mexico, 285. 
Mayflower, 53. 
McAlister, Port, capture of, 259. 



McClellan, Gen. George B., at Philippi, 
Rich Mountain, and Carrick's Eord, 
218 ; General-in-Chief, 220 ; in Penin- 
siilar Campaign, 235 ; at Antietam, 
241 ; democratic candidate, 269. 

McCrea, miirder of Miss, 121. 

McDowell, Gen. Irvin, 219, 236, 237. 

McHenry, Eort, bombardment of, 169. 

McKinley, William, 303. 

Meade, Gen. George G., 252. 

Mechanic Arts, 325. 

Mechanicsville, battle of, 239. 

Meigs, Eort, siege of, 164. 

Memphis, surrender 'of, 227. 

Menendez, 29. 

Merrimac and Monitor, 233. 

Merrimac (Virginia), destruction of, 235. 

Merritt, Gen. Wesley, 315. 

Mexico, war with, 185-190 ; boundary of, 
195 ; Erench in, 284. 

Michigan, admission of, 204. 

Miles, Gen. Nelson A., 314. 

Miller, Col. James, 168. 

Mill Spring, battle of, 224. 

Minims, Eort, massacre at, 166. 

Mine Explosion, the, 262. 

Minnesota, admissio.i of, 208. 

Mississippi, admission of, 202 ; seces- 
sion of, 198. 

Mississippi Company and John Law, 202. 

Mississippi River, discovery of, 28. 

Missouri Compromise, the, 172. 

Missouri, admission of, 204. 

Mister, the title of, 94, 310. 

Mobile, 204, 324. 

Modoc Indians, 291. 

Monitor, the, 233. 

Monmouth, battle of, 127. 

Monocacy, battle of, 263. 

Monroe Doctrine, the, 173. 

Monroe, James, 172. 

Montana, admission of, 322. 

Montcalm, Marquis de, 87, 89. 

Monterey, capture of, 186. 

Montgomery, General Richard, 112. 

Monticello, home of Jefi'erson, 156. 

Montreal, surrender of, 89. 

Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 121, 124, 137. 

Morgan, Gen. John H., 246. 

Mormons, the, 182. 

Morris, Robert, 135, 139. 

Morse, Samuel E. B., 183. 

Motte, Mrs., anecdote of, 138. 

Motdtrie, Col. William, 113. 

Moulti'ie, Eort, attack on, 113; Ander- 
son at, 199. 

Mound Builders, the, 10. 

Mount Vernon, 150. 

Miirfreesboro, battle of, 229. 

Mutiny Act, 103. 



xlviii 



INDEX 



Nashville, battle of, 258. 

Naturalization, process of, xxx. 

Navigation Act, 51. 

Nebraska, admission of, 322. 

Negro soldiers, 254. 

Nelson, Gov. Thomas, 140. 

Nevada, admission of, 277. 

New Amsterdam, 65. 

Newbern, capture of, 2:52. 

New England manners and customs, 

93, 144. 
New Hampshire, 60. 
New Hampshire Grants, 111. 
New Haven Colony, (53. 
New Jersey, 68. 
New Market, battle of, 2G1. 
New Netherland, 65. 
New Orleans, battle of, 169; capture 

of, 230. 
Newport, attack on, 128. 
Newspapers and journalism, 93, 97, 331. 
New York, 65. 
New York city, fire in, 179 ; riot in, 

252. 
Niagara, Fort, capture of, 87. 
Norfolk (Portsmouth) Navy-yard, 217, 

235. 
North-east Boundary, 180. 
Northmen, the, 15. 
North-west Boundary, 183. 
North-western Territory, 201, 323. 
Nullification, 175. 

Oglethorpe, Gov. .Tas. Edward, 76, 80. 

Ohio, admission of, 201. 

Okechobee, battle of, 178. 

Old Ironsides, 161. 

Omnibus Bill, 193. 

Ord, Gen. E. O. C, 221. 

Oregon, admission of, 208. 

Osceola, 177. 

Otis, Gen. Elwell S., 320, 321. 

Otia, James, 103, 330. 

Pacific, di.scoveryof the, 27; Railroad, 
287. 

Palo Alto, battle of, 185. 

Patent, definition of, iii. 

Patent, extent of, 327, xxx. 

Patriot War, the, 179. 

Patroons, the, 65, 95. 

Pea Ridge, battle of, 230. 

Penn, William, founds Pennsylvania, 
69; founds Philadelphia, 70; treaty 
with Indians, 71; gives up Dela- 
ware, 72 ; life of, 69. 

Pennsylvania, 69. 

Pequod War, the, 62. 

Perrj-, Oliver H., 164. 

Perryville, battle of, 228. 



Petersburg, attack on, 262 ; capture of, 
273. 

Philadelphia. 70, 95, 150. 

Philadelphia, frigate, destroyed, 157. 

Philip, Indian chief, 57. 

Philippi, battle of, 218. 

Philippine Islands, 316, 319-321. 

Pickens, Fort, 223. 

Piedmont, battle of, 262. 

Pierce, Franklin, 194. 

Pike, Gen. Z. M., 163, 323. 

Pilgrims, landing of the, 53. 

Pillow, Fort, capture of, 265. 

Pinckney, Charles C, 155. 

Pitcher, Ma.jor Molly, 128. 

Pitt, William, 85, 99. 

Pittsburg Landing, battle at, 225. 

Pittsburgh, named, 85. 

Plains of Abraham, 87. 

Plattshurg and Lake Champlain, battle 
of, 168. 

Pleasant Hill, battle of, 265. 

Pocahontas, 48, 49. 

Poe, Edgar Allan, 331. 

Polk, James K., 185. 

Pope, Gen. John, 240. 

Porter, D. D., 265, 266. 

Porter, Gen. Fitz John, 236 239. 

Port Gibson, battle of, 245. 

Port Hudson, suiTcnder of, 246. 

Port Republic, encounter at, 237. 

Port Royal Entrance, S. C, 222. 

Port Royal, N. S., founded, 32. 

Postage, 297, 325. 

Post-offices and mails, 93, 325. 

Powhatan, 48. 

Prescott, Gen., capture of, 121. 

President and Little Belt, 160. 

Presidential Electore, xxxii. 

Presidential Succession, in case of va- 
cancy, 298, xxxii. 

President, method of electing, xxxi, 
xxxviii. 

President, salarj- of, xxxii. 

Presideiifs mcs.sage, xxxiii. 

Princeton, battle of, 118. 

I'rinting press, 93, 327. 

Privateers, Confederate, 222. 

Pi-ovidence, 64. 324. 

Public lands, 194, 328. 

Puerto Rico, 314, 315, 318, 319. 

Pulaski, Count, 129. 

Pulaski, Fort, reduction of, 233. 

Puritans, the, 53. 

Putnam, Gen. Israel. 108, 130. 

QfAKERS, the, 57, 69. 

QucVx'C, attack on, 87 ; surrender of, 89 ; 

battle of. 112. 
Queenstown, battle of, 161. 



INDEX. 



xlix 



Railroad, the first, 174, 326. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 36. 

Rail, death of, 117. 

Randolph, John, 153. 

Reconcentrados, 307. 

Reconstriiction, 382. 

Red River Expedition, 265. 

Representatives, U. S., xxvi, xxvii. 

Republican (democratic - republican) 
party, rise of, 153 ; elects Jefferson, 
155 ; elects Madison, 159 ; elects Mon- 
roe, 172 ; called the democratic party, 
173. 

Republican party, rise of, 196 ; elects 
Lincoln, 197, 269 ; elects Grant, 286, 
291 ; elects Hayes, 293 ; elects Q-ar- 
field, 295 ; elects Harrison, 299 ; elects 
McKinley, 302. 

Resaca, G-a., battle of, 257. 

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 185. 

Resumption of specie payments, 295. 

Revere, Paul, 105, 106. 

Rhode Island, 64. 

Ribaut, John, 31. 

Richmond, siege of, 262 ; capture of, 273. 

Rich Mountain, battle of, 218. 

Roanoke Island, 36, 232. 

Rolfe, John, 49. 

Rome, 122. 

Rosecrans, Gen. W. S., 228, 229, 246. 

Rotation in oflBce, 175, 293. 

Russy, Port de, capture of, 265. 

Sabine Cross-Roads, battle of, 265 

Sackett's Harbor, attack on, 163. 

St. Augustine founded, 29. 

Salt Lake City, 183. 

Samoa, 316, 317, 

Sampson, Rear- Admiral W. T., 310, 312, 

313. 
San Domingo, 289. 
San Prancisco, 207. 
San Jacinto, battle of, 206. 
Santa Anna, 187, 189, 205. 
Santa Pe, founded, 29. 
Santiago, battles of, 313. 
Saratoga, battles of, 1 23. 
Savage's Station, battle at, 239. 
Savannah, capture of, 129 ; port closed, 

233 ; Sherman at, 259. 
Schenectady, attack on, 77. 
Schley, Rear-Admiral W. S., 309, 310, 

312, 313. 
Schofield, Gen. John M., 258, 272. 
Schuyler, Port, 122. 
Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 121. 
Scott, Gen. Winfleld, at Chippewa and 

Lundy's Lane, 168 ; in Mexico ; 188, 

retires from active service, 220. 
Sedgwick, Gen. John, 260. 



Seminoles, war with, 177. 

Semmes, Capt. R., 222. 

Senators, TJ. S., how chosen, xxvii. 

Seven-Days Battles, 239. 

Seward, attack on William H., 275. 

Shaffer, Gen. W. T., 313, 314. 

Shays' Rebellion, 143. 

Sheridan, Gen. Phil. H., at Murfrees- 
boro, 229 ; in Shenandoah, 264 ; at 
Pive Porks, 273. 

Sherman, Gen. W. T., at Chickasaw 
Bayou, 230 : at Knoxville, 250 ; be- 
fore Atlanta, 256; march to the sea, 
259 ; march through the Carolinas, 
271. 

Shiloh, battle of, 225. 

Sigel, Gen. Pranz, 221, 261. 

Silver Bill, the, 295. 

Sioux, war with the, 244. 

Slavery, introduction of, 50 ; question 
of, 172, 193, 196-198, 242. 

Slave-trade prohibited, xxxi. 

Slemmer, Lieut. A. J., 223. 

Smith, Capt. John, 46. 

Smith, Gen. Kirby, 219, 228. 

Smith, Joseph, 183. 

South Mountain, battle of, 241. 

Spain, treaty with, 153 ; cedes Plorida, 
173 ; war with, 304-316. 

Specie payments, 295. 

Spottsylvania, battle of, 260. 

Squatter sovereignty, 194. 

Stamp Act, the, 102, 103. 

Stanton, Edwin M., 284. 

Stark, Col. John, 123. 

Stark, Mrs. Elizabeth (" Betty "), 123. 

Star-Spangled Banner, the song of, 169. 

State Rights, doctrine of, 176. 

Steadman, Port, attack on, 272. 

Steam-boat, 157, 326. 

Steele, Mrs., anecdote of, 138. 

Steele, John, 62. 

Stephens, Alex. H., 176, 199. 

Stephenson, Port, battle of, 164. 

St. Louis, 204, 324. 

Stony Point, capture of, 130. 

Stuart, Gen. J. E. B., 238, 262. 

Stuyvesant, Peter, 66. 

Sub-Treasury Bill, 179. 

SulUvan, Gen. John, 119, 128, 131. 

Sumner, Charles, 195. 

Sumter, Gen. Thomas, 134, 138. 

Sumter, Port, Anderson at, 200; cap- 
ture of, 216 ; Gillmore besieges, 254. 

Supreme Court, xxxiii. 

Swamp Angel, 254. 

Swansea, 57. 

Tariff, 173, 174, 176, 300, 302, 303. 
Tarleton, Lieut.-Col. Bannastre, 133. 



I XJ) EX 



Taylor, Zachary, in Mexican War, 185- 
187 ; elected President, 191. 

Tea, tax on, 105. 

Tocunisch, Shawnee chief, 163, 165, 166. 

Teleyrain, the first, a27. 

Telegraph, 18:5 ; sulimarine, 285. 

Telephone, invention of, ;}27. 

Tennessee, admission, 201; secession, 217. 

Tenure-of-Offlce Bill, 283, 284. 

Terry, Gen. Alfred H., 292. 

Texas, annexation of, 183; a<lmi.ssion 
of, 205 ; secession of, 198. 

Thames, battle of the, 165. 

Thomas, Gen. George H., at Chicka- 
mauga, 247 ; at Nashv-ille, 258. 

Ticonderoga, attack on, 86; capture of, 110. 

Tilden, Samuel J., 293. 

Tippecanoe, battle of, 159. 

Tobacco, 37, 50. 

Town-meetings in New England, 96. 

Travel, slowness of early, 92, 145, 324. 

Treaty, of Paris, 142; with Spain, 153 
of Ghent, 169; the Ashburton, 180 
the Oregon, 184; with j^Icxico, 190 
of Washington, 289 ; with Spain, 316. 

Trent affair, the, 222. 

Trenton, battle of, 116. 

Tripoli, 157. 

Tutuila, 316, 317. 

Tyler, John, 180, 181. 

T^'jiTED Colonies of New England, 57. 
United States, capital of, at New York, 

Philadelphia, Washington, 150. 
Utah, admission of, 322. 

"Valley Forge, winter in, 125. 
Van Buren, Martin, 178. 
Van Dorn, Gen. Earl, 228. 
Venezuelan boundary, 302. 
Vera Cruz, capture of, 188. 
Vermont, admission of, 200. 
Verrazani, 30. 
Vesputius, Americus, 24. 
Vice-President, how elected, 143, 

xxxviii. 
Vicksburg, first expedition against, 230 ; 

second expedition, 244. 
Virginia, settlement of, 46 ; secession 

of, 217. 
Virginia, West, admission of, 218, 277. 

W.\GNEU, Four, capture of, 254. 

Wake Island, 317. 

Wallace, Gen. T^ew, 228, 263. 

Walloons, the, 65. 

War, Black Hawk, 177. 

" Creek, 166. 

" French and Indian, 81. 

" King George's, 80. 

" King Philip's, 57. 



War, King William's, 77. 
" Mexican, 185. 
" Pequod, 62. 
" Pontiac's, 90. 
" Queen Anne's, 79. 
" Seminole, 177. 
" Spanish, 80, 304-316. 

WaiTen, Gen. .Joseph, 110. 

Washington, George, journey of, 81 : 
captures Port Duquesne, 85; ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 111 ; 
captures Boston, 112; retreat through 
New Jersey, 116 ; at Princeton, 118 ; 
in Valley Forge, 125, 126 ; at Mon- 
mouth, 127 ; at Yorktown, 139 ; ad- 
dresses officers at Newburg, 142 ; in- 
augurated President, 149 ; life of, 1.50. 

Washington, Col. William A., 137. 

Washington, made capital of the United 
States, 150; capture of, 169. 

AVashington, admission of, 322. 

AYashington, Foi-t, taken, 116. 

AVaxhaw Creek, battle of, 133. 

AA^-iyne, Gen. Anthony, 130, 152. 

AV^ebster. Daniel, 193. 

Webster, Noah, 210. 

Weldon Railroad, seized, 263. 

AVestern Reserve, the, 194. 

AA''ethersfleld, 63. 

Weyler, Gen.. 307, 308. 

Wheeler, AYilliam A., 293. 

Whig party, 173; elects Harrison, 180; 
nominates Clay, 184 ; elects Taylor, 
191 ; nominates Scott, 194 ; dies, 196. 

AYhiskey Rebellion, 152. 

AYliitefield, George, 76. 

AATiite Plains, battle of, 116. 

AVHiitney, Eli, 172, 326. 

AVbittier, John G., 331. 

AA'ilderness, battle of the, 260. 

AVilUams, Roger, foiinds Providence, 
57 ; Pequod War, 62. 

AYilliamsburg, battle of, 236. 

AVilmot Pi-oviso, the, 190. 

Wilson's Creek, battle of, 221. 

AVinchoster, battle of, 264. 

AVindsor, founded, 62. 

AA'inslow, ('apt. J. A.. 268. 

AVinthrop, John, 62. 

Wisconsin, admission of, 206. 

AYitchcraft, Salem, 60. 

Wolfe, Gen. James, attack on Quebec, 
87 ; death of, 89. 

AVorld's Columbian Exposition, 301. 

AVyoining, mas.sacre of, 128. 

AA'yoming, admission of, 322. 

A'ouK, capture of, 163. 
Yorktown, sieges of, 139, 235. 
Y< ung, Brigham, 183. 



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